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Nefopam as a Central Analgesic in the Chick Model: Dose-Response Efficacy, Synergistic Interaction with Ketorolac, and Potentiation of Ketamine Anesthesia | ||
| Archives of Razi Institute | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 27 مهر 1405 اصل مقاله (743.15 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Original Articles | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.66224/ari.2026.373671.4252 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Omar Y. Jassim؛ Yaareb J. Mousa* | ||
| Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Introduction: The aim of this study was to reveal the analgesic efficacy of nefopam in the chicks model and to investigate the extent and type of interaction between nefopam and ketorolac. Materials & Methods: Analgesia and drug interactions were evaluated in chicks model. Nefopam was administered at doses of 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg (ED25, ED50, and ED100, respectively). Nefopam (16 mg/kg) was combined with ketorolac (16 mg/kg) using a formaldehyde-induced paw edema model in chicks and compared against control groups. Nefopam (16 mg/kg) was evaluated in combination with ketamine (25 mg/kg), both with and without ketorolac (16 mg/kg), to measure analgesia and hypnosis. Nefopam and ketorolac were administered at a 0.5:0.5 ratio of their respective ED50 values, and the interaction index was calculated to characterize the nature of the drug interaction. Results: Nefopam produced dose-dependent analgesia in chicks at rates of 35%, 50%, and 100% at doses of 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg, i.m., respectively. Combining nefopam (16 mg/kg) with ketorolac (16 mg/kg) significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared to the control group. Nefopam combined with ketamine significantly increased both analgesia and hypnosis compared to ketamine alone. The triple combination of nefopam, ketorolac, and ketamine resulted in even greater anesthetic efficacy. Isobolographic analysis yielded interaction index values confirming a synergistic interaction between nefopam and ketorolac at the 0.5:0.5 ED50 ratio. Conclusion: Nefopam acts as a potent, dose-dependent analgesic in chicks that synergizes with ketorolac and enhances ketamine's anesthetic effects, demonstrating strong potential as a veterinary anesthetic adjunct at reduced doses. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Analgesia؛ Isobolographic analysis؛ Ketamine؛ Ketorolac؛ Nefopam | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 4 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 2 |
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