| تعداد نشریات | 282 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 80 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 3,220 |
| تعداد مقالات | 35,690 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 53,585,250 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 92,860,550 |
روند تغییرات در صفات زراعی، عملکرد دانه و کارایی مصرف نور برخی ارقام تجاری گندم نان آزادسازی شده از سال 1358 تا 1401 در ایران | ||
| نهال و بذر | ||
| دوره 41، شماره 2، تیر 1404، صفحه 173-143 اصل مقاله (1.2 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/spj.2026.371827.1459 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| شکوفه ساریخانی خرمی* 1؛ محسن بذرافشان2؛ سیروس طهماسبی3 | ||
| 1استادیار، بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران. | ||
| 2استادیار، بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی ، شیراز، ایران. | ||
| 3دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| آگاهی از روند تغییرات در صفات زراعی مرتبط با دستاوردهای ژنتیکی برای پتانسیل عملکرد دانه گندم نان، برای بهبود درک عوامل محدودکننده عملکرد دانه و ارایه راهکارهای بهنژادی ضروری است. بهمنظور بررسی روند تغییرات در صفات زراعی، عملکرد دانه و اجزای آن و کارایی مصرف نور 16 رقم گندم نان تجاری آزادسازی شده از سال 1358 تا 1401 شامل: فلات، بامداد، سپهر، دانش، جلال، امین، ترابی، طلایی، پارسی، سیروان، شیراز، مرودشت، قدس، مهدوی، آزادی و نیکنژاد، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سالهای زراعی 02-1401 و 03-1402 در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی زرقان فارس انجام شد. تعداد روز تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک ، ارتفاع گیاه، عملکرد دانه و اجزای آن اندازهگیری شد. کارایی مصرف نور برای عملکرد دانه و ماده خشک در چهار مرحله فنولوژیکی شامل طویلشدن ساقه، ظهور سنبله، گلدهی و پرشدن دانه با اندازه گیری مقدار جذب نور فعال فتوسنتزی بهوسیله دستگاه نور فعال فتوسنتزیسنج انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد دانه ارقام گندم آزادسازی شده، در دوره زمانی 1401-1358، افزایش داشت که این افزایش بیشتر بهدلیل افزایش وزن هزاردانه و تا حدودی بهبود شاخص برداشت بود. ارتفاع گیاه و تعداد روز تا رسیدگی ارقام جدیدتر نسبت به ارقام قدیمیتر کاهش داشت، که بیانگر موفقیت برنامههای بهنژادی در معرفی ارقام پاکوتاه و زودرس بود. کارایی مصرف نور در مرحله گلدهی و کارایی مصرف نور عملکرد دانه نیز در طول فرایند بهنژادی در دوره زمانی 1401-1358، افزایش یافت. نتایج این بررسی نشان دهنده پیشرفت ژنتیکی عملکرد دانه در این دوره زمانی بهدلیل افزایش وزن هزاردانه، کاهش ارتفاع گیاه، و تاحدودی افزایش کارایی مصرف نور در مرحله گلدهی بود. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| گندم نان؛ روز تا گلدهی؛ روز تا رسیدن فیزیولوژیکی؛ وزن هزار دانه؛ شاخص برداشت | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Temporal Variation in Agronomic Traits, Grain Yield, and Radiation Use Efficiency of Some Commercial Bread Wheat Cultivars Released from 1979 to 2022 in Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Sh. Sarikhani Khorami1؛ M. Bazrafshan2؛ S. Tahmasebi3 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Field and Horticultural Crops Sciences Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran. | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Sugar Beet Seed Improvement Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran. | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Field and Horticultural Crops Sciences Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| To study the temporal variation in agronomic traits, grain yield, yield components, and radiation use efficiency of sixteen commercial bread wheat cultivars released from 1979 to 2022, a field experiment was carried-out using randomized complete block design with three replications at Zarqhan agricultural research station, Fars province, Iran, in 2022-23-2023-24 cropping seasons. Days to physiological maturity, plant height, grain yield and its components were measured. Radiation use efficiency for four phenological stages and grain yield was also measured. The results showed that the temporal variation of grain yield of bread wheat cultivars released from 1979 to 2022 was increasing, which was mainly due to increase in 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Plant height and days to physiological maturity of newer cultivars decreased. The results implied that increasing temporal variation in grain yield mainly was due to increases in 1000-grain weight, shorter plant height, and to improvement in radiation use efficiency at the flowering stage in newer bread wheat cultivars. Keywords: Bread wheat, day to flowering, day to physiological maturing, yield 1000 grain weight, harvest index. Introduction Since the 1960s, global wheat yield improvement has resulted from both genetic progress and agronomic management. Breeding has significantly increased grain yield, especially after the Green Revolution. In Iran, genetic gain in wheat grain yield has been reported as 83 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and 40 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (Esmaeilzadeh Moghaddam et al., 2014). Key factors driving this progress include increased 1000-grain weight (TGW), reduced plant height, earlier maturity, improved harvest index (HI). Further increase in grain yield, however, requires enhanced biomass production, which depends on radiation use efficiency (RUE). Some studies found that breeding improved RUE at flowering, while others reported no significant difference between old and new cultivars (Aisawis et al., 2015). Given the lack of information on RUE temporal variations at different phenological stages of Iranian bred wheat cultivar relaesed from 1979 to 2022, this study aimed to investigate temportal variation in grain yield, yield components, and RUE in 16 bread wheat cultivars released over four decades. Materials and Methods A field experiment was carried-out to study the temporal variations in grain yield, yield components, and radiation use effieciency of 16 bread wheat cultivars released from 1979 to 2022 in Iran. The experiment was carried-out using randomized complete block design with there replications in 2022-23 and 2023-24 cropping seasons at Zarghan agricultural research station, Fars province, Iran. Sixteen commercial bread wheat cultivars included: Azadi, Ghods, Falat, Niknejad, Mahdavi, Marvdasht, Shiraz, Parsi, Sirvan, Talaei, Torabi, Amin, Jalal, Danesh, Sepehr, and Bamdad. Each plot consisted of four rows of 10 meter length and 20 centimeter row spacing with seeding rate of 400 seed m⁻². Dry matter weight and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at four growth stages: stem elongation, heading, flowering, and grain filling were measured. PAR interception was recorded using a linear PAR/LAI ceptometer (AccuPAR LP-80). RUE (g MJ⁻¹) was calculated as the ratio of accumulated dry matter to accumulated intercepted PAR. Agronomic traits including days to physiological maturity, plant height, spikes m⁻², grains spike-1, TGW, HI, and grain yield were measured. Combined analysis of variance was performed using SAS software, and means were compared using Tukey's test. Results and Discussion Combined analysis of variance revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences between bread whaet cultivars for all agronomic traits and grain yield, indicating considerable genetic variation. Grain yield showed highly significant (R² = 0.50**) increasing temporal variation in bread wheat cutivars released from 1979 to 2022, mainly due to increased TGW (R² = 0.78**) and, to some extent, improved HI. Plant height and days to physiological maturity decreased in newer cultivars, implying the success story of breeding programs in developing semi-dwarf and early‑maturing bread wheat cultivars. Although grains spike-1 showed a decreasing temporal variation, this reduction was compensated by increased grain weight. RUE at the flowering stage and RUE for grain yield significantly increased during the period of 1979 to 2022. High‑yielding cultivars (e.g., Amin, Bamdad, Parsi, Sirvan) generally showed greater RUE at the flowering stage. Correlation analysis revealed that grain yield was positively correlated with spikes m⁻² (r = 0.619*), TGW (r = 0.679**), and HI (r = 0.562**), but negatively correlated with plant height (r = -0.537*) and grains spike-1 (r = -0.641*). These findings are in agreement with the results reported by other researchers (Aisawi et al., 2015; Esmaeilzadeh Moghaddam et al., 2014). The results demonstrated that increased grain weight and reduced plant height have been the main characteristics contributed to enhancement of grain yield. The lack of significant differences in RUE at early growth stages agrees with Acreche et al. (2009), however, the improved RUE at the flowering stage in newer cultivars supported the positive impact of breeding on this trait during the reproductive stage (Reynolds et al., 2017). Consequently, future breeding programs should focus and prioritize selection for increased 1000-grain weight and reduced plant height as well as incorporating radiation use efficiency at the flowering as a complementary trait to further enhance genetic gain in grain yield. These findings provide invaluable insights for future breeding programs aimed at developing high yielding bread wheat genotypes adapted to temperate agro-climatic zone of Iran. References Acreche, M.M., Briceño-Félix, G., Martı´n Sa´nchez, J.A. and Slafer, G.A. 2009. Radiation interception and use efficiency as affected by breeding in Mediterranean wheat. Field Crops Research, 110, pp.91-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2008.07.005 Aisawi, K.A.B., Reynolds, M.P., Singh, R.P. and Foulkes, M.J. 2015. The physiological basis of the genetic progress in yield potential of CIMMYT spring wheat cultivars from 1966 to 2009. Crop Science, 55, pp. 1749-1764. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0601 Esmaeilzadeh Moghaddam, M., Jalal Kamali, M.R., Anet, Z., Roshani, M. and Ghodsi, M. 2014. Temporal variation in phenological characteristics, grain yield, and yield components of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars released in Iran between 1952 and 2009. Crop Breeding Journal 4(1), pp. 57-64. DOI: 10.22092.cbj.2014.109673 Reynolds, M.P., Pask, A.J.D., Hoppitt, W.J.E., Sonder, K., Sukumaran, S., Molero, G., […] and Joshi, A.K. 2017. Strategic crossing of biomass and harvest index source and sink achieves genetic gains in wheat. Euphytica, 213(11), e257. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-017-2040-z | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Bread wheat, day to flowering, day to physiological maturing, yield 1000 grain weight, harvest index | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Acevedo, E., Silva, P. and Silva, H. 2002. Wheat growth and physiology. Pp. 39-70. In: Curtis, B.C., Rajaram, S. and Gomez Macpherson, H. (eds.) Bread wheat improvement and production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.
Acreche, M.M., Briceño-Félix, G., Martı´n Sa´nchez, J.A. and Slafer, G.A. 2009. Radiation interception and use efficiency as affected by breeding in Mediterranean wheat. Field Crops Research, 110, pp.91-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2008.07.005
Acreche, M.M., Briceño-Félix, G., Martı´n Sa´nchez, J.A. and Slafer, G.A. 2008. Physiological bases of genetic gains in Mediterranean bread wheat yield in Spain. European Journal of Agronomy, 28, pp.162–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2007.07.001
Aisawi, K.A.B., Reynolds, M.P., Singh, R.P. and Foulkes, M.J. 2015. The physiological basis of the genetic progress in yield potential of CIMMYT spring wheat cultivars from 1966 to 2009. Crop Science, 55, pp. 1749-1764. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0601
Araus, J.L., Slafer, G.A., Royo, C. and Serreat, M.D. 2008. Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in cereals. Critical Review in Plant Science, 27, pp.377-412. DOI: 10.1080/07352680802467736
Ashena. M., Kafi. M., Jafarnejad, A. and Sharifi. H.R. 2015. Evaluation of planting date and nitrogen effects on the development stages of wheat cultivars and their relationship with yield and yield components in Neyshabur. Crop Production, 8(4), pp.143-162 (in Persian). DOI: 20.1001.1.2008739.1394.8.4.8.4
Beche, E., Benin, G., Silva, C.L.D., Munaro, L.B. and Marchese, J.A. 2014. Genetic gain in yield and changes associated with physiological traits in Brazilian wheat during the 20th century. European Journal of Agronomy, 61, pp.49–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2014.08.005
Bellucci, A., Torp, A.M., Bruun, S. and Rasmussen, S.K. 2015. Association mapping in Scandinavian winter wheat for yield, plant height, and traits important for second-generation bioethanol production frontiers in plant. Science, 6, pp.1–12. DOI: 3389/fpls.2015.01046
Calderini, D.F., Dreccer, M.F. and Slafer. G.A. 1997. Consequences of breeding on biomass, radiation interception and radiation-use efficiency in wheat. Field Crops Research, 52, pp.271-281. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4290(96)03465-X
Esmaeilzadeh Moghaddam, M., Jalal Kamali, M.R., Anet, Z., Roshani, M. and Ghodsi, M. 2014. Temporal variation in phenological characteristics, grain yield, and yield components of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars released in Iran between 1952 and 2009. Crop Breeding Journal 4(1), pp. 57-64. DOI: 10.22092.cbj.2014.109673
Fan, M., Shen, J., Yuan, L., Jiang, R., Chen, X., Davies, W.J. and Zhang, F. 2012. Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63 (1), pp.13–24. DOI: 10.1093/ jxb/err248
Gao, F.M., Ma, D.Y., Yin, G.H., Rasheed, A., Dong, Y., Xiao, Y.G., Xia, X.C., Wu, X.X. and He, Z.H. 2017. Genetic progress in grain yield and physiological traits in Chinese wheat cultivars of ه since 1950. Crop Science, 57, pp.760–773. DOI: 10.2135/ cropsci2016.05.0362
Ghanbari, A., Roshan, H. and Tavassoli, A. 2012. Effect of sowing date on some agronomic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat cultivars. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 6 (2), pp.127-144 (in Persian).
Ghodsi, M., Jalal Kamali, M.R., Mazaheri, D. and Chaichi, M.R. 2008. Water and radiation use efficiency in different developmental stages in four bread wheat under moisture stress conditions. DESERT, 12, pp.129-137. DOI: 10.22059/jdesert.2008.27112
Hassan, M.A., Yang, M., Fu, L., Rasheed, A., Zheng, B., Xia, X., Xiao, Y. and He, Z. 2019. Accuracy assessment of plant height using an unmanned aerial vehicle for quantitative genomic analysis in bread wheat. Plant Methods, 15(1), pp.1-12. DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0419-7
Hubbart, S., Smillie, I.R.A., Heatley, M., Swarup, R., Foo, C.C., Zhao, L. and Murchie, E.H. 2018. Enhanced thylakoid photo protection can increase yield and canopy radiation use efficiency in rice. Communications Biology, 1, e22. DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0026-6
Lopes, M.S., Reynolds, M.P., Manes, Y., Singh, R.P., Crossa, J. and Braun, H.J. 2012. Genetic yield gains and changes in associated traits of CIMMYT spring bread wheat in a “Historic” set representing 30 years of breeding. Crop Science. 52, pp.1123–1131. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2011.09.0467
Malihipour, A., Esmaeilzadeh Moghaddam, M., Najafian, G., Roustaei, M., Najafi Mirak, T., Amini, A., Khodarahmi, M. and Bakhtiar, F. 2020. Iranian Wheat Cultivars (Released from 1931 to 2019). Nashr-e-Amoozesh Keshavarzi. Karaj, Iran. 186 pp.
Molero, G., Joynson, R., Pinera-Chavez, F.J., Gardiner, L.J., Rivera-Amado, C., Hall, A. and Reynolds, M.P. 2019. Elucidating the genetic basis of biomass accumulation and radiation use efficiency in spring wheat and its role in yield potential. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 17(7), pp.1276–1288. DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13052
Parry, M.A.J., Reynolds, M., Salvucci, M.E., Raines, C., Andralojc, P.J., Zhu, X.G., Price, G.D., Condon, A.G. and Furbank, R.T. 2011. Raising yield potential of wheat. II. Increasing photosynthetic capacity and efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(2), pp. 453–467. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq304
Pask, A. 2012. Determining key developmental stages. Pp.72-77. In: Physiological breeding II: A field guide to wheat phenotyping. Pask, A., Petragella, J., Debra, M. and Reynolds, M. (eds.), CIMMYT. 140 pp.
Poudel, A., Ghimire, S.K., Ojha, B.R., Acharya, B.D. and Thapa, D.B. 2017. Effect of terminal drought stress on morpho-physiological and yield potential traits of bread wheat genotypes. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 6(1), ISSN (Online) 2319-1473.
Rachana, P., Binju, M., Suprava, A., K.C, B., Rishav, P., Rashmi, R., Bishnu, B., Pritika, N., Kushal. B. and Ram, P.M. 2021. Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield in wheat: A review. RJOAS, 5(113), pp. 121-127. DOI: 10.18551/rjoas.2021-05.14
Rahman, M.M., Crain, J., Haghighattalab, A., Singh, R.P. and Poland, J. 2021. Improving wheat yield prediction using secondary traits and high-density phenotyping under heat-stressed environments. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, e633651. DOI: 10.3389/fpls020210633651
Reynolds, M.P., Pask, A.J.D., Hoppitt, W.J.E., Sonder, K., Sukumaran, S., Molero, G., […] and Joshi, A.K. 2017. Strategic crossing of biomass and harvest index source and sink achieves genetic gains in wheat. Euphytica, 213(11), e257. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-017-2040-z
Reynolds, M.P., Pellegrineschi, A. and Skovmand, B. 2005. Sink-limitation to yield and biomass: a summary of some investigations in spring wheat. Annual Application of Biology, 146, pp.39–49. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.03100.x
Reynolds, M., Foulkes, J., Furbank, R., Griffiths, S., King, J., Murchie, E., Parry, M. and Slafer, G. 2012. Achieving yield gains in wheat. Plant Cell and Environment, 35, pp.1799–1823. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02588.x
Rivera-Amado, C., Trujillo-Negrellos, E., Molero, G., Reynolds, M.P., Sylvester- Bradley, R. and Foulkes, M.J. 2019. Optimizing dry-matter partitioning for increased spike growth, grain number and harvest index in spring wheat. Field Crops Research, 240, pp.154–167. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2019.04.016
Robles-Zazueta, C.A., Molero, G., Pinto, F., Foulkesm, M.J., Reynoldsm M.P. and Murchie, E.H. 2021. Field-based remote sensing models predict radiation use efficiency in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany, 4:72(10), pp.3756-3773. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab115
Sarikhani Khorami, Sh., Tahmasebi, S., Salehi, P., Yassaei. M., Zali, H., Amini, A.A., Ghaedsharaf. F., Minoo, M.J. and Ghahari. Gh.R. 2021. Sowing date ranges for commercial varieties and elite bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines in three climates zones of Fars province. Final report. Registration No: 60596. Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. 102 pp. (in Persian).
Sharma, S., Acharya, N.R., Adhikari, S. and Mishra, K.K. 2017. Varietal improvement of wheat under rainfed conditions in mid-western Terai of Nepal. Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Sciences, 6(4), pp.15-19. DOI: 10.24105/gjbahs.6.4.1704
Shearman, V.J., Sylvester-Bradley, R. and Foulkes, M.J. 2005. Physiological processes associated with wheat yield progress in the UK. Crop Science, 45, pp.175–185. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2005.0175a
Sierra-Gonzalez, A., Molero, G., Rivera-Amado, C., Babar, M.A., Reynolds, M.P. and Foulkes, M.J. 2021. Exploring genetic diversity for grain partitioning traits to enhance yield in a high biomass spring wheat panel. Field Crops Research, 260, pp.107979-108086. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107979
Slafer, G.A. and Rawson, H.M. 1994. Sensitivity of wheat phasic development to major environmental factors: A re-examination of some assumptions made by physiologists and modelers. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 21, pp.393-426. DOI: 10.1071/PP9940393
Slafer, G.A., Andrade, F.H. and Satorre, E.H. 1990. Genetic-improvement effects on pre anthesis physiological attributes related to wheat grain-yield. Field Crops Research, 23, pp.255–263. DOI: 10.1016/0378-4290(90)90058-J
Sun, Y.Y., Wang, X.L., Wang, N., Chen, Y.L. and Zhang, S.Q. 2014. Changes in the yield and associated photosynthetic traits of dry-land winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from the 1940s to the 2010s in Shanxi province of China. Field Crops Research, 167, pp.1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2014.07.002
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M. and Murphy, A. 2015. Plant physiology and development. Sixth Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 888 pp.
Voss-Fels, K.P., Stahl, A., Wittkop, B., Lichthardt, C., Nagler, S., Rose, T., Chen, T.W., Zetzsche, H., Seddig, S., Baig, M.M., Ballvora, A., Frisch, M., Ross, E., Hayes, B., Hayden, M.J., Ordon, F., Leon, J., Kage, H., Friedt, W., Stützel, H. and Snowdon, R.J. 2019. Breeding improves wheat productivity under contrasting agrochemical input levels. Nature Plants, 5 (7), pp.706–714. DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0445-5
Xi, Y., Du, Y.L., Wang, D., Ren, J.Y., Luo, W.Y., Peng, Q., Feng, W.Y. and Li, F.M. 2024. Wheat genetic progress in biomass allocation and yield components: A global perspective. Field Crop research, 318, e109617. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109617
Xiao, Y.G., Qian, Z.G., Wu, K., Liu, J.J., Xia, X.C., Ji, W.Q. and He, Z.H. 2012. Genetic gains in grain yield and physiological traits of winter wheat in Shandong Province, China, from 1969 to 2006. Crop Science, 52, pp.44–56. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2011.05. 0246
Yao, Y., Lv, L., Zhang, L., Yao, H., Dong, Z., Zhang, J., Ji, J., Jia, X. and Wang, H. 2019. Genetic gains in grain yield and physiological traits of winter wheat in Hebei Province of China, from 1964 to 2007. Field crop research, 239, pp. 114-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2019.03.011
Zahed, M., Galeshi, S., Latifi, N., Soltani, A., Kalateh. M. and Hosseini, R. 2013. The effect of plant density on extinction coefficient and radiation use efficiency in modern and old wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11(3), pp.506-514. DOI: 10.22067/GSC.V11I3.29767
Zand, E., Koocheki, A., Rahimian, H. and Nasiri Mahalti. M. 2002. Study of the trend of morphological and physiological characteristics in some Iranian wheat cultivars over 50 years. Journal Science of Agricultural Industry 16(1), pp.116-171. (In Persian.) | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,611 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 171 |
||