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بررسی تأثیر تنش کمبود آب و مدیریت تلفیقی کود بر کیفیت علوفه و پروتئین خام در کشت مخلوط ذرت و آفتابگردان | ||
| پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی | ||
| دوره 37، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 144، مرداد 1405، صفحه 94-115 اصل مقاله (680.24 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/aj.2026.373918.1730 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| شیوا زارعی1؛ مانی مجدم1؛ سیدکیوان مرعشی* 1؛ مجتبی علوی فاضل2؛ علیرضا پازوکی3 | ||
| 1گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران | ||
| 2گروه زراعت، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 3گروه آگروتکنولوژی، واحد یادگار امام خمینی (ره) شهرری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران. ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر تنش کمبود آب و مدیریت تلفیقی کود بر کیفیت علوفه و پروتئین خام در کشت مخلوط ذرت و آفتابگردان، طی دو سال زراعی در شهرستان ماهشهر (استان خوزستان) به‌صورت کرت‌های دوبار خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتورها شامل سه سطح آبیاری (تخلیه ۵۰، ۶۵ و ۸۰ درصد رطوبت قابل استفاده)، سه تیمار کودی (شیمیایی، آلی-زیستی و تلفیقی) و پنج الگوی کشت مخلوط (کشت خالص ذرت، کشت خالص آفتابگردان و نسبت‌های ۵۰:۵۰، ۷۵:۲۵ و ۲۵:۷۵) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش شدت تنش کمبود آب، اگرچه باعث افزایش معنی‌دار پروتئین دانه ذرت (تا ۱۳ درصد) و پروتئین بیوماس آفتابگردان (تا ۵۵/۲ درصد) شد، اما با افزایش فیبر شوینده اسیدی (ADF) و فیبر شوینده خنثی (NDF) و کاهش کل مواد جامد محلول (TSS)، شاخص‌های قابلیت هضم علوفه را کاهش داد. در بین تیمارهای کودی، کاربرد تلفیقی بیشترین تأثیر را بر بهبود کیفیت علوفه در تمام سطوح تنش داشت و الگوی کشت ۷۵ درصد ذرت + ۲۵ درصد آفتابگردان به‌عنوان بهترین ترکیب اختلاط از نظر کاهش فیبرهای نامحلول و افزایش مواد مغذی شناخته شد. به‌طورکلی، نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که مدیریت تلفیقی کود همراه با الگوی کشت مخلوط مناسب، ضمن تعدیل اثرات مخرب تنش کمبود آب، می‌تواند کیفیت تغذیه‌ای علوفه را بهبود بخشد و به‌عنوان راهبرد عملی برای تولید علوفه باکیفیت در مناطق با محدودیت منابع آبی قابل توصیه است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| تنش کمبود آب؛ کشت مخلوط؛ مدیریت تلفیقی کود؛ کیفیت علوفه؛ پروتئین خام | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigating the Effect of Water Deficit Stress and Integrated Fertilizer Management on Forage Quality and Crude Protein in Maize-Sunflower Intercropping | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Shiva Zareichaleshtori1؛ Mani Mojaddam1؛ Seyed Keyvan Marashi1؛ Mojtaba Alavi fazel2؛ Ali Reza Pazoki3 | ||
| 1Department of Agronomy, Ahv. C., Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. | ||
| 2Department of Agronomy, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 3Department of Agrotechnology, YI.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: Today, food security faces two fundamental challenges: water scarcity and environmental degradation caused by the excessive use of chemical inputs. The transition from conventional production systems toward sustainable agriculture is an undeniable necessity. Sustainable agriculture aims to meet food needs while preserving environmental quality and the capacity of water and soil resources. One of the key strategies in this regard is increasing biodiversity through intercropping, defined as the simultaneous cultivation of two or more plant species in a single field. Studies have shown that intercropping systems, compared to monoculture, have higher resource utilization and can increase water and land productivity. Furthermore, combining intercropping with integrated nutrient management can significantly improve forage quality while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. Maize and sunflower are important crops that play an essential role in human and animal nutrition. However, the main limitation of maize forage is its low crude protein concentration. Therefore, intercropping maize with sunflower, which has higher protein content, can overcome this limitation. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of water deficit stress and integrated nutrient management on forage quality indicators in maize-sunflower intercropping. Materials and Methods: A two-year experiment was conducted as split-split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Mahshahr County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. Main plots consisted of three irrigation regimes: irrigation after depletion of 50% (I1), 65% (I2), and 80% (I3) of available soil water. Sub-plots included three fertilizer treatments: chemical fertilizer (F1) including 350 kg/ha urea, 150 kg/ha triple superphosphate, and 200 kg/ha potassium sulfate; organic-biological fertilizer (F2) including compost (30 t/ha) along with biological fertilizers; and integrated fertilizer (F3) including all components of F2 plus 200 kg/ha urea. Sub-sub-plots comprised five intercropping patterns: maize monoculture (P1), sunflower monoculture (P2), 50% maize + 50% sunflower (P3), 75% maize + 25% sunflower (P4), and 25% maize + 75% sunflower (P5). Sampling for nitrogen and protein was performed at dough-dent stage for maize and full maturity for sunflower. Total nitrogen was measured using the Kjeldahl method. Maize grain protein was calculated as N × 6.25, and sunflower biomass protein as N × 6.25. Fiber Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), ash, sugar, organic matter, and TSS were determined using standard protocols. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4, and means were compared by Duncan's test at p ≤ 0.05. Results and Discussion: Increasing drought intensity increased protein concentration in maize grain (up to 13%) and sunflower biomass (up to 2.55%), but simultaneously reduced digestibility by increasing ADF and NDF and decreasing TSS. Integrated fertilizer (F3) showed superior effects on improving forage quality compared to the other two methods across all stress levels. The 75% maize + 25% sunflower pattern (P4) was identified as the best mixture for reducing insoluble fibers and increasing nutrient content. Significant three-way interactions highlighted the interdependence of water, nutrition, and cropping arrangement in determining forage quality. The protein increase under drought is largely a concentration effect due to reduced dry matter, while the rise in fiber reflects accelerated lignification as a stress response. Increased ash content results from mineral accumulation as organic matter declines. Reduced sugar and TSS are linked to impaired photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism under stress. These findings align with previous research on maize-sunflower intercropping and integrated fertilization. Conclusion: Although drought stress raised protein concentration in maize grain and sunflower biomass, this was associated with reduced forage digestibility. Integrated fertilizer application (F3) effectively mitigated stress impacts and improved quality indicators. The 75% maize + 25% sunflower intercropping pattern (P4) proved optimal for reducing insoluble fibers and increasing soluble nutrients. Combined use of integrated fertilization and P4 reduces chemical dependency and enhances forage nutritional quality under water-limited conditions, offering a sustainable strategy for arid and semi-arid regions. However, under severe stress, moderate irrigation (65% depletion) is recommended alongside these treatments to maintain both quality and acceptable yield. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Water deficit stress, Intercropping, Integrated fertilizer management, Forage quality, Crude protein | ||
| مراجع | ||
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