Comparative Study of the Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Gabapentin and Trazodone in Fractious Cats Comparative Study of the Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Gabapentin and Trazodone in Fractious Cats

1.Introduction
The demonstration of fear- and anxiety-induced aggression is one of the most challenging aspects of treating companion animals, especially cats. It has been found that fractious cats, particularly those experiencing pain and disease, often exhibit aggression, which poses a significant challenge for veterinarians. Aggression is a hostile, harmful, and destructive behavior that manifests itself physically, behaviorally, and verbally. It is an adverse emotion that can hurt others or oneself [1]. The origin of aggression is often associated with stress in animals; therefore, veterinarians have employed various techniques to reduce animal stress. For example, adequate ventilation and suitable waiting and examination rooms should be provided [2]. Furthermore, using sedative drugs such as acepromazine, diazepam, and dexmedetomidine [3] helps reduce animal stress [4]. Gabapentin, as a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog, a vital brain neurotransmitter, is used to diminish calcium flow. From a pharmacological perspective, this drug is classified as a 1-aminomethylcyclohexaneacetic acid. However, despite being structurally similar to GABA, this drug does not interact with GABA receptors; it is not converted to GABA or its agonists after metabolism. Gabapentin has been used as an anticonvulsant medication since 1992 [5]. Moreover, it is also applied to alleviate numerous forms of neuropathic pain, including diabetic neuropathy, nerve damage infections caused by the herpes simplex virus [6], and reflexsympathetic dystrophy [7], as well as to prevent postoperative complications. In addition to its anticonvulsant properties, gabapentin has been found to exert sedative and anxiolytic effects by modulating the release of neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine and serotonin, in the central nervous system [8]. These effects contribute to managing anxiety-related conditions and reducing stress-induced behaviors in cats [8]. Similarly, trazodone is a weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a potent antagonist of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C. Its active metabolite is m-chlorophenylpiperazine, a 5-HT2C agonist with a half-life of approximately 14 hours [9]. This drug is rapidly absorbed orally, with a plasma half-life of 9-5 hours, and it binds to plasma proteins at approximately 95%. The drug is excreted through the bile and kidneys [9]. Trazodone is used to treat depression and anxiety; it is effective in alleviating signs such as agitation, sleep disturbances, and feelings of sadness. Besides its antidepressant properties, trazodone is also commonly applied as a sedative drug [10].
Although gabapentin and trazodone have been found to possess analgesic effects [8], their comparative effects in reducing fear- and anxiety-induced aggression behaviors and responses in cats remain unclear. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of gabapentin (22 mg kg–1) and trazodone (10 mg kg–1) in reducing fear- and anxiety-induced aggression in fractious cats. It will assess both physiological parameters (such as heart rate and blood pressure) and behavioral factors (like sedation scores and posture). Although both medications are commonly used in veterinary practice, their relative effects on aggression related to stress have not been thoroughly explored. This study employs a double-blind, placebo-controlled design and utilizes standardized assessment tools, including the feline multiparametric sedation scale (FMSS). Our goal is to provide evidence-based insights that can enhance pharmacological interventions for managing feline stress, thereby addressing an important area in clinical practice that warrants further attention.

2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical considerations
One of the primary concerns of this study is obtaining ethical approval for administering these medications. Based on clinical evaluation, although the cats were considered healthy, they were selected for inclusion due to their fractious behavior, which warranted intervention for their welfare. Aggression in cats can have significant implications for their well-being and the safety of their owners; thus, the administration of medications was not solelyfor research purposes, but also to address reasonable behavioral concerns. Additionally, this study examined the comparative effects of medications for treating aggression, with the potential to inform improved treatment strategies in clinical settings. The welfare of the cats was prioritized throughout the study, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines for the humane treatment of animals in research. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the regulations of the Iranian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, adhering to the ethical codes for studies on laboratory animals in Iran. 

2.2. Feline cases
Twenty-seven domestic short-haired (DSH) cats, aged between 2 and 6 years and weighing between 2.5 and 4.5 kilograms, were included in this study. The aggressive behavior was the most selective criterion for inclusion in the study, which was assessed through standardized behavioral evaluations performed by a certified veterinary behaviorist. In addition, baseline physiological and behavioral measurements, including heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and behavioral observations, were recorded for each cat before randomization [11]. All cats also underwent thorough clinical examinations and hematological screenings to ensure they were healthy. The cats were then randomly assigned to one of three groups using a double-masked method. This approach aimed to minimize bias in treatment allocation and assessment, ensuring an equal distribution of cats across the groups. To reduce stress during transport and ensure their safety, the cats were transported in individual carriers. The cats were housed in calm, temperature-regulated environments for at least 8 hours to enhance their comfort and reduce anxiety. Each cat received bedding materials such as towels or blankets carrying their scent, to foster a sense of security. Their behaviors and overall health were closely monitored, and social interactions were encouraged when appropriate. Additionally, measures were taken to limit exposure to loud noises and maintain consistent feeding schedules to further reduce stress. Veterinary services were on standby to address any health issues or emergencies that might occur during the study period. In summary, significant efforts were made to safeguard the cats' well-being and lessen any possible stressors related to their transportation and care at the clinic [12].

2.3. Procedure
The cats had an initial acclimatization period of one hour to minimize stress in the various consulting rooms and achieve a suitable body posture for the investigation.
The cats were divided into three groups of nine. The first group (P) received a placebo (empty capsule), the second group (G) was prescribed gabapentin (100 mg tablet, Abidi Company, Iran) at 22 mg kg–1, and the third group (T) was administered trazodone (Trazolex 50 mg tablet, Tehran Shimi Pharmaceutical Company, Iran) at 10 mg kg–1, all treatments were administered three hours before the test. Food consumption was prohibited after drug administration. Physiological factors and stress levels of cats were measured in a standardized order, according to the following steps.
Physiological factors, including heart rate (measured with a stethoscope (Littmann USA), respiratory rate (measured by observing chest and abdominal movement), systolic blood pressure (measured using a Doppler sphygmomanometer (Vmed vet-dop2, USA)), and rectal temperature (measured with a digital thermometer [Braun, Germany]), were recorded for all cats in the study.
The animals’ stress levels were rated based on the scale presented by Kessler and Turner (1997), which comprised nine factors: body, limbs, tail, head, eyes, pupils, ears, whiskers, vocalization, and activity. Each factor was ranked from 1 (very fearful) to 7 (completely calm), as described in Table 1 [13].

Sedation scores were measured using a FMSS. This scoring system comprises four categories: posture score, behavior, response to sound (clapping), and response to restraint and/or intramuscular injection and/or intravenous catheter. Each category was scored distinctly on a scale from 0 to 3, where 0 indicated no sedation and 3 indicated non-responsiveness. The scores from all categories were then summed to yield a final sedation score ranging from 0 to 12; a score of 0 represented no sedation, while a score of 12 designated maximum sedation. The sedation assessment was performed by three blinded assessors who recorded scores both before and after administration (pre-sedation score) and 3 hours after the sedatives (post-sedation score). The final scores were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the different treatment groups [14].
The behavior and well-being of the cats were evaluated, and modifications were made to promote their comfort and overall health. Strategies were implemented to reduce stress, including limiting handling and creating a soothing atmosphere. The cats were monitored for any adverse reactions for three hours before being returned to their owners. The assessment protocol focused on collecting precise data while prioritizing the welfare of the cats. All findings were documented in the appropriate forms.

2.4. Statistics
GraphPad Prism software, version 10.4.1 was used to analyze the research data and create figures. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was conducted to evaluate the normality of the data distribution. The ANOVA test was employed to compare the means among the three groups. To determine any significant differences between the means, the Tukey post-hoc test was performed with a significance threshold of P≤0.05.

3. Results
3.1. Physiological factors
Figure 1 presents the results of examining the physiological factors examined in fractious cats across three treatment groups: Control (placebo), gabapentin, and trazodone.

As observed, the mean heart rate of 170 beats per minute in the gabapentin group was lower than in the control group; however, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.9999). Additionally, the mean difference in body temperature between the trazodone and control groups was not statistically significant (P=0.9866). Moreover, the mean difference between the two therapeutic groups was not statistically significant (P=0.9896).
The mean difference in respiratory rate between the control and gabapentin groups (23.11 beats per minute) was statistically significant (P<0.0001). However, the mean respiratory rate of the trazodone group (3.22 beats per minute) did not differ statistically from the control group (P=0.6361). Additionally, the trazodone group had a significantly higher mean respiratory rate than the gabapentin group (P<0.0001). The group receiving gabapentin exhibited significantly lower systolic blood pressure in comparison to the placebo group (P=0.0011). The trazodone group also showed lower systolic blood pressure compared to the placebo (P=0.0166). No notable variations were observed among the groups in terms of rectal temperature (P>0.05).

3.2. Behavioral factors
Figure 2, which evaluates the behavioral responses of fractious cats, primarily assesses the degree of sedation induced by gabapentin and trazodone treatments (F (4.816, 115.6)=5.392, P<0.0001).

The stress scores are based on the Kessler and Turner (1997) scale [13], with higher scores in the placebo group indicating higher stress levels. The gabapentin group consistently shows lower stress scores across most behavioral factors than the placebo group. The trazodone group also tends to have lower stress scores than the placebo groupbut shows more variability. Gabapentin shows significant differences from the placebo in multiple factors, such as body position (P<0.0001), limb situation (P<0.0001), tail position (P<0.0066), head position (P=0.0043), eye appearance‎ (P<0.0001), pupils‎ (P<0.0001), ear position (P=0.0124), whiskers (P<0.0001)‎, and activity‎ (P=0.0359). Trazodone also shows significant improvement compared to the placebo in head position (P=0.0150) but appears slightly less effective than gabapentin in certain areas.‎ Both gabapentin and trazodone reduce stress compared to the control group. Gabapentin (22 mg kg–1) appears to be the more practical option based on the statistically significant differences observed.

3.3. FMSS 
The sedation scores presented in Figure 3 are quantitative and were measured on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 12 using FMSS, where higher scores indicate greater levels of sedation.

The figure compares pre-sedation and post-sedation scores within the gabapentin (P<0.0001) and trazodone (P<0.0001) groups. Additionally, the comparison of post-sedation scores among the placebo, gabapentin, and trazodone groups shows that the highest score was recorded in the gabapentin (22 mg kg–1) group, which was significantly higher than the scores in the placebo (P<0.0001) and trazodone (P<0.0001) groups. The mean difference in post-sedation gabapentin (6±1.2) versus post-sedation trazodone (2.4±1.13) groups was 3.6, suggesting that gabapentin at a dose of 22 mg kg–1 induces more significant sedation. 

4. Discussion
Many studies have been conducted to find ways to reduce fear—and anxiety-induced aggressive behavior in cats in veterinary clinics. Gabapentin and trazodone are among the medications studied for their effectiveness in lowering cats’ fear and distress, as well as calming them before they are referred to veterinary clinics. However, the comparative effect of these two drugs has not been investigated.
O’Donnell et al. demonstrated that rectal administration of trazodone (8 mg kg–1) in dogs leads to relative tranquility [15]. Fries et al. (2018) displayed that oral administration of trazodone (50 mg kg–1) results in relaxation in cats and significantly reduces systolic blood pressure, although it does not affect the reduction in heart rate [16]. In a study similar to that of Stevens et al. (2016), the effects of oral administration of 50 mg kg–1 of trazodone were examined in 10 healthy but aggressive cats [17]. The study found that administering the drug during transport to the hospital significantly reduced their stress and anxiety levels but did not show any significant difference in heart rate or other physiological parameters [17]. In the present study, a lower dose of trazodone was used, yielding similar results. Therefore, the use of lower doses can achieve similar effects.
Furthermore, some studies using higher doses than those in the present study have also achieved similar results. For example, Orlando et al. (2015) examined the effects of 50, 75, and 100 mg doses in cats referred to veterinary clinics and found that all doses induced calmness in the animals [18]. As a single dose was used in this study and resulted in calmness, it suggests that the induction of tranquility may not be strictly dose-dependent. Other studies, such as Gruen et al. (2008), investigated the effects of long-term trazodone use on controlling animal aggression and reported similar findings [19]. This study also demonstrated that trazodone effectively reduced fear- and anxiety-induced aggression behaviors in cats, as evidenced by behavioral, physical, and hematologic data (CBC and serum biochemical panel) results.
Gabapentin is another drug that effectively reduces cats’ stress and fear in cats before referral to veterinary centers. Veronezi et al. (2022) found in their investigation that oral administration of gabapentin (100 mg/cat) in fractious cats leads to an improvement in cardiac status, as indicated by both heart rate and echocardiographic findings [20]. In the current study, gabapentin and trazodone influenced certain physiological factors in fractious cats. Gabapentin significantly reduces systolic blood pressure, while trazodone led to a notable increase in respiratory rate.‎ Heart rate and rectal temperature remain relatively unchanged across the groups. In another study, Van Haaften et al. (2017) investigated the effect of administering oral doses ranging from 4.29 to 13 mg kg–1. A 100 mg dose of gabapentin reduced the respiratory rate by 2.15 breaths per minute, suggesting this reduction may be due to the drug’s effect on the sympathetic axis [21]. In this study, gabapentin also decreased the respiratory rate.
Pankratz et al. (2017) investigated the effects of oral gabapentin administration at two doses: 10 and 50 mg. They also found that the stress score in the gabapentin-receiving groups was significantly lower than those of the control group. According to their findings, the most significant reduction was observed within the first two hours after drug injection [22].
Furthermore, Ghanaee et al. (2012) demonstrated that gabapentin could reduce pain and induce calmness in patients after reproductive surgeries [23]. In this study, gabapentin demonstrated better effectiveness and safety when evaluated across various behavioral factors, including body, limb, tail, head, eyes, pupils, ears, whiskers, vocalization, and activity levels. However, there are several studies whose results differ from those of the current study. For example, Wagner et al. (2010), who investigated the analgesic effects of gabapentin (10 mg kg–1) in dogs,found that drug administration did not reduce stress [24]. The differences between the findings of this study and those of the present study may be due to variations in the study conditions and the population under investigation; the present study examined sedative effects on healthy, fractious cats, whereas the other study investigated the sedative effects of a medication on dogs after limb surgery.
The present study demonstrated that the number of heartbeats decreases after the administration of gabapentin. Van Haaften et al. (2017) also obtained similar results, showing a decrease of 2.15 beats per minute, which, according to them, is not clinically significant [21]. 
Wu et al. (2025) investigated the effects of oral trazodone administered at doses of 50 mg, 75 mg, and 100 mg on sedation, physiological parameters, and echocardiographic evaluations in healthy cats. Their findings revealed that trazodone induced mild sedation without causing muscle relaxation or pain relief. Furthermore, it led to only slight alterations in systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate, with no significant effect on echocardiographic measurements. These results confirm the safe administration of oral trazodone as a mild sedative for cats in clinical environments, as it does not negatively impact cardiovascular function at the studied doses [10].
Tucker et al. (2024) revealed that oral trazodone (5 mg kg–1) and the trazodone/gabapentin combination significantly sedated healthy cats compared to gabapentin (10 mg kg–1), with no significant side effects. The degree of sedation increased when the trazodone/gabapentin combination was administered, whereas a gabapentin dose of 10 mg kg–1 alone failed to provide significant sedation [14]. In our study, gabapentin at a 22 mg kg–1 dose proved to be the most effective sedative, producing significant sedation across all measured parameters in fractious cats. Trazodone at a dose of 10 mg kg–1 provides moderate sedation, though it was not as potent as gabapentin.
Siepmann et al. (2025) investigated the sedative and physiological effects of oral trazodone and gabapentin, administered alone or in combination, in healthy cats. The combination of trazodone (50 mg) and gabapentin (100 mg) produced higher sedation scores than either drug alone, with mild impacts on heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and isovolumetric relaxation time, but no significant alterations in hematological, biochemical, or electrocardiographic parameters. These results suggest the trazodone-gabapentin association is effectively enhances sedation with minimal cardiovascular or systemic adverse effects in feline patients [25].
The results of this study indicate that both trazodone and gabapentin effectively alleviate stress in cats before their referral to the treatment center. Compared to a placebo, both medications are more effective at decreasing anxiety, principally in challenging situations. Gabapentin, in particular, shows a more reliable and significant decrease in stress across various behavioral aspects. This study had several limitations; first, the small sample size may have limited the ability to achieve broader findings, suggesting a need for future research involving larger groups. Second, the study focused exclusively on healthy cats, suggesting that different outcomes might occur in cats with illnesses.

5. Conclusion 
In conclusion, a single dose of gabapentin (22 mg kg–1) or trazodone (10 mg kg–1) significantly reduces fear- and anxiety-induced aggression in fractious cats. Our results suggest that gabapentin may be the preferred option for managing stress in these cats, although trazodone also provides clear benefits. Overall, these findings indicate that gabapentin could serve as an effective pre-visit sedative for fractious cats.‎

Acknowledgements
This article is derived from a specialized doctoral thesis in small animal internal medicine. The authors wish to express their gratitude and appreciation to the Research Deputy of the Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, for their support.

Compliance with ethical guidelines
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1400.197). All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards and the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the welfare of the animals.

Data availability
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding
This research received no specific grant or financial support from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Authors' contributions
Data acquisition, administrative, technical, material support, and writing the original draft: Amir Reza Ameri Nain; Analysis and data interpretation: Negar Panahi, Farnoosh Arfaee;Statistical analysis: Negar Panahi; Supervision, review, and editing: Negar Panahi, Farnoosh Arfaee; Final approval: All authors.

Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.

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