Related Links
Application of the Flood Crisis Management Framework in the Alborz Province with Emphasis on Identification, Classification, and Prioritization of Solutions | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| Article 9, Volume 38, Issue 2 - Serial Number 147, July 2025, Pages 139-160 PDF (1.41 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/wmrj.2025.367812.1605 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Ardeshir Mesbah1; Esmail Karamidehkordi* 2; Ali Tohidloo3; Amin Salehpour Jam4; Tofigh Saadi5 | ||
| 1Ph.D. Student of Agricultural Development, Department of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran | ||
| 4Associate Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran | ||
| 5Ph.D. Climatology in Environmental Planning, Secretary of the Research Committee of Alborz Regional Water Company | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Introduction and Goal The phenomenon of Flooding has always been a major threat to most people in the world. Today, the occurrence of this phenomenon has increased significantly worldwide. On the other hand, climate change has led to an increase in the number, intensity, and magnitude of such events. The damages caused by flooding are often irreparable and unpredictable. Asian countries, such as those in the Middle East, are high-risk areas that are exposed to relatively high levels of flooding and earthquakes and the damage they cause. In the past decade, Iran has faced unfortunate flood. Alborz Province is one of the provinces of Iran that has suffered significant damage from flooding. As a result of the floods in the past decade in this province, at least 12 people have died, hundreds have been injured, and 4,076,333 million rials of financial damage has been caused due to floods. The increase in flood statistics and the damages caused by them necessitate the identification of effective flood management solutions. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to apply the flood crisis management framework in Alborz province with an emphasis on identifying, classifying, and prioritizing solutions. Materials and Methods The method used in this research, from a strategic perspective, was a descriptive-exploratory methodology, and the nature and approach of this research was a combined quantitative-qualitative approach. In the qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews and the formation of a panel of experts, and in the quantitative approach, data were collected through a questionnaire prepared by the researcher. The responses obtained from the interview with open-ended questions were first analyzed using thematic analysis and using NVIVO12 software. In this regard, related concepts, categories, and themes were extracted and categorized in the coding process. Then, using the obtained components, a quantitative researcher-made questionnaire was designed and completed again by the research sample. To determine the importance of each component, the Friedman test was performed using SPSS24 software. Also the ranking and determination of the importance and priority of flood crisis management components in Alborz Province were performed. Results and Discussion Based on the findings, the mean age of the research sample was 50.2 years and all of them were married. Also, the average work experience of these individuals was 21.7 years and the majority of them (55.1%) had a Ph.D. degree. In terms of field of study, watershed management was the most frequent among the specialized fields of the research sample with a frequency of 22.5%. The findings of this study indicated that in flood crisis management, the most important ranking in the Friedman test in the risk reduction step was the strategy for developing watershed and aquifer management structures with an average rank of 31.57; in the preparedness step, the strategy for integrating and coordinating organizations related to flood crisis management with an average rank of 7.68; in the response step, the strategy for rapidly deploying relief and security forces during a flood crisis with an average rank of 2.96; and in the recovery step, the strategy for organizing and correcting the course of rivers with an average rank of 6.43. Conclusion and Suggestions The findings of this research showed that to achieve successful flood crisis management at the provincial level in Alborz, and to facilitate the establishment of integrated and comprehensive governance with the involvement of various stakeholders in decision-making, it is necessary to create or improve the organizational structure along with strong coordination among different stakeholders within a powerful single organization or among several influential organizations. In this regard, the role of organizations such as the Ministry of Energy and the National Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization at the national level, as well as regional water companies, the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management, research institutes, and universities at the provincial level, is important. Therefore, coordination meetings and dialogue among them, along with the participation of other important stakeholders (local communities), will lead to the strengthening of adaptive and resilient management and decision-making. Based on the results of this research, it was determined that to improve the crisis management process, participatory governance, the involvement of all stakeholders in policymaking, and the establishment of local committees for consultation and decision-making are essential. These committees should focus on formulating long-term and sustainable solutions for various temporal and spatial scales, and ultimately, it is necessary to change the attitude towards implementing management actions (non-structural) alongside structural (technical-engineering) measures. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Crisis management; flood; governance; integrated approach; mixed method; resilience | ||
| References | ||
|
Achal V, Mukherjee A. 2019. Ecological wisdom inspired restoration engineering, Springer, Singapore. pp. 131-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0149-0 Alborz Crisis Management Headquarters. 2024. Risk reports from the Alborz Governorate Crisis Management Headquarters.Deputy for Program and Budget Coordination Puplication. 292 p. Alborz Province Planning Studies Document. 2019. Alborz Province management and planning organization. Deputy for Program and Budget Coordination Puplication. 1181 p. Belletti B, DeLeaniz CG, Jones J, Bizzi S, Börger L, Segura G, Castelletti A, VanDeBund W, Aarestrup K, Barry J, Belka K, Berkhuysen A, Birnie-Gauvin K, Bussettini M, Carolli M, Consuegra S, Dopico E, Feierfeil T, Fernández S, FernandezGarrido P, Garcia-Vazquez E, Garrido S, Giannico G, Gough P, Jepsen N, E.Jones P, Kemp P, Kerr J, King J, Łapińska M, Lázaro G, C.Lucas M, Marcello L, Martin P, McGinnity P, O’Hanley J, OlivoDelAmo R, Parasiewicz P, Pusch M, Rincon G, Rodriguez C, Royte J, TillSchneider C, S.Tummers, Vallesi S, Vowles A, Verspoor E, Wanningen H, M.Wantzen K, Wildman L, Zalewski M. 2020. More than one million barriers fragment Europe’s rivers. Nature. 588:436-441. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-3005-2 Blistanova M, Katalinic B, Kiss I, Wessely E. 2014. Data preparation for logistic modeling of flood crisis management. Procedia Engineering.69:1529-1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.03.151 Blöschl G, Hall J, Viglione A, Perdigão R, Parajka J, Merz B, Lun D, Arheimer B, Aronica G, Bilibashi A. 2019. Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods. Nature. 573:108-111. Bubeck P, Kreibich H, Penning-Rowsell H, Botzen W, DeMoel H, Klijn F. 2017. Explaining differences in flood management approaches in Europe and in the USA – A comparative analysis. Journal of Flood Risk Management.10:436-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12151 Bui DT, Panahi M, Shahabi H, Singh VP, Shirzadi A, Chapi K, Khosravi Kh, Chen W, Panahi S, Li Sh, BinAhmad B. 2018. Novel Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithms for Spatial Prediction of Floods. Scientific Reports. 8(1): 2-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33755-7 CarloPavesi F, Barontini S, Pezzagno M. 2020. Sponge land (scape): An interdisciplinary approach for the transition to resilient communities. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 13525. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13525 Carrascosa I.P. 2018. Large group decision making: Creating decision support approaches at scale. Springer. 117 p. Chakraborty L, Thistlethwaite J, Scott D, Henstra D, Minano A, Rus H. 2023. Assessing social vulnerability and identifying spatial hotspots of flood risk to inform socially just flood management policy. Risk Analysis. 43:1058-1078. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13978 Chang H, Chen T. 2016. Spatial heterogeneity of local flood vulnerability indicators within flood-prone areas in Taiwan. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6294-x Chapi K, Singh VP, Shirzadi A, Shahabi H, TienBui D, ThaiPham B, Khosravi Kh. 2017. A novel hybrid artificial intelligence approach for flood susceptibility assessment. Environmental Modelling and Software. 95:229-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.012 Choubin B, Moradi E, Golshan M, Adamowski J, SajediHosseini F, Mosavi A. 2019. An ensemble prediction of flood susceptibility using multivariate discriminant analysis, classification and regression trees, and support vector machines. Science of the Total Environment.651:2087-2096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.064 ConitzFeli AZ, Lupp G, Pauleit S. 2021. Non-structural flood management in European rural mountain areas—are scientists supporting implementation?. Hydrology. 8:2-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040167 Corack L, Deschamps S, Vinet F. 2017. Flood crisis management: The operational perspective. Floods. Elsevier. pp. 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78548-269-4.50016-0 DadsSimon J, Murgatroyd A, Acreman M, Bates P, Beven K, Heathwaite H, Holden J, Holman I, N. Lane S, O'Connell E, Penning-Rowsell E, Reynard, Sear W, Thorne, Wilby. 2017. A restatement of the natural science evidence concerning catchment-based ‘natural’ flood management in the UK, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical. Physical and Engineering Sciences. 473: 14-17. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0706 Delavar A, Koushki S. 2019. Mixed Research Methodology. Editorial Publications Tehran. 240 p. DeWrachien D, Mambretti S, Schultz B. 2011. Flood management and risk assessment in flood-prone areas: Measures and solutions. Irrigation and Drainage. Irrigation and Drainage.60:229-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.557 Debele SE, Kumar P, Sahani J, Marti-Cardona B, Mickovski SB, Leo LS, Porcù F, Flavio Bertini, Danilo Montesi, Zoran Vojinovic, DiSabatino S. 2019. Nature-based solutions for hydro-meteorological hazards: Revised concepts, classification schemes and databases. Environmental Research.179:2-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108799 Ebinger F, Elsner K, Philipp V. 2008. Ökoeffzienz-Analyse: Entwicklung eines Ansatzes zur Bewertung von dezentralen Hochwasserschutzmaßnahmen. Arbeitsbericht: 51:6-8. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/58289 Estelaji F, Aghajari A, Zahedi R. 2023. Flood zoning and developing strategies to increase resilience against floods with a crisis management approach. Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences. 10(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.20448/arees.v10i1.4439 Hens L, Thinh N, HongHanh T, SyCuong N, DinhLan T, VanThanh N, ThanhLe D. 2018. Sea-level rise and resilience in Vietnam and the Asia-Pacific: A synthesis. Vietnam journal of Earth Sciences. 40:126-152. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/11107 Hill B, Liang Q, Bosher L, Chen H, Nicholson A. 2023. A systematic review of natural flood management modelling: Approaches, limitations, and potential solutions. Journal of Flood Risk Management.16:e12899. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12899 Hino M, BenDor TK, Branham J, Kaza N, Sebastian A, Sweeney Sh. 2024. Growing Safely or Building Risk?. Journal of the American Planning Association. 90:50-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2022.2141821 Hughes F. 1997. Flood plain biogeomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment. 21:501-529. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339702100402 IPCC. 2014. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In Climate change. IPCC Puplication. 151 p. JangchiKashani S, Mesbah A, Mahmoodi, S. 2015. Analysis of barriers to agricultural entrepreneurship development from the perspective of agricultural entrepreneurs in Qazvin province. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences. 5(12): 47-55. Jongman B. 2018. Effective adaptation to rising flood risk, Nature communications, 9(1):1-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04396-1 Joyce, KE, Wright K, Samsonov S, Ambrosia V. 2009. Remote sensing and the disaster management cycle. Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 48:317-346. Karamidehkordi E. 2019. Participation of rural communities in post-disaster reconstruction (with emphasis on major earthquakes in Iran in the 1980s). Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation Publications. 293 p. Karamidehkordi E, HashemiSadati SH, Tajvar Y, Mirmousavi SH. 2023. Climate change vulnerability and resilience strategies for citrus farmers. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 20:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2023.100317 KarimiSangchini E, Salehpour Jam A, Mosaffaie J. 2022. Flood risk management in the Khorramabad Watershed using the DPSIR framework. Natural Hazards. 114:3101-3121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05507-4 Khan I, Lee H, AhmadShah A, Khan I, Muhammad I. 2021. Climate change impact assessment, flood management, and mitigation strategies in Pakistan for sustainable future. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28:29720-29731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12801-4 Khosravi Kh, Nohani E, Maroufinia E, Pourghasemi H. 2016. A GIS-based flood susceptibility assessment and its mapping in Iran: A comparison between frequency ratio and weights-of-evidence bivariate statistical models with multi-criteria decision-making technique. Natural Hazards. 83:947-987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2357-2 Kourgialas, N, Karatzas G. 2011. Flood management and a GIS modelling method to assess flood-hazard areas—a case study. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 56:212-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2011.555836 Kundzewicz Z, Hegger D, Matczak P, Driessen P. 2018. Flood-risk reduction: Structural measures and diverse strategies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115:12321-12325. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818227115 LeCozannet G, Kervyn M, Russo S, IfejikaSperanza C, Ferrier P, Foumelis M, Lopez T, Modaressi H. 2020. Space-based earth observations for disaster risk management. Surveys in Geophysics. 41:1209-1235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-020-09586-5 Long'orLokidor P, Taka M, Lashford C, Charlesworth S. 2024. Nature-based Solutions for sustainable flood management in East Africa. Journal of Flood Risk Management. 17:e12954. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12954 Mansourfar K. 2006. Advanced statistical methods with computer programs. University of Tehran Press. 460 p. Mesbah A, Karamidehkordi E, Tohidloo Sh, Salehpour Jam A, Saadi T. 2024. A Review of Resilience in the Studies of Natural Hazards in Iran. Watershed Engineering and Management. 16(3):354-377. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2023.362235.2019 Mesbah A, OmidiNajafabadi M, KianiRad A. 2018. Feasibility Study of Application of Rural Micro Insurance in Rural Area of Iran. Village and Development. 21(1): 91-113. https://doi:10.30490/rvt.2018.66197 Mirahasani M, Salman-Mahiini A. 2018. The role of remote sensing and its data in the natural and crisis management cycle. Science of Crisis Prevention and Management. 8(3): 240-225. (In Persian). MotieiLangroudi SH, QadiriMasoum M, EskandariChobgolou H, Tourani A, KhosraviMehr H. 2014. Investigating the role of participatory management in reducing the effects of floods (Case study: Zangmar Mako River Basin Villages). Geography and Planning. 19(51): 311-339. (In Persian). Munawar HS, Hammad A, Waller ST. 2021. A review on flood management technologies related to image processing and machine learning. Automation in Construction.132: 2-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103916 National Crisis Management Organization. 2023. Statistics and information available on floods. Publications of the Ministry of Interior of Iran. 17 p. Paprotny D, Sebastian A, Morales-Nápoles O, Jonkman S. 2018. Trends in flood losses in Europe over the past 150 years. Nature Communications.9(1):1985. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04253-1 Parolin P, Wittmann F. 2010. Struggle in the flood: Tree responses to flooding stress in four tropical floodplain systems. AoB Plants. plq003:4-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plq003 Pezeshkirad Gh, Karamidehkordi E. 2012. Social Statistics and Data Analysis in Agricultural Extension, Development and Education Research. Tarbiat Modares Publications. Tehran, Iran. 497 p. Rajaei SA, Ziari K, Darab Khani R. 2023. A suitable model for flood crisis management in Ilam. Sustainable Development of Geographical Eenvironment.5(9):72-89. https://doi:10.48308/sdge.2023.230355.1114 Rubinato M, Nichols A, Peng Y, Zhang J, Lashford C, Cai Y, Lin P, Tait S. 2019. Urban and river flooding: Comparison of flood risk management approaches in the UK and China and an assessment of future knowledge needs. Water Science and Engineering. 12:274-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2019.12.004 Sadkou S, Artigue G, Fréalle N, Ayral PA, Pistre S, Sauvagnargues S, Johannet A. 2024. A review of flash‐floods management: From hydrological modeling to crisis management. Journal of Flood Risk Management. 17(3): 1-24 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12999. Salehpour Jam A, Mosaffaie J, Tabatabaei MR. 2021. Management responses for chehel-chay watershed health improvement using the DPSIR framework. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 23:797-811. Salehpour Jam A, Mosaffaie J. 2023. Introducing the concept of a ladder of watershed management: A stimulus to promote watershed management approaches. Environmental Science and Policy .147:315-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.07.001 Sarhadi A, Soltani S, Modarres R. 2012. Probabilistic flood inundation mapping of ungauged rivers: Linking GIS techniques and frequency analysis. Journal of Hydrology. 458-459:68-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.039 Solutions E. 2015. The role of green infrastructure in mitigating the impacts of weather and climate change related natural hazards. European Environment Agency, Publications Office of the European Union. Luxembourg. 66 p. Statistical Center of Iran. 2016. Statistical calendar. Statistical Center Puplication. 392 p. Stürck J, Poortinga A, Verburg P. 2014. Mapping ecosystem services: The supply and demand of flood regulation services in Europe. Ecological Indicators. 38:198-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.010 Tahmasabi Q, Mohammadi A. 2021. Evaluation of flood crisis management stages in Ilam city from the point of view of urban stakeholder groups. Journal of Geography and Development. 19(65): 227-256. (In Persian). https://doi:10.22111/j10.22111.2021.6537 Tehrany MS, Pradhan B, NeamahJebur M. 2015. Flood susceptibility analysis and its verification using a novel ensemble support vector machine and frequency ratio method, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment.29:1149-1165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-015-1021-9 Tempels B. 2016. Flood resilience: A co-evolutionary approach: residents, spatial developments and flood risk management in the Dender Basin. Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, In Planning. Ghent University. 231p. https://doi.org/10.17418/PHD.2016.9789085789505 Thaler T, Hartmann T. 2016. Justice and flood risk management: Reflecting on different approaches to distribute and allocate flood risk management in Europe. Natural Hazards. 83:129-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2305-1 TienBui D, Khosravi Kh, Shahabi H, Daggupati P, Adamowski J, Melesse A, ThaiPham B, Pourghasemi H.R, Mahmoudi M, Bahrami S, Pradhan B, Shirzadi A, Chapi K, Lee S. 2019. Flood Spatial Modeling in Northern Iran Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Comparison between Evidential Belief Functions and Its Ensemble with a Multivariate Logistic Regression Model. Remote Sensing. 11: 3-6. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11131589 Tullos D, Byron E, Galloway G, Obeysekera J, Prakash O, Sun YSh. 2016. Review of challenges of and practices for sustainable management of mountain flood hazards. Natural Hazards.83:1763-1797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2400-3 VanRee C, Van M, Heilemann K, Morris M, Royet P, Zevenbergen C. 2011. Flood Pro BE: technologies for improved safety of the built environment in relation to flood events. Environmental Science and Policy. 14:874-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.03.010 VanThanh N, ThanhLe D, AnThinh N, DinhLan T, Hens L. 2017. Shifting challenges for coastal green cities. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences. 39:109-129. Wiering M, Kaufmann M, Mees H, Schellenberger T, Ganzevoort W, Hegger D, Larrue C, Matczak P. 2017. Varieties of flood risk governance in Europe: How do countries respond to driving forces and what explains institutional change?. Global Environmental Change.44:15-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.02.006 Willig C, Rogers WS. 2017. The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology. Sage Puplication. Yoshida T, Hiroi K, Yamagata Y, Murakami D. 2019. Verification on evacuation of flood disaster by using GPS: Case Study in Mabi, Japan 2018. In IGARSS 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.pp.5633-5635. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2019.8898574 Yu PSh, Yang TCh, Chen CY, Kuo CM, Tseng HW. 2017. Comparison of random forests and support vector machine for real-time radar-derived rainfall forecasting. Journal of Hydrology.552:92-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.06.020 ZeibArzani M, Firouzi M, Hessari B, Nakoi M.A. 2022. Integrating social network analysis and multi-criteria decision making to rank flood crisis management approaches. Crisis Management. 11(2):1-11 (In Persian). Zhang Q, Jindapetch N, Duangsoithong R, Buranapanichkit D. 2018. Investigation of Image Processing based Real-time Flood Monitoring. In 2018 IEEE 5th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Application (ICSIMA). pp.1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSIMA.2018.8688775 Zou Q, Zhou J, Zhou Ch, Song L, Guo J, Liu Y. 2012. The practical research on flood risk analysis based on IIOSM and fuzzy α-cut technique, Applied Mathematical Modelling. 36:3271-3282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2011.10.008 | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 641 PDF Download: 155 |
||
Journal management system. designed by sinaweb