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Optimizing Organic Fertilizer and Planting Density for Enhanced Biomass and Essential Oil Production in Thymus kotschyanus Genotypes under Rainfed Cultivation | ||
| Journal of Medicinal plants and By-products | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 31 خرداد 1405 اصل مقاله (2.92 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jmpb.2026.372560.2170 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Fatemeh Cheghaghasemi1؛ Hooshmand Safari* 2؛ Danial Kahrizi* 3 | ||
| 1Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Forests and Rangelands Research, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran | ||
| 3Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| This study investigated the effects of organic fertilizer (0 and 50 t ha⁻¹ farmyard manure) and planting density (4, 6, and 8 plants m⁻²) on biomass production, essential oil (EO) yield, and chemical composition of four Thymus kotschyanus genotypes under rainfed conditions in western Iran over two growing seasons. A factorial split-plot design with three replications was employed. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant effects of genotype, planting density, and their three-way interaction with fertilizer on most measured traits. The medium planting density (6 plants m⁻²) combined with manure application consistently optimized productivity. The highest fresh biomass (15,323 kg ha⁻¹), dry biomass (5,308.8 kg ha⁻¹), and EO yield (188.6 kg ha⁻¹) were obtained from genotype 2 under this optimal treatment. Thymol (48.99–65.44%) and carvacrol (4.20–10.91%) were the dominant EO constituents. Other major compounds included p-cymene, borneol, α-terpineol, and γ-terpinene, whose concentrations varied significantly with treatments. Pearson correlation analysis indicated strong positive associations among fresh biomass, dry biomass, and EO yield, while major EO components showed reciprocal trends in response to density and fertilizer levels. Principal component and cluster analyses distinctly separated genotypes based on their EO profiles and yield performance. In conclusion, integrating superior genotype selection (genotype 2) with sustainable organic nutrition and optimized planting density (6 plants m⁻² with 50 t ha⁻¹ manure) provides an effective strategy for simultaneously enhancing both the yield and quality of Thymus kotschyanus essential oil under rainfed cultivation systems. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Farmyard manure؛ Rainfed agriculture؛ Thymol؛ Carvacrol؛ Genotype × management interaction | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 23 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 11 |
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