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بررسی اثرات فعالیت‌های انسانی بر کمیت منابع آب زیرزمینی (مطالعه موردی: حوضه کویر مرکزی ایران) | ||
| تحقیقات مرتع و بیابان ایران | ||
| مقاله 5، دوره 32، شماره 2، تیر 1404، صفحه 160-184 اصل مقاله (2.32 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijrdr.2025.133605 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مریم نعیمی* 1؛ عادل جلیلی2؛ سمیرا زندی فر3 | ||
| 1استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات بیابان، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2استاد پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات گیاهشناسی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 3استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات بیابان، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف مدیریت منابع آب به‌ویژه آب‌های زیرزمینی، در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است. عوامل مختلف طبیعی و انسانی در چند دهه اخیر، باعث ایجاد شرایط بحرانی در آب‌های زیرزمینی شده است. عدم شناخت صحیح و بهره‌برداری بی‌رویه از منابع آب زیرزمینی، خسارت‌های جبران‌ناپذیری مانند افت شدید و غیرقابل برگشت سطح آب زیرزمینی، کاهش دبی چاه‌ها و قنوات، تغییرات الگوی جریان آب زیرزمینی مانند پیشروی جبهه‌های آب شور و تداخل آب‌های شور را به‌دنبال داشته است. لذا در این پژوهش به ارزیابی ویژگی‌های کمی آب زیرزمینی در حوضه‌ی آبریز کویر مرکزی طی دوره‌ی آماری 82-1381 تا 98-1397 پرداخته شده است. مواد و روش ها حوضه آبریز کویر مرکزی، بخشی از افتادگی بزرگ ایران مرکزی است که شهرهای مهمی چون سمنان، دامغان، نیشابور، سبزوار، گرمسار، کاشمر و اسفراین را در خود جای داده و منطقه‌ای به وسعت 226523 کیلومترمربع را در حد فاصل جنوب البرز و شمال شرق زاگرس به‌وجود می‌‌آورد. به‌منظور ارزیابی وضعیت کمی آب زیرزمینی، داده‌های سطح آب و تراز چاه‌های مشاهداتی موجود در آبخوان‌های محدوده‌های مطالعاتی حوضه‌ی آبریز کویر مرکزی در دوره‌ی آماری مذکور مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در ادامه، نقشه‌های پهنه‌بندی هم‌عمق و هم‌تراز ، بررسی نوسانات سطح آب زیرزمینی، تغییرات حجم ذخیره‌ی آبخوان و وضعیت خشکسالی در هر یک از محدوده‌های مطالعاتی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نتایج در سطح حوضه آبریز کویر مرکزی براساس آمار بهنگام شده تا سال آبی 1397-1398، نشان دهنده تعداد 29360 منبع آب زیرزمینی (چاه، چشمه و قنات) با حجم تخلیه و برداشت 3659 میلیون مترمکعب در سال است. تعداد چشمه‌ها، قنات‌ها، چاه‌های عمیق و نیمه‌عمیق به‌ترتیب به لحاظ تعداد حدود 19، 21، 39 و 21 درصد و از نظر تخلیه، حدود 9، 16، 72 و 3 درصد از کل تعداد و تخلیه منابع آب زیرزمینی را شامل می‌شود. همچنین، بیشترین تغییرات سطح آب در محدوده‌های رشتخوار، ایوانکی و کاشمر وقوع یافته است که به‌ترتیب کمبودی برابر با 30/29-، 50/25- و 40/18- متر را دارند. تغییرات سالانه و تجمعی حجم ذخیره‌ی مخزن در حوزه آبریز کویر مرکزی طی دوره‌ی آماری 1377 تا 1397 نشان می دهد در مجموع 12/25317 میلیون مترمکعب از حجم مخزن کاسته شده است. در ادامه، روند تغییرات شاخص خشکسالی آب زیرزمینی (GRI) برای کل حوضه نشان می‌دهد که اولین خشکسالی در مهر سال 1389 رخ داده است، در‌حالی‌که روند کلی ارزش GRI کاهشی بوده است. نتیجه گیری به‌طور کلی در اغلب محدوده‌های مطالعاتی حوضه تلفیق کویر مرکزی، میزان تخلیه از چاه‌ها به مراتب بیشتر از چشمه‌ها و قنوات است. بنابراین سیستم غالب بهره‌برداری از آب زیرزمینی به‌صورت چاه‌های عمیق و نیمه‌عمیق است. در مجموع، این نتایج حاکی از استفاده ناپایدار از آب برای حفظ و گسترش فعالیت‌های انسانی در بزرگ‌ترین حوضه ایران واقع در بخش خشک/نیمه‌خشک است. در صورت عدم کنترل، چنین استفاده بیش از حد از آب زیرزمینی می‌تواند معضلات محیط زیستی و پیامدهای اقتصادی- اجتماعی جدی به همراه داشته باشد. در نهایت، با عنایت به غیر قابل پیش‌بینی بودن خشکسالی‌های اقلیمی و عدم امکان جلوگیری از وقوع آن، ضروری است با اقداماتی همچون لزوم برنامه‌ریزی و اعمال مدیریت صحیح منابع آب‌های زیرزمینی، اثرات منفی آن کاهش یابد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| افت سطح آب زیرزمینی؛ برداشت‌های بی‌رویه؛ خشکسالی؛ کویر مرکزی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigating the Effects of Human Activities on the Quantity of Underground Water Resources (case study: Central Desert Watershed of Iran) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Maryam Naeimi1؛ Adel Jalili2؛ Samira Zadifar3 | ||
| 1Research Assistant Professor, Desert Research Department, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Research Professor, Botany Research, Department, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Research Assistant Professor, Desert Research Department, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives Groundwater resources can be collected through wells, tunnels, and drainage paths; or inherently percolate to the surface through seepage or springs. It is consumed for drinking, agriculture, industry, environment, and ecosystems (Asadi et al., 2023). Management of underground water resources is particularly important in arid and semi-arid regions, due to surface water is scarce. Hence, the dependence upon groundwater is quite remarkable. Evidence shows that factors including population growth and climate change play a crucial role in the intensification of groundwater levels (Hall et al., 2008). Lack of proper knowledge and excessive exploitation of underground water resources, irreparable damages such as a sharp and irreversible drop in the underground water level, reduction of the flow rate of wells and canals, changes in the pattern of underground water flow such as the advance of waterfronts. It has followed the saltiness and interference of salty waters. Therefore, in this research, the quantitative characteristics of underground water in the central desert watershed during the statistical period of 2001-2002 to 2017-2018 have been evaluated. Research Methodology The drainage basin of the central desert is a part of the great section of central Iran, which includes important cities such as Garmsar, Semnan, Damghan, Shahrood, Neishabor, Mashhad, Sabzevar, and Kashmer, creates an area of 226,523 Km2 between the south of Alborz and the northeast of Zagros. Considering the necessity of studies on the factors affecting the decline of the water level of groundwater resources, including hydrogeological droughts and human interventions, along with behavioral assessment; it is essential to provide appropriate protection and management solutions for groundwater resources. Hence, in the present study, various time lapse-year aligned maps, representative hydrographs of the study area, the average annual changes in precipitation and groundwater drought index (GRI), and the level of exploitation of groundwater resources for the target plain were calculated. To evaluate the quantitative status of underground water, the water level and the observation wells data in the aquifers of the study areas of the Central Desert watershed were used in the mentioned statistical period. In the following zoning maps, variations of underground water level fluctuations, aquifer storage volume, and drought conditions were analyzed. It is necessary to note that all the maps were drawn using Arc GIS and kriging tools. Results The results at the level of the central desert watershed, based on the updated statistics up to the water year 2019-2020, indicate the number of 29,360 underground water sources (wells, springs, and aqueducts) with the volume of discharge and withdrawal of 3659 million cubic meters per year. The number of springs, aqueducts, and deep and semi-deep wells is about 19, 21, 39, and 21% respectively in terms of number and terms of discharge about 9, 16, 72, and 3% of the total number and discharge of underground water sources. An annual survey of the number of groundwater resources in the study areas shows that the trend of deep wells increased until 2011 and then decreased. Increasing the number of wells can increase the exploitation of groundwater levels, and unprincipled management in the exploitation of groundwater resources for agricultural development causes a drop in water levels and a decrease in the qualitative value of groundwater resources, and subsequently turns dry areas into critical centers of wind erosion (Nasirian et al., 2018). In general, in most of the study areas, the rate of discharge from wells is much higher than that of springs and qanat. Therefore, the dominant system of groundwater exploitation is deep wells. Groundwater extraction by deep wells has increased significantly in different years, while its consequences could be seen as a direct impact on the existence of qanats, springs, and their average water supply. On the other hand, a decreasing trend in deep wells could be due to excessive extraction in previous years and well-greening events in the study area. Previously, excessive extraction of groundwater resources in the plains of the central desert such as Neyshabur (Rokni et al., 2016) and its consequences such as a water level depletion (4.8 meters in the ten years 1996- 2006), land subsidence, and a decline in water quality have been mentioned. Also, the most water level changes have occurred in the Rashtkhar, Ivanki, and Kashmar areas, which have a deficit of -29.30, -25.50, and -18.40 meters, respectively. The annual and cumulative changes in the storage volume of the reservoir in the Central Desert watershed area during the statistical period of 1998 to 2018 show that the volume of the reservoir has decreased by 25317 MCM. The continuation of the changes in the GRI shows that the first drought occurred in 2019, while the general trend of the GRI value was decreasing. Conclusions Generally, in most of the study areas of the central desert integration area, the amount of discharge from wells is far more than from springs and qanats. Therefore, the dominant system of using underground water is in the form of deep and semi-deep wells. Additionally, the results indicate the unsustainable use of water to maintain and expand human activities in the largest area of Iran, located in the arid/semi-arid sector. If not controlled, such excessive use of underground water can cause environmental problems and serious socio-economic consequences. Finally, due to the unpredictability of climatic droughts and the impossibility of preventing them, it is necessary to reduce their negative effects by planning and applying proper management of underground water resources. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Central desert, Drought, Excessive harvesting, Underground water depletion | ||
| مراجع | ||
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