References
1. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Chapter 81 Female physiology
before pregnancy and female hormones. Textbook of
medical physiology 11th ed WB Saunder Co.
2006;1018ff.
2. Baker JM, Chase DM, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Uterine
microbiota: residents, tourists, or invaders? Frontiers in
immunology. 2018;9:208.
3. Maekawa R, Taketani T, Mihara Y, Sato S, Okada M,
Tamura I, et al. Thin endometrium transcriptome
analysis reveals a potential mechanism of implantation
failure. Reproductive Medicine and Biology.
2017;16(2):206–27.
4. Beyer AM, De Lange WJ, Halabi CM, Modrick ML,
Keen HL, Faraci FM, et al. Endothelium-specific
interference with peroxisome proliferator activated
receptor gamma causes cerebral vascular dysfunction in
response to a high-fat diet. Circulation research.
2008;103(6):654–61.
5. Chien L-W, Au H-K, Chen P-L, Xiao J, Tzeng C-R.
Assessment of uterine receptivity by the endometrialsubendometrial blood flow distribution pattern in
women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo
transfer. Fertility and sterility. 2002;78(2):245–51.
6. Blanquicett C, Kang B-Y, Ritzenthaler JD, Jones DP,
Hart CM. Oxidative stress modulates PPARγ in vascular
endothelial cells. Free radical biology and medicine.
2010;48(12):1618–25.
7. Koohi MK, Shahroozian E, Ghazi-Khansari M, Daraei
B, Javaheri A, Moghadam-Jafari A, et al. The
pretreatment effects of pentoxifylline on aflatoxin B1-
induced oxidative damage in perfused rat liver.
International Journal of Veterinary Research.
2011;5(1):43–72.
8. De Geyter C, Schmitter M, De Geyter M, Nieschlag E,
Holzgreve W, Schneider HPG. Prospective evaluation
of the ultrasound appearance of the endometrium in a
cohort of 1,186 infertile women. Fertility and sterility.
2000;73(1):106–13.
9. Khani A, Khorasgani EM. Investigating the Effect of
Hydroalcoholic Extract of Eryngos on Plasma
Concentration of Blood Glucose, Blood Cells and
Pancreatic Tissue in Diabetic Rats. Iranian Journal of
Veterinary Medicine. 2021;15(4).
Saleem Raheem et al / Archives of Razi Institute, Vol. 78, No. 6 (2023) 1762-1770 1769
10. Dreisler E, Poulsen LG, Antonsen SL, Ceausu I,
Depypere H, Erel CT, et al. EMAS clinical guide:
assessment of the endometrium in peri and
postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2013;75(2):181–90.
11. Gałczyński K, Jóźwik M, Lewkowicz D, SemczukSikora A, Semczuk A. Ovarian endometrioma–a possible
finding in adolescent girls and young women: a minireview. Journal of ovarian research. 2019;12(1):1–8.
12. Eftekhar M, Tabibnejad N, Tabatabaie AA. The thin
endometrium in assisted reproductive technology: An
ongoing challenge. Middle East Fertility Society
Journal. 2018;23(1):1–7.
13. Flint H, Cotter MA, Cameron NE. Pentoxifylline effects
on nerve conduction velocity and blood flow in diabetic
rats. International journal of experimental diabetes
research. 2000;1(1):49–58.
14. Essayan DM. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
2001;108(5):671–80.
15. Deree J, Martins JO, Melbostad H, Loomis WH,
Coimbra R. Insights into the regulation of TNF-a
production in human mononuclear cells: the effects of
non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibition. Clinics.
2008;63:321–8.
16. Al-Rubaee SH, Al-Azawi TS, Taha AA. Duodenal
Histomorphological Changes in Broilers Administered
poly d, l-lactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA) Nanoparticles
Encapsulated with Peptide. The Iraqi Journal of
Veterinary Medicine. 2020;44(1):80–8.
17. McCall RL, Sirianni RW. PLGA nanoparticles formed
by single-or double-emulsion with vitamin E-TPGS.
JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments).
2013;(82):e51015.
18.Jasim AM, Hasan HF, Awady MJ. Preparation of
Vorapaxar loaded with Vitamin E TPGS and PVA
emulsified PLGA nanoparticles In vitro studies.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.
2019;12(9):4503–10.
19. Zhao J, Zhang Q, Li Y. The effect of endometrial
thickness and pattern measured by ultrasonography on
pregnancy outcomes during IVF-ET cycles.
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2012;
10(1):1–6.
20. Zarrow MX. Experimental endocrinology: a sourcebook
of basic techniques. Elsevier; 2012.
21. Kittel B, Ruehl-Fehlert C, Morawietz G, Klapwijk J,
Elwell MR, Lenz B, et al. Revised guides for organ
sampling and trimming in rats and mice–Part 2: a joint
publication of the RITA) and NACAD) groups.
Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology.
2004;55(6):413–31.
22. Griffin S, Masood MI, Nasim MJ, Sarfraz M, Ebokaiwe
AP, Schäfer K-H, et al. Natural nanoparticles: a
particular matter inspired by nature. Antioxidants.
2017;7(1):3.
23.Nordmann R, Ribière C, Rouach H. Implication of
free radical mechanisms in ethanol-induced cellular
injury. Free Radical Biology and Medicine.
1992;12(3):219–40.
24.Rouach H, Fataccioli V, Gentil M, French SW,
Morimoto M, Nordmann R. Effect of chronic ethanol
feeding on lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in
relation to liver pathology. Hepatology. 1997;
25(2):351–5.
25. Pollice PF, Rosier RN, Looney RJ, Puzas JE, Schwarz
EM, O’Keefe RJ. Oral pentoxifylline inhibits release of
tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human peripheral
blood monocytes: a potential treatment for aseptic
loosening of total joint components. JBJS.
2001;83(7):1057–61.
26. Motamedi S, Asghari A, Jahandideh A, Abedi G,
Mortazavi P. Effects of Echinacea Purpurae Extract on
Testicular Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury in Rat.
Iran J Vet Med. 2019;13:303–13.
27. Olanow CW. A radical hypothesis for neurodegeneration. Trends in neurosciences. 1993;16(11):439–
44.
28. Wee Yong V. Inflammation in neurological disorders: a
help or a hindrance? The Neuroscientist. 2010;
16(4):408–20.
29. Liu R, Li J, Song J, Sun J, Li Y, Zhou S, et al.
Pinocembrin protects human brain microvascular
endothelial cells against fibrillar amyloid-β1− 40 injury
by suppressing the MAPK/NF-κ B inflammatory
pathways. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014.
30. Onwuama KT, Nzalak JO, Dzenda T, Hambolu JO,
Salami SO. Onset and Stages of Osteogenesis in the
Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) using Diaphonisation.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2022;16(3).
31. Devasagayam TPA, Tilak JC, Boloor KK, Sane KS,
Ghaskadbi SS, Lele RD. Free radicals and antioxidants
in human health: current status and future prospects.
Japi. 2004;52(794804):4.
32. Hayyan M, Hashim MA, AlNashef IM. Superoxide ion:
generation and chemical implications. Chemical
reviews. 2016;116(5):3029–85.
1770 Saleem Raheem et al / Archives of Razi Institute, Vol. 78, No. 6 (2023) 1762-1770
33. Westwood FR. The female rat reproductive cycle: a
practical histological guide to staging. Toxicologic
pathology. 2008;36(3):375–84.
34. Atabek ME, Kurtoglu S, Selver B, Baykara M.
Effectiveness of pentoxifylline on the cross-sectional
area of intima media thickness and functions of the
common carotid artery in adolescents with type 1
diabetes. 2011;
35. Ghotbitabar Z, Asghari A, Hassanpour S, Jahandideh A.
Effects of Quebracho Tannin Extract on Testicular
Ischemia-/Reperfusion. Iranian Journal of Veterinary
Medicine. 2022;16(4).