| تعداد نشریات | 282 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 80 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,265 |
| تعداد مقالات | 36,086 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 55,294,122 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 94,261,157 |
بررسی اثر بسترهای مختلف پیرامونی بر توسعۀ هندسی و زمانی پیاز رطوبتی در آبیاری زیرسطحی مبتنی بر استوانۀ PVC | ||
| تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی | ||
| دوره 27، شماره 103، شهریور 1405، صفحه 44-25 اصل مقاله (1.54 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/idser.2026.374045.1662 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| زهرا مهدیان1؛ عبدالمجید لیاقت2؛ فرهاد میرزایی* 2؛ آرمین حسن‌زاده3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی و مدیریت آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 2استاد، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. | ||
| 3دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی فضای سبز، گروه باغبانی و فضای سبز، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| محدودیت منابع آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک، توسعۀ سامانه‌های آبیاری کم‌مصرف مانند آبیاری زیرسطحی را ضروری ساخته است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر بسترهای مختلف پیرامونی استوانۀ PVC بر توسعۀ هندسی و تغییرات زمانی پیاز رطوبتی در خاک لوم رسی سیلتی، در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران (کرج) بهاجرا در آمد. استوانه‌های PVC مدفون منافذی با قطر 1/5 تا 2/5 میلی‌متر دارند و آبیاری با حجم ثابت ۱۰۰ لیتر توسط بابلر صورت گرفت. هشت بستر پیرامونی شامل ماسه‌بادی، پوکه کشاورزی، خاک منطقه (شاهد)، پرلیت، شن بادامی، ژئوتکستایل، ورمی‌کمپوست و کوکوپیت بررسی شدند. پیاز رطوبتی در روزهای ۱، ۳ و ۷ پس از آبیاری به روش ترانشه‌برداری برداشت و در نرم‌افزار AutoCAD بازسازی دو‌بعدی و سهبعدی صورت گرفت. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد ورمی‌کمپوست و ژئوتکستایل، به دلیل انسداد منافذ خروجی، توسعه رطوبت را محدود کردهاند. پرلیت متعادل‌ترین الگو را با بیشترین مساحت و حجم (۵۲۲۷ سانتی‌متر مربع و ۳۴۸۸۷۷ سانتی‌متر مکعب در روز هفتم) نشان داد. پوکۀ کشاورزی بیشترین توسعه عمقی را به دلیل مسیرهای جریان ترجیحی و کوکوپیت با وجود توسعه اولیۀ محدود، بیشترین افزایش نسبی زمانی (۱۵۳ و ۲۰۵ درصد در مساحت و حجم) را داشتند. ماسه‌بادی و شن بادامی نیز از نظر توسعۀ پیاز رطوبتی عملکردی مشابه و در حد متوسط داشتند. نتایج بیانگر آن است که انتخاب بستر مناسب، با تأثیر بر ویژگی‌های هیدرولیکی، تخلخل و ظرفیت نگهداشت آب می‌تواند عملکرد سامانه‌های آبیاری زیرسطحی مبتنی بر استوانه را بهبود بخشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آبیاری زیرسطحی؛ استوانه PVC؛ پیاز رطوبتی؛ توسعه رطوبت؛ محیط‌های متخلخل | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of Different Surrounding Media on the Geometric and Temporal Development of the Wetting Bulb in PVC Cylinder–Based Subsurface Irrigation | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Zahra Mahdian1؛ Abdolmajid Liaghat2؛ Farhad Mirzaei2؛ Armin Hasanzadeh3 | ||
| 1Ph.D. Student in Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Department of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Professor, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| 3M.Sc. Graduate in Landscape Engineering, Department of Horticultural Sciences and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract Introduction Water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions has increased the need for irrigation technologies that improve water-use efficiency while minimizing water losses. Subsurface irrigation delivers water directly to the root zone through buried emitters, thereby reducing surface evaporation and runoff. PVC cylinder–based subsurface irrigation systems have attracted attention because of their simple design, low cost, and adaptability. However, the medium surrounding the cylinder can strongly influence water transfer into the soil and, consequently, the geometry and temporal development of the wetting bulb. Differences in porosity, hydraulic conductivity, pore structure, and water-retention capacity among surrounding media may alter water-flow pathways and wetting patterns. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of eight surrounding media on wetting-bulb depth, width, area, and volume at 1, 3, and 7 days after irrigation. Methodology The experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, using a silty clay loam soil (30% clay, 56% silt, and 14% sand), with a bulk density of 1.13 g cm⁻³ and total porosity of 47%. The antecedent soil water content was 0.07 cm³ cm⁻³ for all treatments. Perforated PVC cylinders (6 cm internal diameter and 55 cm length) were installed vertically to a depth of 50 cm, leaving 5 cm above the soil surface for connection to a bubbler emitter. Each cylinder had eight outlet perforations distributed at four depths (10, 20, 30, and 40 cm), with perforation diameters determined using an orifice-flow relationship to achieve uniform discharge. Eight surrounding media—aeolian sand, agricultural pumice, local soil (control), perlite, pea gravel, non-woven geotextile, vermicompost, and cocopeat—were evaluated, with one PVC cylinder used for each treatment. Each treatment received a single 100-L irrigation application at an inlet pressure of 0.1 bar. Wetting-bulb development was monitored using the trench method. The same trench was progressively extended at 1, 3, and 7 days after irrigation to expose the advancing wetting front while avoiding repeated backfilling and re-excavation that could disturb soil structure and preferential flow pathways. To minimize evaporative losses from the exposed soil surface, the trench was covered with a plastic sheet between successive observations. Wetted-zone boundaries were traced and digitized in AutoCAD, and two-dimensional and three-dimensional reconstructions were used to determine wetting-bulb depth, width, area, and volume. Results and Discussion Because one PVC cylinder was used for each treatment, the results represent observed differences rather than statistically tested treatment effects. Vermicompost and non-woven geotextile progressively restricted outlet flow, causing an inflow–outflow mismatch and water overflow; consequently, both were excluded from further analysis. Among the remaining six media, perlite produced the most balanced wetting pattern and the greatest wetted area and volume. By day 7, its wetted area and volume reached 5,227 cm² and 348,877 cm³, representing increases of approximately 50% and 80%, respectively, relative to day 1. This performance may be associated with its high porosity, low bulk density, and favorable hydraulic properties, which could facilitate lateral and vertical water redistribution. Agricultural pumice produced the greatest wetting depth, suggesting that its coarse and heterogeneous pore structure may have promoted greater vertical redistribution. Thus, pore-size distribution and pore continuity, in addition to hydraulic conductivity, may influence dominant flow pathways. Aeolian sand and pea gravel exhibited relatively rapid initial wetting but limited subsequent expansion. By day 7, wetted area and volume had increased by approximately 24% and 29% for sand and 32% and 50% for gravel, respectively. The local-soil control produced a more restricted wetting bulb than most amended media. Cocopeat showed the most limited initial wetting but the greatest relative expansion over time, with wetted area and volume increasing by approximately 153% and 205%, respectively, by day 7. This behavior may be related to its fibrous structure and high water-retention capacity, which can support gradual redistribution of stored water. Conclusions The surrounding medium strongly influences the hydraulic performance and geometric and temporal development of wetting bulbs in PVC cylinder–based subsurface irrigation. Vermicompost and non-woven geotextile may be unsuitable for direct placement around concentrated outlets because they restricted discharge and caused overflow. Among the functional media, perlite produced the greatest wetted area and volume and the most balanced wetting pattern, whereas agricultural pumice resulted in the greatest wetting depth. Cocopeat, despite limited initial wetting, exhibited the greatest relative expansion over time, indicating potential for gradual water redistribution. Therefore, surrounding-medium selection should consider the intended hydraulic function—maximizing wetted volume and spatial coverage or promoting gradual redistribution—rather than relying on a single hydraulic property such as saturated hydraulic conductivity. These findings are limited to the tested soil texture, irrigation volume, discharge conditions, seven-day observation period, and single-cylinder design. Further studies using multiple replicates, different soil textures, and non-destructive moisture monitoring are recommended. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to the Editor-in-Chief and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable time, thorough evaluation, and insightful comments and suggestions. Their constructive feedback substantially contributed to improving the scientific quality, methodological rigor, structural organization, and overall clarity of this manuscript. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Data Availability Statements The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Authors’ Contributions All authors contributed equally to the conceptualization of the research problem and to the preparation of both the original draft and the final version of the manuscript. Z.M. was responsible for the methodology, literature review, execution of the research, data collection, data analysis, and preparation of the preliminary draft of the results section. A.H. contributed to the implementation of the experimental work, including laboratory and field experiments, as well as data collection. A.L. and F.M.A.S. jointly supervised the research, validated the findings, provided the facilities and resources required for the study, and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. All four authors contributed to the conceptualization of the research problem, participated in preparing the original and subsequent drafts of the manuscript, and have read and approved the final published version. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Sub-irrigation, bulb shaped PVC cylinder, zone expansion, porous media | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Al-Ajlouni, M. G., Othman, Y. A., Abu-Shanab, N. S., & Alzyoud, L. F. (2024). Evaluating the performance of cocopeat and volcanic tuff in soilless cultivation of roses. Plants, 13(16), 2293. Alizadeh, A. (2014). Principles of farm irrigation systems design. Mashhad, Iran: Sajjad University Press. (In Persian). Bastani, S. (2018). A Historical Review of Innovations and Developments of Subsurface Irrigation Systems. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 4(2), 69-80. (In Persian) Buechel, T. (2014). Greenhouse herb and vegetable production – Part 4/4: Growing media. Premier Tech Horticulture. Cai, Y., Zhao, X., Wu, P., Zhang, L., Zhu, D., & Chen, J. (2018). Effect of soil texture on water movement of porous ceramic emitters: A simulation study. Water, 11(1), 22. Cote, C. M., Bristow, K. L., Charlesworth, P. B., Cook, F. J., & Thorburn, P. J. (2003). Analysis of soil wetting and solute transport in subsurface trickle irrigation. Irrigation Science, 22(3), 143-156. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2017). The future of food and agriculture – Trends and challenges. FAO. Gheysari, M., Sadeghi, S. H., Loescher, H. W., Amiri, S., Zareian, M. J., Majidi, M. M., & Payero, J. O. (2017). Comparison of deficit irrigation management strategies on root, plant growth and biomass productivity of silage maize. Agricultural Water Management, 182, 126-138. Gizas, G., & Savvas, D. (2007). Particle Size and Hydraulic Properties of Pumice Affect Growth and Yield of Greenhouse Crops in Soilless Culture. HortScience, 42(5), 1274–1280. Gohardoust, M. R., Bar-Tal, A., Effati, M., & Tuller, M. (2020). Characterization of physicochemical and hydraulic properties of organic and mineral soilless culture substrates and mixtures. Agronomy, 10(9), 1403. Gunarathna, M., Sakai, K., Nakandakari, T., Kazuro, M., Onodera, T., Kaneshiro, H., Uehara, H., & Wakasugi, K. (2017). Optimized subsurface irrigation system (OPSIS): Beyond traditional subsurface irrigation. Water, 9(8), 599. Guo, J., Zheng, L., Ma, J., Li, X., & Chen, R. (2023). Meta-analysis of the effect of subsurface irrigation on crop yield and water productivity. Sustainability, 15(22), 15716. Ilahi, W. F., & Ahmad, D. (2017). Physical and hydraulic characteristics of cocopeat–perlite media. Sains Malaysiana, 46(6), 975–980. Jingwei Geosynthetics. (2025). 200g geotextile: Technical specifications & engineering applications. Retrieved from https://diadem.com Khater, E.-S. G. (2015). Some physical and chemical properties of compost. International Journal of Waste Resources, 5(1), Article 172. Kong, C., Camps-Arbestain, M., & Clothier, B. (2021). Influence of the physical properties of pumice and biochar amendments on the soil’s mobile and immobile water. Soil Research, 60(3), 234–241. Kumari, V., Paul, S. Ch., Singh, M., Kumar, A., & Pradhan, A. K. (2020). Quality Characterisation of Vermicompost Produced from Crop Residue and Cow Dung. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(10), 776. Lamm, F. R. (2002). Advantages and disadvantages of subsurface drip irrigation. In International Meeting on Advances in Drip/Micro Irrigation (pp. 1-12). Lazarovitch, N., Warrick, A. W., Furman, A., & Simunek, J. (2007). Subsurface water distribution from drip irrigation described by moment analyses. Vadose Zone Journal, 6(1), 116-123. Li, N., X. Shi, H. Zhang, et al. 2024. “Optimizing Irrigation Strategies to Improve the Soil Microenvironment and Enhance Cotton Water Productivity Under Deep Drip Irrigation.” Agricultural Water Management 305: 109095. Lim, C. S., Lee, K. S., Lee, D. S., Jung, H. G., Hong, B. D., Kim, Y. J., & Chung, D. Y. (2021). Estimation of Water Retention Characteristics Depending on the Particle Sizes of Perlite Using van Genuchten Equation with Retention Curve Program. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 54(3), 276–288. Naghedifar, S. M. , Ziaei, A. N. and Ansari, H. (2020). Development of a Numerical Model for Furrow Irrigation by Coupling 1D Saint-Venant and 3D Richards’ Equations. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 51(6), 1529-1541. (In Persian) Najafi, P., & Tabatabaei, S. H. (2009). Application of Sand and Geotextile Envelope in Subsurface Drip Irrigation. In ICPTT 2009 (pp. 2026–2031). Payero, J. O. et al. (2005). Advantages and Disadvantages of Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI). Univ. of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension, EC776. Philip, J. R. (1969). Theory of infiltration. Advances in Hydroscience, 5, 215–296. Rahmanzadeh Bahram, H., Hassan-Beygi, S. R., Kianmehr, M. H., Valaei, I., & Mohammadi Mazraeh, H. (2014). The effect of moisture content, particle size and consolidation stress on flow properties of vermicompost. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 16(1), 247–252. 1280. Roshani, A. (2018). Design of drip irrigation systems (2nd ed.). Tehran, Iran: Agricultural Education and Agricultural Extension Publishing. (In Persian). Sahin, U., Anapali, O., & Ercisli, S. (2002). Physico-chemical properties of horticultural substrates. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 67(2), 55–60. Savartondrow, G., Zare, S., Ahmadauli, K., & Jafari, M. (2024). Evaluation of wetting pattern in deep subsurface irrigation method using PVC pipes in desert areas. Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 76(4), 335–349. (In Persian) Savartondrow, G., S. Zare, H. Liu, B. Liu, K. Ahmadaali, and M. Jafari. 2025. “ Quantitative Assessment of Deep Root Irrigation Efficiency for Haloxylon Ammodendron Establishment in Desert Ecosystems.” Land Degradation & Development 36, no. 18: 6380–6395. Shahadha, S. S., Al-Dharob, M., Al-Jubouri, M., & Salih, R. (2023). The impact of compost and expanded perlite on soil physical properties and water productivity under different irrigation practices. Journal of Aridland Agriculture, 92–98. Sharma, B., Molden, D., & Cook, S. (2015). Water use efficiency in agriculture. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Siyal, A. A., & Skaggs, T. H. (2009). Measured and simulated soil wetting patterns under porous clay pipe sub-surface irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 96(6), 893-904. Thorburn, P. J., Cook, F. J., & Bristow, K. L. (2000). Variations in wetting patterns from trickle emitters in soils of different textures. Irrigation Science, 19(1), 11-17. Thorburn, P. J., Cook, F. J., & Bristow, K. L. (2003). Soil-dependent wetting from trickle emitters: Implications for system design and management. Irrigation Science, 22(3), 121-127. van Genuchten, M. T. (1980). A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44(5), 892-898. Warrick, A. W. (2003). Soil Water Dynamics. Oxford University Press. Woessner, W. W., & Poeter, E. P. (2020). Hydrogeologic properties of earth materials and principles of groundwater flow. The Groundwater Project, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 91 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 59 |
||