A Review on Germplasm of Common Pear (Pyrus communis L.) and Its Utilization in Breeding Program and Selection of New Cultivars in Iran | ||
| نهال و بذر | ||
| Volume 40, Issue 4, August 2025, Pages 525-457 PDF (4.22 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/spj.2025.370826.1443 | ||
| Author | ||
| Hamid Abdollahi* | ||
| Associate Professor, Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Pear is classified in the fifth place in importance in the world and its production is carried out in three groups as; I) common pears, II) Asian pears, and III) Chinese pears. Also, the genus Pyrus has at least 36 accepted species and the interspecific hybrids that are distributed in four centers of genetic diversities, including, East Asia, Central Asia and Iran, Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Iran is one of the important centers of genetic diversity of the genus Pyrus and this, resulted in existing of eight accepted species in various region of Iranian plateau. Also as a wide range of the native cultivars and varities are distributed in the northern and western regions of Iran. The wide diversity of this species can be considered as one of the main sources of selection of superior native pear cultivars such as Shah Miveh, Sebri, Natanzi, Domkaj, Shahak and Dar Gazi, as well as, Khoj, in the past centuries. This extensive genetic diversity and in parallel, the introduction of commercial pear germplasm over the past few decades have prepared an abundant breeding potentials with various objectives such resistance to the fire blight disease, selection for tolerance to the pear psylla, appropriate bearing habit and dwarf growth, early ripening and high fruit quality. In this review article, considering the extension of pear orchards in Iran over the past two decades, establishment of modern semi-dwarf cultivation systems and also the demand of pear producers for the new cultivars and rootstocks, the potentials for breeding and selection of this fruit has been discussed in detail. Keywords: Selection, Morphological Markers, Molecular Markers, Genetic Diversity, Introduced Cultivars Introduction Among various fruits, pear is classified as the fifth most important fruit in the world (FAO, 2024). Pear cultivars belong to different species including common pears (Pyrus communis L.), Asian pears (P. serotina Rehd.), and Chinese or Ya pears (P.×bretschneideri Rehd.). The common pear has wide climatic adaptation potential, from very cold regions to the relatively warm regions in southern latitudes (Abdollahi, 2010). According to the FAO estimates, the area under cultivation of various types of pear trees, including three species of common pears, Chinese pears, and Asian pears, is about 1.5 million hectares in the world and from this area 40 million tons of pears are harvested annually, which indicates an average yield of 27 tons/hec. Iran ranks as the 15th pear producing country in the world with an average of 180 thousand tons of pears per year (FAO, 2024). In recent years, the development of semi-intensive pear orchards, extension of fire blight resistant cultivars, the improvement and updating the new training systems, as well as the improvement of orchard management methods, including the development of drip irrigation and new nutrition methods, led to a considerable increase in the yield of modern orchards. Considering this wide genetic diversity of genus Pyrus in Iran (Khorshidi et al., 2017), there is a considerable potential in terms of developing cultivation and use of this diversity for breeding the new cultivars and rootstocks. During the Bronze Age (3400 to 3300 BC), that was the period of transition from the Stone Age and life without civilization to the Iron Age, early cities began to expand in the central plateau of Iran. According to the historic documents, the formation of early civilizations in different parts of the Iranian plateau also could be considered as the starting point for the selection and cultivation of early pear varieties for food consumption. The main point in this regard is the correspondence of the geographical extent of a number of these early civilizations, especially the early civilizations of Kurdistan, with the areas of genetic diversity of the common pear species, P. communis L. in the western regions of Iran. According to Janick (2005), the domestication of the pear tree took place after ancient trees, including olives, pomegranates, and figs, in western Asia, which could have been at the same time as the Achaemenian kingdom in the Iranian plateau. According to a clay tablet inscription found near the Persepolis Palace, the cultivation of pear trees in this region began in 500 BC (Curtis and Tallis, 2005). This indicates that the initial selection of superior pear tree cultivars in Iran refers to the Achaemenid period (550–330 BC) and the cultivation of this tree had spread from southern areas to the northern temperate regions. The historic miniatures of the ancient Persia show valuable evidences for development of pear cultivars and orchards during Ilkhanid (1256-1335 AD), Timurid (1370-1507 AD) and Safavid (1501-1736 AD) dynasties and even later. Following this historic progresses in selection of early native pear cultivars, first modern selection programs were started around 1950. It can be said that until the beginning of the 14th century AH and even until the first few decades of this century, pear cultivation was limited to old native cultivars in traditional orchards. The first introduction of new pear cultivars took place from France during this period and the new European cultivars such as Louise Bonne, Spadona, Duchess, Coscia, Williams Duchess, Beurre Hardy, Beurre Bosc, Williams, Beurre Diel, and Giffard were selected for extensions of pear orchards (Abdollahi, 2010). In addition to importing the new pears, native cultivars also were collected and cultivated in the collections of the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, and the superior cultivars were selected, grafted and extended in various temperate regions of pear cultivation in Iran (Atefi, 1989). A new era of pear selection and breeding was started in Iran by the year 2005, that a hybridization program started aimed at obtaining fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) resistant cultivars, also new successes gained for slecting new varieties tolerant to the pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster), selection of native and introduced cultivars for dwarf growth habit, early bearing and adaptability for new dwarfing rootstocks such as Quince EMA, Quince BA29, Pyrodwarf and OH×H series, tolerance to the high summer temperatures and heat shocks, escape and tolerance to the late chilling damages on the blooms that significantly reduces bearing of pear orchards in some years, tolerance to the calcareous soils and prevention of chlorosis appearance due to Fe deficiency or Fe stabilization in the leaves, selection for coverage of bloom period for using as pollinzer trees and also determination of self-incompatibility alleles for selecting the best pollinizer in the commercial pear orchards, selection for early ripening cultivars, and the suitable cultivars for cultivation in greenhouse, and finally selection long term cold storage cultivars such as Dar Gazi. According to these progresses, the yield in modern semi-intensive pear orchards of Iran could be more than 50 tons/hec, and more recently, a new system for early ripening of pears has been developed for greenhouse production of this fruit. Despite the progresses and the evolution of new pear orchards over the past decades, there are still broad horizons ahead for research on this fruit. Among these, release of new high bearing cultivars with more fire blight resistance, new early-ripening cultivars with more commercial value and quality of the fruits, release of new cultivars with higher potential for use as pollinzers, in term of coverage and overlapping of bloom period and pollen compatibility, could be the main further programs for pear breeding and selection in Iran. Also starting a new breeding for fruit quality by using the cultivars with high heritability of fruit quality trait is essential for pear cultivation industry in the future. References Abdollahi, H. 2010. Pear: botany, cultivars and rootstocks. Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. 210 pp. (in Persian). Atefi, J. 1989. Primary evaluation of pear cultivars in Iran. Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. 110 pp. (in Persian). Curtis, J. and Tallis, N. 2005. Forgotten empire: the world of ancient Persia. The British Museum Press, London, UK. 272 pp. FAO. 2024. World Food and Agriculture-Statistical Yearbook. Food and Agriculture Organization Publication. Rome, Italy. Khorshidi, S., Davarynejad, G., Samiei, L. and Moghaddam M. 2017. Study of genetic diversity of pear genotypes and cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) using inter-simple sequence repeat markers (ISSR). Erwerbs-Obstbau, 59, pp.301–308. DOI: 10.1007/s10341-017-0325-y | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Selection; Morphological Markers; Molecular Markers; Genetic Diversity; Introduced Cultivars | ||
| References | ||
|
Abdollahi, H. 2003. Molecular biology of interaction between Erwinia amylovora and pear (Pyrus communis L.) genotypes with various susceptibility to fire blight. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. 200 pp.
Abdollahi, H. 2010. Pear: botany, cultivars and rootstocks. Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran. 210 pp. (in Persian).
Abdollahi, H. 2021a. An illustrated review on manifestation of pome fruit germplasm in the historic miniatures of ancient Persia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 68, pp.2775-2791. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-021-01244-y
Abdollahi, H. 2021b. Contribution of molecular evidence and historic miniatures confirms the role of Silk Road in evolution of pear cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 1315, pp.221-226. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1315.34
Abdollahi, H. 2024. Quince cultivation; scientific and applied principles. Horticultural Sciences Research Institute Publication, Karaj, Iran. 423 pp. (in Persian). Abdollahi, H. and Majidi Heravan, E. 2005. Relation between fire blight resistance and different vegetative and reproductive traits in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars. Seed and Plant Journal, 21, pp.501-513 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spij.2017.110656
Abdollahi, H. and Tahzibi Hagh, F. 2021. Morphological and biochemical fruit characteristics and their relationship with organoleptic attributes in some native and introduced pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars of Iran. Seed and Plant Journal, 37(2), pp.171-190. (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/sppi.2021.125708
Abdollahi, H., Nasiri, J. and Mohajer, S. 2024. A comprehensive review on oxidative stress and ros-related resistance strategies in compatible interaction between Erwinia amylovora and host plants. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 44(10), pp.460-483. DOI: 10.1007/s00344-024-11482-w
Abdollahi, H., Rugini, E., Ruzzi, M. and Muleo, R. 2004. In vitro system for studying the interaction between Erwinia amylovora and genotypes of pear. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 79(2), pp.203-212. DOI: 10.1007/s11240-004-0661-0
Abdollahi, H., Tahzibi, F. and Ghahremani, Z. 2011. Correlation between fire blight resistance and morphological characteristics of pear (Pyrus communis L.). Acta Horticulturae, 896, pp.339-345, DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.896.46
Ahmadi, J., Taghizadeh, A.A. and Atashkar, D. 2023. Evaluation of traits and genetic diversity of some European pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) in climatic conditions of Alborz province. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 36(1), pp.96-109. DOI: 20.1001.1.23832592.1402.36.1.7.8
Ali, B. and Kazempour, M.N. 2004. Presentation of Erwinia amylovora from Guilan province. Pp. 422. In: Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Tabriz, Iran (Abstract) (in Persian).
Anonymous. 2023. Statistical Yearbook of Agricultural Products, Volume III: Horticultural Products. Deputy of Economic Planning, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture. Tehran, Iran (in Persian). 400 pp.
Arzani, K. 2002. The position of pear breeding and culture in Iran: introduction of some Asian pear (Pyrus serotina rehd.) cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 587, pp.167-176. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.587.18
Arzani, K. 2021. The national Asian pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) project in Iran: compatibility and commercial studies of introduced cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 1315, pp.91-98. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1315.14
Asayesh Z.M., Arzani, K., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A. and Abdollahi, H. 2025. Drought stress effects on the aerial part physiology and macronutrient uptake in pear (Pyrus communis L.) scion-rootstock combinations. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 27(4), pp.157-177. DOI: 10.22034/JAST.27.1.157
Asayesh, Z.M., Arzani, K., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. and Abdollahi, H. 2023b. Gas exchanges and physiological responses differ among Pyrodwarf clonal and Dargazi seedling pear (Pyrus communis L.) rootstocks in response to drought stress. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 23(4), pp.6469-6484. DOI: 10.1007/s42729-023-01502-1
Asayesh, Z.M., Arzani, K., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. and Abdollahi, H. 2024. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic response of grafted and ungrafted young European pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees to drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 310, pp.11754-11754. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111745.
Atashkar D., Taghizadeh, A.A. and Soleimani, A. 2015. Genetic diversity of some pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) using quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Iranian Journal of Achievements in Agricultural Sciences, 1, pp.81-94. (in Persian).
Atefi, J. 1989. Primary evaluation of pear cultivars in Iran. Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. 110 pp. (in Persian).
Avicenna, A. A. 1973. The canon of medicine of Avicenna. New York, AMS Press, USA. 612 pp.
Azarabadi, S., Abdollahi, H., Torabi, M., Salehi, Z. and Nasiri, J. 2017. ROS generation, oxidative burst, and dynamic expression profiles of ROS-scavenging enzymes of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in response to Erwinia amylovora in pear. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 147(2), pp.279-294. DOI: 10.1007/s10658-016-1000-0
Azarabadi, S.R., Torabi, M., Abdollahi, H. and Hassani, M. 2014. Generation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals in pears following attack of Erwinia amylovora. Acta Horticulturae, 1056(1), pp.213-217. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1056.34
Babaei, F., Khorramdel Azad, M., Abdollahi, H., Torabi, S. and Aminafshar, M. 2013. Detection of pear s-alleles by setting up a revised identification system. Acta Horticulturae, 976(1), pp.339-344. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.976.46
Bayanati, M., Abdollahi, H. and Tavousi Naeini, S. M. 2024. Effect of Two Semi-dwarf OH×F87TM and Pyrodwarf Rootstocks on Iron Absorption and Chlorophyll Related Characteristics of Leaves in Some Commercial Pear Cultivars. Seed and Plant Journal, 40(3), pp.361-341 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spj.2025.368157.1398
Behdad, E. 1991. Iran pests of fruit trees (2nd edition), Bahman Nashr Press, Esfahan, Iran, 826 pp. (in Persian).
Behzadi, R. 1990. Ancient peoples in Central Asia and the Iranian plateau. Publication of the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Institute Press, Tehran, Iran. 374 pp. (in Persian).
Bell, L.R. and Itai, A. 2011. Pyrus. Pp. 147-177. In: Chittaranjan, K. (ed.) Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Press. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-16057-8_8
Campbell, J. 2003. Pear rootstocks. Agfacts. New South Wales Agriculture. Australia. 13 pp.
Curtis, J. and Tallis, N. 2005. Forgotten empire: the world of ancient Persia. The British Museum Press, London, UK. 272 pp.
Darvishian, M. 1985. The fruit atlas and its adaptation to Iran's environment; First phase: Alborz, Alvand and Karkas mountains. Publication of Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Teharn, Iran. 138 pp. (in Persian).
Darvishian, M. 1986. The fruit atlas and its adaptation to Iran's environment; First phase: Zagros Mountains and North West of Iran. Publication of Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Teharn, Iran. 119 pp. (in Persian).
Darvishian, M. 1987. The fruit atlas and its adaptation to Iran's environment; First phase: Binaloud and Hezar Masched mountains. Publication of Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Teharn, Iran. 185pp. (in Persian).
Davoudi, A. 1998. Evaluation of fire blight resistance in some apple and pear cultivars. M.Sc. Theis, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 200 pp. (in Persian).
Davoudi, A., Majidi, E., Rahimian, H. and Valizade, M. 2005. The intensity of disease of pear cultivars to fire blight with use the standard system of USDA. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Water and Soil Science, 9, pp.159-168.
De Franceschi, P., Dondini, L. and Sanzol, J. 2012. Molecular bases and evolutionary dynamics of self-incompatibility in the Pyrinae (Rosaceae). Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(11), pp.4015–32. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers108
De Franceschi, P., Pierantoni, L., Dondini, L., Grandi, M., Sansavini, S. and Sanzol, J. 2011. Evaluation of candidate F-box genes for the pollen S of gametophytic self-incompatibility in the Pyrinae (Rosaceae) on the basis of their phylogenomic context. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 7(4), pp.663–683. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-011-0365-7
Doleh, L., Abdollahi, H. and Hassanpour Asil, M. 2010a. Analysis of fruit skin chlorophyll and its derivatives as a valid index in determination of commercial maturity of pear (Pyrus communis L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 20(3), pp.123-134 (in Persian). DOI: 20.1001.1.24764310.1389.20.3.10.5
Doleh, L., Hasanpour Asil, M. and Abdollahi, H. 2010b. Effective parameters in determination of commercial fruit maturity of different pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 41(2), pp.189-196 (in Persian).
Ebadi, A., Erfani, J., Abdollahi, H. and Fattahi Moghaddam, M. 2014. Investigation of changes in antioxidant enzyme and total phenol level in some pear cultivars inoculated with fire blight disease. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 45(2), pp.127-136 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2014.51955
Ebtedaei, M., Arzani, K. and Abdollahi, H. 2024. Unraveling the effects of melatonin on drought-stressed pear rootstocks: A comparative analysis of Dargazi and Pyrodwarf. Plant Stress, 11(100393), pp.1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.stress.2024.100393
Ebtedaei, M., Arzani, K. and Sarikhani, S. 2021. Evaluation of chilling requirement and heat accumulation in three European pear cultivars and genotypes. Acta Horticulturae, 1315, pp.69-76. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1315.11
Erfani, J., Abdollahi, H., Ebadi, A., Fatahi Moghaddam, M.R. and Arzani, K. 2014a. Evaluation of fire blight resistance and the related markers in some European and Asian pear cultivars. Seed and Plant Journal, 29(4), pp.659-672 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spij.2017.111183
Erfani, J., Ebadi, A., Abdollahi, H. and Fatahi, R. 2012. Genetic diversity of some pear cultivars and genotypes using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 30(5), pp.1065-1072. DOI: 10.1007/s11105-012-0421-y
Erfani, J., Ebadi, A., Abdollahi, H. and Fattahi Moghaddam, M.R. 2014b. Evaluation of genetic diversity of some pear (Pyrus spp.) genotypes and species based on morphological characteristics. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 45(1), pp.11-21 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2014.50943
Esmaeili, A., Abdollahi, H., Bazgir, M. and Abdossi, V. 2019. Effect of lime concentration on pear's rootstock/scion combinations. Horticultural Science, 46(3), pp.123-131. DOI: 10.17221/210/2017-HORTSCI
FAO. 2024. World Food and Agriculture-Statistical Yearbook. Food and Agriculture Organization Publication. Rome, Italy.
Hassani, M., Salami, S.A., Nasiri, J., Abdollahi, H. and Ghahremani, Z. 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of PR genes in some pome fruit species with the emphasis on transcriptional analysis and ROS response under Erwinia amylovora inoculation in apple. Genetica, 144, pp.9-22. DOI: 10.1007/s10709-015-9874-x
Janick, J. 2005. The origin of fruits, fruit growing and fruit breeding. Plant Breeding Reviews, 25, pp.255-320. DOI: 10.1002/9780470650301.ch8
Kadkhodaei S., Arzani K., Yadollahi A., Karimzadeh G., Abdollahi, H. 2021a. Preliminary assessment of cytological characteristics of two European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 1315(1), pp.287-291. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1315.43
Kadkhodaei, S., Arzani, K., Yadollahi, A., Karmizadeh, G. and Abdollahi, H. 2021b. Genetic diversity and similarity of Asian and European pears (Pyrus Spp.) revealed by genome size and morphological traits prediction. International Journal of Fruit Science, 21(1), pp.619-633. DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1908201
Kazemi, N., Abdollahi, H., habashi, a., Asadi, W., and Mohajer, S. 2024. Pome fruit virus interactions using combined therapies and meristem culture. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 168, pp.279-296. DOI: 10.1007/s10658-023-02754-4
Khorshidi, S., Davarynejad, G., Samiei, L. and Moghaddam M. 2017. Study of genetic diversity of pear genotypes and cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) using inter-simple sequence repeat markers (ISSR). Erwerbs-Obstbau, 59, pp.301-308. DOI: 10.1007/s10341-017-0325-y
Latifian, M., Abdollahi, H. and Ghaemi, R. 2023. Antixenosis resistance of pear cultivars to pear Psylla [(Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)] under the environmental conditions of Karaj in Iran. Seed and Plant Journal, 39(4), pp.526-495 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spj.2024.364265.1336
Latifian, M. and Abdollahi, H. 2024a. Effect of leaf characteristics of different pear cultivars on the population structure and stability of pear Psylla [Cacopsylla pyricola (Foester)]. Seed and Plant Journal, 40(1), pp.45-23 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spj.2025.367396.1382
Latifian, M. and Abdollahi, H. 2024b. Time series analysis of pear Psylla population dynamics, Cacopsylla pyri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), using ARIMA model on nine different pear Pyrus communis L. cultivars. Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research, 38(4), pp.309-325 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22067/jpp.2024.86109.1171
Maleki, R., Abdollahi, H. and Piri, S. 2022. Variation of active iron and ferritin content in pear cultivars with different levels of pathogen resistance following inoculation with Erwinia amylovora. Journal of Plant Pathology, 104(1), pp.281-293. DOI: 10.1007/s42161-021-00998-9
Maleki, R., Abdollahi, H., Piri, S. and Pahlevan Afshari, K. 2025. investigation of fire blight susceptibility and iron homeostasis of pear (Pyrus communis L.) following invasion of tissues by hrpW-, hrpN- and dspA/E- mutants of Erwinia amylovora. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 27(2), pp.435-451. DOI: 10.22034/JAST.27.2.435
Manee, A. 1994. Pear and quince and their growing. Iran Technical Publication Company, Trhran, Iran 113 pp. (in Persian).
Maroofi, A. and Mostafavi, M. 1996. Evaluation of the resistance of apple, pear and quince varieties to fire blight. Acta Horticulturae, 411, pp.395-400. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.1996.411.80
Mazarei, M., Zakeri, Z. and Hassanzadeh, N. 1994. Fire blight situation on fruit trees in West Azerbaijan and Ghazvin provinces. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 30, pp.25-32 (in Persian).
Mirabdulbaghi, M., Akbari Bisheh, H, Abdollahi, H. and Zarghami, R. 2023. Hawthorn rootstock (Crataegus spp.) affects scion nutrition and nutrient composition of fruit of some selected quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) genotypes. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65(4), pp.729-743. DOI: 10.1007/s10341-022-00685-8
Mozafari, A.A. 2009. Characterization of pear tree varieties in west and center of Kurdistan. Journal of the Plant Production (Agronomy, Breeding and Horticulture), 32, pp.39-51 (in Persian).
Mozaffarian, 1988-2010. Flora of Iran. Volumes. 1-51. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran (in Persian).
Nikzad Gharehaghaji, A., Abdollahi, H., Arzani, K., Shojaeiyan, A., Naghi Padasht, M., Dondini, L. and De Franceschi, P. 2014a. Contribution of western and eastern species to the Iranian pear germplasm revealed by the characterization of S-genotypes. Acta Horticulturae, 1032, pp.159-167. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1032.21
Nikzad Gharehaghaji, A., Arzani, K., Abdollahi, H., Shojaeiyan, A., Dondini, L. and De Franceschi, P. 2014b. Genomic characterization of self-incompatibility ribonucleases in the Central Asian pear germplasm and introgression of new alleles from other species of the genus Pyrus. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 10(2), pp.411-428. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-013-0696-7
Nikzad Gharehaghaji, A.N., Arzani, K., Abdollahi, H., Shojaeiyan, A., Henareh, M., De Franceschi, P., Dondini, L. 2016. Chloroplast genome diversity of the Pyrus genus; from Iranian and European wild pear species to the cultivated cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 1032(1), pp.151-158, DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1032.20
Pasqualini, E., Civolani, S., Musacchi, S., Ancarani, V. Dondini, L., Robert, P. and Baronio, P. 2006. Cacopsylla pyri behaviour on new pear selections for host resistance programs. Bulletin of Insectology, 59(1), pp.27.
Pourghasemian, V., Arzani, K. and Abdollahi, H. 2024. Comparison of vegetative and reproductive traits of promising pear genotype A95 with some native commercial pear cultivars of Iran based on the distinctness, uniformity and stability tests. Seed and Plant Journal, 40(2), pp.239-211 (in Persian), DOI: 10.22092/spj.2025.368554.1404
Rahmati, M., Arzani, K., Yadollahi, A. and Abdollahi, H. 2015. Influence of rootstock on vegetative growth and graft incompatibility in some pear (Pyrus spp.) cultivars. Indo-American Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 3(1), pp.25-32.
Rezaei, A., Abdollahi, H., Arzani, K., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. and Ahmadi, N. 2023. Preliminary selection of different species of genus pear (Pyrus) for dwarfing and nutrients uptake. Seed and Plant Journal, 39(2), pp.282-253 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spj.2024.364714.1347
Rezaei, A., Arzani, K., Abdollahi, H., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. and Ahmadi, N. 2025. Genotypic differences in morphological and physiological traits of genus Pyrus and clonal pear rootstocks under prolonged drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 350(4), pp.1-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2025.114338
Sabeti, H. 1994. Trees and shrubs of Iran. Yazd University Press. Yazd, Iran. 810 pp. (in Persian).
Sadeghi, L., Abdollahi, H. and Fakhraee Lahiji, M. 2008. National guideline for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability in pear. Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute. 37 pp. (in Persian).
Sadeghnejad, S. and Abdollahi, H. 2019. Bioinformatic analysis of self-incompatibility locus in pear species, Pyrus communis L. and evaluation of the related alleles in some commercial and native cultivars. Modern Genetic, 14 (3), pp.197-210 (in Persian). DOI: 20.1001.1.20084439.1398.14.3.5.3
Sadeghnejad, S., Abdollahi, H., Gharehaghaji, A.N. and Hassani, M. 2014. Interspecies hybridization of Pyrus species along the silk road, detected by using species-specific S-alleles. Acta Horticulturae, 1032(1), pp.169-172. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1032.22
Safarpour Shorbakhlou, S.M., Bahar, M., Tabatabaei, B.E.S. and Abdollahi, H. 2008. Determination of genetic diversity in pear (Pyrus spp.) using microsatellite markers. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 9(2), pp.113-128 (in Persian).
Sahandpour, A. and Ghasemi, A. 2004. Occurrence of the fire blight of pome trees in Fars province. Pp. 429. In: Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Tabriz, Iran (Abstract) (in Persian).
Sansavini, S., Marangoni, B., Buscaroli, C., Corelli, L. and Tazzari, G. 1986. The relationship between spacing and rootstock effects in an intensive planting trial of two apple cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 160, pp.23-37. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.160.2
Sanzol, J. 2009a. Genomic characterization of self-incompatibility ribonucleases (S-RNases) in European pear cultivars and development of PCR detection for 20 alleles. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 5(3), pp.393-405. DOI: 10.1007/s11295-008-0194-5
Sanzol, J. 2009b. Pistil-function breakdown in a new S-allele of European pear, S21*, confers self-compatibility. Plant Cell Reports, 28(3), pp.457-467. DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0645-3
Sanzol, J. and Robbins, T.P. 2008. Combined analysis of S-Alleles in European pear by pollinations and PCR-based S-genotyping ; correlation between S-phenotypes and S-RNase genotypes. Journal American Society for Horticultural Sciences, 133(2), pp.213-224. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.133.2.213
Sanzol, J. and Herrero, M. 2002. Identification of self-incompatibility alleles in pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.). Euphytica, 128, pp.325-331. DOI: 10.1023/A:1021213905461
Sassa, H, Nishio, T., Kowyama, Y., Hirano, H., Koba, T. and Ikehashi, H. 1996. Self-incompatibility (S) alleles of the Rosaceae encode members of a distinct class of the T2/S ribonuclease superfamily. Molecular and General Genetics, 252(1-2), pp.222. DOI: 10.1007/BF02174443
Sassa, H., Hirano, H. and Ikehashi, H. 1992. Self-incompatibility-related RNases in styles of Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.). Plant Cell Physiology, 33(6), pp.811-814. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078322
Sassa, H., Kakui, H., Miyamoto, M., Suzuki, Y., Hanada, T., Ushijima, K., Kusaba, M., Hirano, H. and Koba, T. 2007. S-locus F-box brothers: multiple and pollen-specific F-box genes with S haplotype-specific polymorphisms in apple and Japanese pear. Genetics, 175(4), pp.1869–81. DOI:10.1534/genetics.106.068858
Taheri Shahrestani, A., Abdollahi, H., Yakhchali, B., Mehrabi, R. and Eini Gandomani, O. 2017. Response of pear cultivars to invasion of mutant strains of fire blight causal agent (Erwinia amylovora) based on H2O2 generation. Seed and Plant Journal, 33, pp.315-333 (in Persian) DOI: 10.22092/spij.2017.116680
Tahzibi Hagh, F., Abdollahi, H., Ghasemi, A. and Fathi, D. 2011. Vegetative and reproductive traits of some Iranian native pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars based on DUS descriptor. Seed and Plant Journal, 27(1), pp.37-55 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spij.2017.111049
Tukey, H.B. 1964. Dwarfed fruit trees. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA. 562 pp.
UPOV. 2000. Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability in Pear (Pyrus communis L.). International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. Geneva, Switzerland. 43 pp.
Vila, E., Mashkour, M., Casanova, M. and Vallet, R. 2020. The Iranian plateau during the Bronze Age: development of urbanisation, production and trade. MOM Éditions, France. 356 pp.
Zakeri, Z. and Sharifnabi, B. 1991. Pear fire blight disease in Karaj. Pp. 157. In: Proceedings of the 10th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Kerman, Iran. (Abstract) (in Persian).
Zeratgar, H., Davarinejad, G.H. and Abdollahi, H. 2013. Determination of suitable pollinizer for some Iranian native pear cultivars. Seed and Plant Production Journal, 28(4), pp.435-448 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/sppj.2017.110488
Zohouri, M., Abdollahi, H., Arji, I. and Abdossi, V. 2020. Variations in growth and photosynthetic parameters of some clonal semi-dwarfing and vigorous seedling pear (Pyrus spp.) rootstocks in response to deficit irrigation. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 19(2), pp.105-121. DOI:10.24326/asphc.2020.2.11
Zohur, A. and Rahmani Moghadam, N. 2004. Outbreak of fire blight in Khorasan province. Pp. 423. In: Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Tabriz, Iran. (Abstract) (in Persian).
Sharifani, M.M., Kimura, T., Yamamoto, T. and Nishtani, C. 2017. Genetic diversity of pear (Pyrus spp) germplasm assessed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) and morphological traits. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), pp.145-155. DOI: 10.22059/ijhst.2018.245221.210 | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 746 PDF Download: 336 |
||
Journal management system. designed by sinaweb