Investigation on the toxicity of some common pesticides used in the farms and orchards of Kurdistan on the bindweed leaf beetle Hypocassida subferruginea (Col.: Chrysomelidae) under laboratory conditions | ||
| مهار زیستی در گیاهپزشکی | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 August 2026 | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/bcpp.2026.372716.416 | ||
| Author | ||
| amin sadeghi* | ||
| Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Iran. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), from the family Convolvulaceae, is one of the most damaging weeds in orchards and farmlands worldwide, competing with crops for water, nutrients, space, and light. One of the natural enemies of field bindweed in the farms and orchards of Kurdistan province is the field bindweed leaf beetle, Hypocassida subferruginea (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Unfortunately, this beneficial insect is unintentionally exposed to various pesticides used to control pests, plant diseases, and weeds in agroecosystems. In this regard, the oral and contact toxicity of commonly used insecticides in the province's farms and orchards, including diazinon, fenitrothion, deltamethrin, mancozeb, and 2,4–D (also known as Tofordi), were studied on the biological stages of the field bindweed leaf beetle. In bioassay experiments based on field–recommended doses, the required concentrations of each pesticide (fenitrothion: 3320 ai mg/l, deltamethrin: 1000 ai mg/l, deltamethrin: 2320 ai mg/l, diazinon: 2000 ai mg/l, mancozeb: 2000 ai mg/l, and 2,4–D: 5000 ai mg/l) were prepared (distilled water was used as a control). Treatments were applied via contact and oral methods to the biological stages of the beetle. Bioassay experiments were conducted to determine the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) at 24 and 48 hours after preliminary tests, using both oral and contact methods with five concentrations on third–instar larvae and adult beetles, with three replications. The results from applying the field–recommended concentrations showed that the diazinon, fenitrothion, deltamethrin insecticides, and the mancozeb fungicide, in contact toxicity tests on different larval stages and adult beetles at 24 hours, caused 100% mortality. The field–recommended doses of the mentioned insecticides also caused 100% mortality in larvae and adult beetles in oral toxicity studies. Furthermore, 2,4–D caused 36% mortality on the first–instar larvae, but mancozeb showed no toxicity. Based on the results obtained from determining the 50% lethal concentration of the above–mentioned insecticides, diazinon showed the highest oral toxicity (LC50 = 389.2 ai mg/l) and contact toxicity (LC50 = 159.95 ai mg/cm2) on larvae at 48 hours compared to fenitrothion (oral LC50 = 557.4 ai mg/l; contact LC50 = 240.23 ai mg/cm2) and deltamethrin (oral LC50 = 791.8 ai mg/l; contact LC50 = 192. ai mg/cm2). The results indicate the detrimental effects of the insecticides diazinon, fenitrothion, and deltamethrin on the biological stages of the field bindweed leaf beetle. Therefore, the results of this study show that farmers must exercise extreme caution when using these pesticides. . | ||
| Keywords | ||
| pesticides; Hypocassida subferruginea; oral toxicity; contact toxicity; fungicide | ||
| References | ||
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