اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات283
تعداد نشریات سازمان81
تعداد شماره‌ها2,756
تعداد مقالات31,378
تعداد مشاهده مقاله34,405,190
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله16,986,372
Sowjanya Kumari, S, Panduranga, B. A, Nayak, A, Kumar, K. V, Bokade, P. P, Suresh, K. P, Shome, B. R, Balamurugan, V. (1400). Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Atypical Hosts and Wildlife: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence between 2001 and 2021. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 76(6), 1589-1606. doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.356900.1939
S Sowjanya Kumari; B. A Panduranga; A Nayak; K. V Kumar; P. P Bokade; K. P Suresh; B. R Shome; V Balamurugan. "Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Atypical Hosts and Wildlife: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence between 2001 and 2021". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 76, 6, 1400, 1589-1606. doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.356900.1939
Sowjanya Kumari, S, Panduranga, B. A, Nayak, A, Kumar, K. V, Bokade, P. P, Suresh, K. P, Shome, B. R, Balamurugan, V. (1400). 'Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Atypical Hosts and Wildlife: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence between 2001 and 2021', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 76(6), pp. 1589-1606. doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.356900.1939
Sowjanya Kumari, S, Panduranga, B. A, Nayak, A, Kumar, K. V, Bokade, P. P, Suresh, K. P, Shome, B. R, Balamurugan, V. Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Atypical Hosts and Wildlife: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence between 2001 and 2021. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1400; 76(6): 1589-1606. doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.356900.1939

Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Atypical Hosts and Wildlife: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence between 2001 and 2021

Archives of Razi Institute
مقاله 4، دوره 76، شماره 6، بهمن و اسفند 2021، صفحه 1589-1606    اصل مقاله (1.62 M)
نوع مقاله: Review Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ari.2021.356900.1939
نویسندگان
S Sowjanya Kumari1، 2؛ B. A Panduranga1؛ A Nayak1؛ K. V Kumar1؛ P. P Bokade1؛ K. P Suresh1؛ B. R Shome1؛ V Balamurugan* 1
1Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
چکیده
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) or goat plague is considered a leading, highly contagious, and most lethal infectious viral disease of small ruminants affecting the worldwide livestock economy and international animal trade. Although sheep and goats are the primarily affected, the PPR Virus (PPRV) host range has expanded to other livestock (large ruminants) and wildlife animals over the last few decades, resulting in serious concern to the ongoing PPR global eradication program, which is primarily optimized, designed, and targeted towards accessible sheep and goat population. A systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and spill-over infection of PPRV in large ruminants (bovine and camel) and wildlife. Published articles from 2001 to October 2021 on the "PPR" were searched in four electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Google Scholars. The articles were then selected using inclusion criteria (detection/prevalence of PPRV in bovine, camel, and wildlife population), exclusion criteria (only sheep or goats, lack of prevalence data, experimental trial, test evaluation, and reviews written in other languages or published before 2001), and the prevalence was estimated by random effect meta-analysis model. In the current study, all published articles belonged to Africa and Asia. The overall pooled prevalence of PPR estimates was 24% (95% CI: 15-33), with 30% in Asia (95% CI: 14-49) and 20% in Africa (95% CI: 11-30). The overall estimated pooled prevalence at an Africa-Asia level in bovine and camel was 13% (95% CI: 8-19), and in wildlife, it was 52% (95% CI: 30-74) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97%) in most pooled estimates with a high prevalence in atypical hosts and wildlife across Asia and Africa. Over the last two decades, the host range has increased drastically in the wildlife population, even for prevalent PPR in the unnatural hosts only for a short time, contributing to virus persistence in multi-host systems with an impact on PPR control and eradication program. This observation on the epidemiology of the PPRV in unnatural hosts demands appropriate intervention strategies, particularly at the livestock-wildlife interface.
کلیدواژه‌ها
PPR؛ Bovine؛ Camel؛ Wildlife؛ Systemic Review؛ Meta-analysis, Prevalence
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله
مراجع
  1. Balamurugan V, Vinod Kumar K, Dheeraj R, Kurli R, Suresh KP, Govindaraj G, et al. Temporal and Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Outbreaks from the Past 25 Years in Sheep and Goats and Its Control in India. Viruses. 2021;13(3).
  2. FAO. Supporting Livelihoods and Building Resilience through Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and Small Ruminant Diseases Control Rome: Animal Production and Health Position Paper; 2013. Available from: http://www.fao.org/ppr/en/
  3. Balamurugan V, Krishnamoorthy P, Veeregowda BM, Sen A, Rajak KK, Bhanuprakash V, et al. Seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants in cattle and buffaloes from Southern Peninsular India. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2012;44(2):301-6.
  4. Fakri FZ, Bamouh Z, Jazouli M, Omari Tadlaoui K, Elharrak M. Experimental infection of dromedary camels with virulent virus of Peste des Petits Ruminants. Vet Microbiol. 2019;235:195-8.
  5. Govindarajan R, Koteeswaran A, Venugopalan AT, Shyam G, Shaouna S, Shaila MS, et al. Isolation of pestes des petits ruminants virus from an outbreak in Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Vet Rec. 1997;141(22):573-4.
  6. Rahman AU, Dhama K, Ali Q, Hussain I, Oneeb M, Chaudhary U, et al. Peste des petits ruminants in large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts. Vet Q. 2020;40(1):35-42.
  7. Furley CW, Taylor WP, Obi TU. An outbreak of peste des petits ruminants in a zoological collection. Vet Rec. 1987;121(19):443-7.
  8. Pruvot M, Fine AE, Hollinger C, Strindberg S, Damdinjav B, Buuveibaatar B, et al. Outbreak of Peste des Petits Ruminants among Critically Endangered Mongolian Saiga and Other Wild Ungulates, Mongolia, 2016-2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(1):51-62.
  9. Aziz Ul R, Wensman JJ, Abubakar M, Shabbir MZ, Rossiter P. Peste des petits ruminants in wild ungulates. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2018;50(8):1815-9.
  10. Li J, Li L, Wu X, Liu F, Zou Y, Wang Q, et al. Diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Wild and Domestic Animals in Xinjiang, China, 2013-2016. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64(6):e43-e7.
  11. Marashi M, Masoudi S, Moghadam MK, Modirrousta H, Marashi M, Parvizifar M, et al. Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Vulnerable Wild Small Ruminants, Iran, 2014-2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(4):704-6.
  12. Munir M. Role of wild small ruminants in the epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2014;61(5):411-24.
  13. Couacy-Hymann E, Bodjo C, Danho T, Libeau G, Diallo A. Surveillance of wildlife as a tool for monitoring rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants in West Africa. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics). 2005;24(3):869-77.
  14. Kock R. Mongolia Investigation of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) among wild animals and its potential impact on the current PPR situation in livestock. 2019.
  15. Mahapatra M, Sayalel K, Muniraju M, Eblate E, Fyumagwa R, Shilinde L, et al. Spillover of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus from Domestic to Wild Ruminants in the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(12):2230-4.
  16. Meunier NV, Sebulime P, White RG, Kock R. Wildlife-livestock interactions and risk areas for cross-species spread of bovine tuberculosis. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2017;84(1):e1-e10.
  17. Miguel E, Grosbois V, Caron A, Boulinier T, Fritz H, Cornélis D, et al. Contacts and foot and mouth disease transmission from wild to domestic bovines in Africa. Ecosphere. 2013;4(4):51.
  18. Fenton A, Pedersen AB. Community epidemiology framework for classifying disease threats. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(12):1815-21.
  19. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535.
  20. Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;350:g7647.
  21. Sushma B, Shedole S, Suresh KP, Leena G, Patil SS, Srikantha G. An Estimate of Global Anthrax Prevalence in Livestock: A Meta-analysis. Vet World. 2021;14(5):1263-71.
  22. Roger F, Yesus M, Libeau G, Diallo A, Yigezu LM, Yilma T. Detection of antibodies of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses (Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus) during a new epizootic disease in Ethiopian camels (Camelus dromedarius). Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire. 2001;152:265-8.
  23. Haroun M, Hajer I, Mukhtar M, Ali BE. Detection of antibodies against peste des petits ruminants virus in sera of cattle, camels, sheep and goats in Sudan. Veterinary research communications. 2002;26(7):537-41.
  24. Ozkul A, Akca Y, Alkan F, Barrett T, Karaoglu T, Dagalp SB, et al. Prevalence, distribution, and host range of Peste des petits ruminants virus, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(7):708-12.
  25. Ogunsanmi AO, Awe EO, Taiwo TU. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR)virus antibodies in African grey duiker( Sylvicapra Grimmia ). African Journal of Biomedical Research (ISSN: 1119-5096) Vol 6 Num 1. 2010;6.
  26. Elzein EM, Housawi FM, Bashareek Y, Gameel AA, Al-Afaleq AI, Anderson E. Severe PPR infection in gazelles kept under semi-free range conditions. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2004;51(2):68-71.
  27. Lundervold M, Milner-Gulland EJ, O'Callaghan CJ, Hamblin C, Corteyn A, Macmillan AP. A serological survey of ruminant livestock in Kazakhstan during post-Soviet transitions in farming and disease control. Acta Vet Scand. 2004;45(3-4):211.
  28. Haque M, Habib S, M.R I, K.A K, A.S.M.A H, Anower AKM, et al. Sero-monitoring of Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Antibodies in Small and Large Ruminants in Bangladesh. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2004.
  29. Abraham G, Sintayehu A, Libeau G, Albina E, Roger F, Laekemariam Y, et al. Antibody seroprevalences against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in camels, cattle, goats and sheep in Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med. 2005;70(1-2):51-7.
  30. Khan HA, Siddique M, Sajjad ur R, Abubakar M, Ashraf M. The detection of antibody against peste des petits ruminants virus in sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2008;40(7):521-7.
  31. Maillard JC, Van KP, Nguyen T, Van TN, Berthouly C, Libeau G, et al. Examples of probable host-pathogen co-adaptation/co-evolution in isolated farmed animal populations in the mountainous regions of North Vietnam. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1149:259-62.
  32. Rashid A, Asim M, Hussain A. Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in goats, sheep and cattle at Livestock Production Research Institute Bahadurnagar Okara. J Anim Plant Sci. 2008;18.
  33. Albayrak H, Gur S. A serologic investigation for Peste des petits ruminants infection in sheep, cattle and camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Aydin province, West Anatolia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2010;42(2):151-3.
  34. Gur S, Albayrak H. Seroprevalance of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) in Turkey. J Wildl Dis. 2010;46(2):673-7.
  35. Kwiatek O, Ali YH, Saeed IK, Khalafalla AI, Mohamed OI, Obeida AA, et al. Asian lineage of peste des petits ruminants virus, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(7):1223-31.
  36. Bao J, Wang Z, Li L, Wu X, Sang P, Wu G, et al. Detection and genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus in free-living bharals (Pseudois nayaur) in Tibet, China. Res Vet Sci. 2011;90(2):238-40.
  37. Rajneesh, Kataria A, Tanwar RK. Prevalence of some infectious diseases in dromedary camel from Bikaner region in Rajasthan. Vet Pract. 2011;12:50-3.
  38. Hoffmann B, Wiesner H, Maltzan J, Mustefa R, Eschbaumer M, Arif FA, et al. Fatalities in wild goats in Kurdistan associated with Peste des Petits Ruminants virus. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2012;59(2):173-6.
  39. Balamurugan V, Krishnamoorthy P, Raju DS, Rajak KK, Bhanuprakash V, Pandey AB, et al. Prevalence of Peste-des-petits-ruminant virus antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats in India. Virusdisease. 2014;25(1):85-90.
  40. Lembo T, Oura C, Parida S, Hoare R, Frost L, Fyumagwa R, et al. Peste des petits ruminants infection among cattle and wildlife in northern Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(12):2037-40.
  41. El-Dakhly A. Serological Survey for Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRv) in Camel from Different Regions in The West of Libya. Int J Sci Researh. 2013;4:1455-9.
  42. Abdul-Dahiru E-Y, Baba SS, Ambali A-G, Egwu G. Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among domestic small and large ruminants in the semi-arid region of North-eastern Nigeria. Veterinary World. 2013;6:807-11.
  43. Woma TY, Kalla DJ, Ekong PS, Ularamu HG, Chollom SC, Lamurde, II, et al. Serological evidence of camel exposure to peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2015;47(3):603-6.
  44. Saeed IK, Ali YH, AbdulRahman MB, Mohammed ZA, Osman HM, Taha KM, et al. Mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and other respiratory viruses in dromedary camels in Sudan, an abattoir study. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2015;47(5):995-8.
  45. Abubakar M, Mahapatra M, Muniraju M, Arshed MJ, Khan EH, Banyard AC, et al. Serological Detection of Antibodies to Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Large Ruminants. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64(2):513-9.
  46. Intisar KS, Ali YH, Haj MA, Sahar MA, Shaza MM, Baraa AM, et al. Peste des petits ruminants infection in domestic ruminants in Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2017;49(4):747-54.
  47. Jaisree S, Aravindhbabu RP, Roy P, Jayathangaraj MG. Fatal peste des petits ruminants disease in Chowsingha. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65(1):e198-e201.
  48. Zhou XY, Wang Y, Zhu J, Miao QH, Zhu LQ, Zhan SH, et al. First report of peste des petits ruminants virus lineage II in Hydropotes inermis, China. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65(1):e205-e9.
  49. Ali WH, Osman NA, Asil RM, Mohamed BA, Abdelgadir SO, Mutwakil SM, et al. Serological investigations of peste des petits ruminants among cattle in the Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019;51(3):655-9.
  50. Bello MB, Kazeem HM, Oladele SB, Fatihu MY, Tambuwal FM, Jibril AH. Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants among unvaccinated small ruminants in Sokoto State, northwestern Nigeria. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2018;27(5):1141-6.
  51. Omani RN, Gitao GC, Gachohi J, Gathumbi PK, Bwihangane BA, Abbey K, et al. Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Dromedary Camels and Small Ruminants in Mandera and Wajir Counties of Kenya. Adv Virol. 2019;2019:4028720.
  52. Asil RM, Ludlow M, Ballal A, Alsarraj S, Ali WH, Mohamed BA, et al. First detection and genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus from dorcas gazelles "Gazella dorcas" in the Sudan, 2016-2017. Arch Virol. 2019;164(10):2537-43.
  53. Li L, Cao X, Wu J, Dou Y, Meng X, Liu D, et al. Epidemic and evolutionary characteristics of peste des petits ruminants virus infecting Procapra przewalskii in Western China. Infect Genet Evol. 2019;75:104004.
  54. Herzog CM, de Glanville WA, Willett BJ, Kibona TJ, Cattadori IM, Kapur V, et al. Pastoral production is associated with increased peste des petits ruminants seroprevalence in northern Tanzania across sheep, goats and cattle. Epidemiol Infect. 2019;147:e242.
  55. Vj C, Gitao G, Gachohi J, Soi R, Ndungu E, Khalif A, et al. PPR in Camels Sero-Prevalence and Socio-Economics. International Journal of Veterinary Science. 2019;8.
  56. Agga GE, Raboisson D, Walch L, Alemayehu F, Semu DT, Bahiru G, et al. Epidemiological Survey of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Ethiopia: Cattle as Potential Sentinel for Surveillance. Front Vet Sci. 2019;6:302.
  57. Hekal SHA, Al-Gaabary MH, El-Sayed MM, Sobhy HM, Fayed AAA. Seroprevalence of some Infectious transboundry diseases in cattle imported from Sudan to Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2019;6(1):92-9.
  58. Abubakar M, Sattorov N, Manzoor S, Khan EuH, Hussain M, Zahur AB, et al. Detection of antibodies to peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in the semi-domesticated yak. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 2019;65(6):88.
  59. Fernandez Aguilar X, Mahapatra M, Begovoeva M, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Driciru M, Ayebazibwe C, et al. Peste des Petits Ruminants at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in the Northern Albertine Rift and Nile Basin, East Africa. Viruses. 2020;12(3).
  60. Cosseddu GM, Doumbia B, Scacchia M, Pinoni C, Di Provvido A, Polci A, et al. Sero-surveillance of emerging viral diseases in camels and cattle in Nouakchott, Mauritania: an abattoir study. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2021;53(2):195.
  61. Liu Q, Liu L, Meng YK, Wang C, Gao Y, Zheng FG, et al. Serological evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus and peste des petits ruminants virus infection in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2021;53(2):299.
  62. Jones BA, Mahapatra M, Mdetele D, Keyyu J, Gakuya F, Eblate E, et al. Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, 2015-2019. Viruses. 2021;13(5).
  63. Prajapati M, Shrestha SP, Kathayat D, Dou Y, Li Y, Zhang Z. Serological investigations of Peste des Petits Ruminants in cattle of Nepal. Vet Med Sci. 2021;7(1):122-6.
  64. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539-58.
  65. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557-60.
  66. Schwarzer G. meta: An R Package for Meta-Analysis. 2007;7:40-5.
  67. Krishnamoorthy P, Akshatha L, Jacob S, Suresh K, Roy P. Theileriosis prevalence status in cattle and buffaloes in India established by systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2021;91(4):269–79.
  68. Fagerland MW. Chapter 12 - Evidence-Based Medicine and Systematic Reviews. In: Laake P, Benestad HB, Olsen BR, editors. Research in Medical and Biological Sciences (Second Edition). Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2015. p. 431-61.
  1. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629-34.
  2. Lin L, Xu C. Arcsine-based transformations for meta-analysis of proportions: Pros, cons, and alternatives. Health Sci Rep. 2020;3(3):e178.
  3. Ahaduzzaman M. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Africa and Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence in sheep and goats between 1969 and 2018. Vet Med Sci. 2020;6(4):813-33.
  4. Abubakar M, Rajput ZI, Arshed MJ, Sarwar G, Ali Q. Evidence of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection in Sindh Ibex (Capra aegagrus blythi) in Pakistan as confirmed by detection of antigen and antibody. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2011;43(4):745-7.
  5. Kinne J, Kreutzer R, Kreutzer M, Wernery U, Wohlsein P. Peste des petits ruminants in Arabian wildlife. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(8):1211-4.
  6. TM I. Studies on prevalence of rinderpest and pests des petits ruminants antibodies in camel sera in Egypt. Vet Med J. 1992;40:49-53.
  7. Couacy-Hymann E, Bodjo C, Danho T, Libeau G, Diallo A. Evaluation of the virulence of some strains of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) in experimentally infected West African dwarf goats. Vet J. 2007;173(1):178-83.
  8. Sen A, Saravanan P, Balamurugan V, Bhanuprakash V, Venkatesan G, Sarkar J, et al. Detection of subclinical peste des petits ruminants virus infection in experimental cattle. Virusdisease. 2014;25(3):408-11.
  9. Khalafalla AI, Saeed IK, Ali YH, Abdurrahman MB, Kwiatek O, Libeau G, et al. An outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in camels in the Sudan. Acta Trop. 2010;116(2):161-5.
  10. Zakian A, Nouri M, Kahroba H, Mohammadian B, Mokhber-Dezfouli MR. The first report of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2016;48(6):1215-9.
  11. Hamdy FM, Dardiri AH. Response of white-tailed deer to infection with peste des petits ruminants virus. J Wildl Dis. 1976;12(4):516-22.
  12. Dou Y, Liang Z, Prajapati M, Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang Z. Expanding Diversity of Susceptible Hosts in Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection and Its Potential Mechanism Beyond. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:66.
  1. Rahman AU, Munir M, Shabbir MZ. A comparative phylogenomic analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus isolated from wild and unusual hosts. Mol Biol Rep. 2019;46(5):5587-93.
  1. Jones BA, Mahapatra M, Chubwa C, Clarke B, Batten C, Hicks H, et al. Characterisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Disease in Pastoralist Flocks in Ngorongoro District of Northern Tanzania and Bluetongue Virus Co-Infection. Viruses. 2020;12(4).
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 10,638
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 785


counter
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب