Optimizing Organic Fertilizer and Planting Density for Enhanced Biomass and Essential Oil Production in Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. Genotypes under Rainfed Cultivation

 @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph {mso-style-priority:34; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.5in; mso-add-space:auto; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst {mso-style-priority:34; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-type:export-only; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in; mso-add-space:auto; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle {mso-style-priority:34; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-type:export-only; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in; mso-add-space:auto; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast {mso-style-priority:34; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-type:export-only; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.5in; mso-add-space:auto; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:11.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ligatures:none;}.MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; margin-bottom:10.0pt; line-height:115%;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;}ol {margin-bottom:0in;}ul {margin-bottom:0in;}

1. Latif R., Nawaz T. Medicinal plants and human health: a comprehensive review of bioactive compounds, therapeutic effects, and applications. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2025.
2. Yousefi B., Sefidkon F., Safari H. Evaluation of Essential Oil in Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss. in Dry Farming under the Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers and Plant Densities. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 2023;10(3):319–332.
3. Yousefi B., Karamian R. Effects of Salicylic Acid on Photosynthetic Pigments, Osmolytes, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in White Savory (Satureja mutica Fisch.) Exposed to Various Salt Levels. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 2025;12(1):69–82.
4. Bonesi M., Loizzo M.R., Acquaviva R., Malfa G.A., Aiello F., Tundis R. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents from Salvia Genus (Lamiaceae): An Assessment of the Current State of Knowledge. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2017;16(2):70–86.
5. Elansary H.O., Szopa A., Kubica P., Ekiert H., El-Ansary D.O., Al-Mana F.A., Mahmoud E.A. Saudi Rosmarinus officinalis and Ocimum basilicum L. Polyphenols and Biological Activities. Processes. 2020;8(4):446.
6. Mamadalieva N.Z., Akramov D.K., Böhmdorfer S., Azimova S.S., Rosenau T. Extractives and Biological Activities of Lamiaceae Species Growing in Uzbekistan. Holzforschung. 2020;74(2):96–115.
7. Süntar I., Nabavi S.M., Barreca D., Fischer N., Efferth T. Pharmacological and Chemical Features of Nepeta L. Genus: Its Importance as a Therapeutic Agent. Phytotherapy Research. 2018;32(2):185–198.
8. Nieto G. A Review on Applications and Uses of Thymus in the Food Industry. Plants. 2020;9(8):961.
9. Gago C., Serralheiro A., Miguel M.G. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Thymol and Thymol-Rich Essential Oils: Mechanisms, Applications, and Recent Findings. Molecules. 2025;30(11):2450.
10. Vassiliou E., Awoleye O., Davis A., Mishra S. Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties of Thyme Oil and Its Main Constituents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24:6936.
11. Nagoor Meeran M.F., Javed H., Al Taee H., Azimullah S., Ojha S.K. Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2017;8:380.
12. Dong Y., Wei Z., Yang R., Zhang Y., Sun M., Bai H., Mo M., Yao C., Li H., Shi L. Chemical Compositions of Essential Oil Extracted from Eight Thyme Species and Potential Biological Functions. Plants. 2023;12(24):4164.
13. Şener İ., Tekelioğlu F., Zurnacı M., Baloğlu P., Gür M., Güney K. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Thymus praecox. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2021;21:65–73.
14. Borugă O., Jianu C., Mişcă C., Goleţ I., Gruia A.T., Horhat F.G. Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity. Journal of Medicine and Life. 2014;7(Spec Iss 3):56–60.
15. Raal A., Paaver U., Arak E., Orav A. Content and Composition of the Essential Oil of Thymus serpyllum L. Growing Wild in Estonia. Medicina. 2004;40(8):795–800.
16. Goharrostami M., Sendi J.J., Hosseini R., Allah Mahmoodi N.O. Effect of Thyme Essential Oil and Its Two Components on Toxicity and Some Physiological Parameters in Mulberry Pyralid Glyphodes pyloalis Walker. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 2022;188:105220.
17. Melyan G. Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. Growing in Different Ecological Zones of the Republic of Armenia. Armenian Journal of Botany. 2025;4(9):337–347.
18. Asghari B., Mafakheri S., Rejali F. Assessment of Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Characteristics of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. under Different Bio and Chemical Fertilizers. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2021;23(6):1309–1325.
19. Tohidi B., Rahimmalek M., Arzani A. Variations in Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. Populations Originated from Different Collection Sites. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 2018;21(5):1272–1283.
20. Mazooji A., Salimpour F., Danaee M., Akhoondi S. Comparative Study of the Essential Oil Chemical Composition of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. var. kotschyanus from Iran. Annals of Biological Research. 2012;3(3):1443–1451.
21. Nohutçu L., Tunçtürk M., Tunçtürk R., Şelem E., Eroğlu H. Determination of Morphological and Quality Characteristics of Naturally Growing Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. var. kotschyanus Populations Around Van, Türkiye. Plants. 2025;14(5):729.
22. Xing Y., Xie Y., Wang X. Enhancing Soil Health through Balanced Fertilization: A Pathway to Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2025;16:1536524.
23. Prakash O. Excessive Use of Chemical Fertilizers Reduce the Fertility Power of the Soil. 2023. (اطلاعات منبع ناقص است؛ نام مجله/وب‌سایت و صفحات باید تکمیل شوند.)
24. Cui Z., Yan B., Gao Y., Wu B., Wang Y., Wang H., Xu P., Zhao B., Cao Z., Zhang Y., et al. Agronomic Cultivation Measures on Productivity of Oilseed Flax: A Review. Oil Crop Science. 2022;7(1):53–62.
25. Wei X., Xie B., Wan C., Song R., Zhong W., Xin S., Song K. Enhancing Soil Health and Plant Growth through Microbial Fertilizers: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Sustainable Agricultural Practices. Agronomy. 2024;14(3):609.
26. Mandal S., Anand U., López-Bucio J., Radha, Kumar M., Lal M.K., Tiwari R.K., Dey A. Biostimulants and Environmental Stress Mitigation in Crops: A Novel and Emerging Approach for Agricultural Sustainability under Climate Change. Environmental Research. 2023;233:116357.
27. Galindo F.S., Moreira A., Moraes L.A.C., Teixeira Filho M.C.M., Jalal A., Oliveira C.E.S., Al-Babili S., Pagliari P.H. Challenges and Promising Opportunities for Biostimulants Application in Sustainable Agriculture. In: Sparks D.L., editor. Advances in Agronomy. Vol. 193. Academic Press; 2025. p. 147–226.
28. Di Sario L., Boeri P., Matus J.T., Pizzio G.A. Plant Biostimulants to Enhance Abiotic Stress Resilience in Crops. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(3):1129.
29. Liu H.W., Zhang X.K., Zhang G.Z., Kou X.C., Liang W.J. Partial Organic Substitution Weakens the Negative Effect of Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Micro-Food Webs. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2022;21(10):3037–3050.
30. Badagliacca G., Testa G., La Malfa S.G., Cafaro V., Lo Presti E., Monti M. Organic Fertilizers and Bio-Waste for Sustainable Soil Management to Support Crops and Control Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Mediterranean Agroecosystems: A Review. Horticulturae. 2024;10(5):427.
31. Khan M.T., Aleinikovienė J., Butkevičienė L.M. Innovative Organic Fertilizers and Cover Crops: Perspectives for Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate Change and Organic Agriculture. Agronomy. 2024;14(12):2871.
32. Bhatia T., Sindhu S.S. Sustainable Management of Organic Agricultural Wastes: Contributions in Nutrients Availability, Pollution Mitigation and Crop Production. Discover Agriculture. 2024;2(1):130.
33. Ali A., Jabeen N., Chachar Z., Chachar S., Ahmed S., Ahmed N., Laghari A.A., Sahito Z.A., Farruhbek R., Yang Z. The Role of Biochar in Enhancing Soil Health and Interactions with Rhizosphere Properties and Enzyme Activities in Organic Fertilizer Substitution. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2025;16:1580185.
34. Loss A., Couto R., Brunetto G., da Veiga M., Toselli M., Baldi E. Animal Manure as Fertilizer: Changes in Soil Attributes, Productivity and Food Composition. International Journal of Research – GRANTHAALAYAH. 2019;7(12):307–331.
35. Adekiya A.O., Ejue W.S., Olayanju A., Dunsin O., Aboyeji C.M., Aremu C., Adegbite K., Akinpelu O. Different Organic Manure Sources and NPK Fertilizer on Soil Chemical Properties, Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):16083.
36. Palupi N., Kesumaningwati R., Subeki S., Mujiono K., Sofian S., Paramita S., Arung E. The Use of Animal Manure for Improving Chemical Properties of Degraded Ultisol, Yield, and Secondary Metabolites of Zingiber montanum. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management. 2023;11(1):4847–4856.
37. Rayne N., Aula L. Livestock Manure and the Impacts on Soil Health: A Review. Soil Systems. 2020;4(4):64.
38. Hua W., Luo P., An N., Cai F., Zhang S., Chen K., Yang J., Han X. Manure Application Increased Crop Yields by Promoting Nitrogen Use Efficiency in the Soils of 40-Year Soybean–Maize Rotation. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):14882.
39. Yang J., Shen G., Wang X., Carmona C.P. Competition-Induced Trait Variability Obscures Trait–Growth Relationships of Tree Seedlings. Ecology Letters. 2025;28(11):e70259.
40. Baio F.H.R., Oliveira J.T., Cunha F.F., Teodoro P.E., Teodoro L.P.R., Campos C.N.S., Gava R., Junior J.C.N.A., Alves M.E.M., Ganassim F. Rethinking Variable Rate Seeding: Why Can Increasing Soybean Population Decrease Yield in Nutrient-Limited Soils? Crops. 2025;5(6):78.
41. Yang X.Z., Zhang W.H., He Q.Y. Effects of Intraspecific Competition on Growth, Architecture and Biomass Allocation of Quercus liaotungensis. Journal of Plant Interactions. 2019;14(1):284–294.
42. Zhang Y., Xu Z., Li J., Wang R. Optimum Planting Density Improves Resource Use Efficiency and Yield Stability of Rainfed Maize in Semiarid Climate. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021;12:679846.
43. Wang R., Wu W., Cheng X., Peng W. High Plant Density Increases Sunlight Interception and Yield of Direct-Seeded Winter Canola in China. Experimental Agriculture. 2023;59:e2.
44. Alipour Abookheili F., Mobasser H.R. Effect of Planting Density on Growth Characteristics and Grain Yield Increase in Successive Cultivations of Two Rice Cultivars. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment. 2021;4(4):e20213.
45. Djalovic I., Prasad P.V.V., Dunđerski D., Katanski S., Latković D., Kolarić L. Optimal Plant Density Is Key for Maximizing Maize Yield in Calcareous Soil of the South Pannonian Basin. Plants. 2024;13(13):1799.
46. Yousefi B., Saed-Moucheshi A., Gheitury M. Interactions of Organic Fertilizers and Planting Densities on Essential Oil and Plant Yield of Satureja mutica in Dry Farming. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 2024;11(2):175–188.
47. Yousefi B., Safari H. Evaluation of Essential Oil, Morphological Traits and Crop Yield in Satureja mutica Fisch. & C.A. Mey. in Rainfed Cultivation under Different Row Spacing. Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops. 2022;2(4):187–197.
48. Kovats E. Composition of Essential Oils: Part 7. Bulgarian Oil of Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.). Journal of Chromatography A. 1987;406(1):185–222.
49. Xie L., Su B.J., Zhang Y.N., Zhang D.S., Han J.J., Li H.M., Feng W.J., Du T.Q., Cui F.Z., Xue J.F. Optimizing Plant Density and Row Spacing Enhances Growth, Yield and Quality of Waxy Maize on the Loess Plateau. Plants. 2025;14(18):2776.
50. Vaičiulytė V., Ložienė K. Influence of Humus Fertilization on Yield and Essential Oil Accumulation of Thymus × citriodorus. Professional Studies: Theory and Practice. 2025;28(2):54–63.
51. Mahmoud A., Fouad F. Effects of Plant Density, Mineral Fertilization and Effective Microorganisms on the Development and Essential Oil Yield of Ocimum basilicum L. Archives of Agriculture Sciences Journal. 2025;8:131–161.
52. Shah M., Wright D., Hussain S., Koutroubas S., Seepaul R., George S., Shahkar A., Naveed M., Khan M., Altaf M., et al. Organic Fertilizer Sources Improve the Yield and Quality Attributes of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids by Improving Soil Properties and Nutrient Uptake under Drought Stress. Journal of King Saud University – Science. 2023;35(8):102570.
53. Lin S., Wei K., Wang Q., Sun Y., Deng M., Tao W. Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Photosynthesis, Yield, and Quality of Pakchoi under Different Irrigation Conditions. Plants. 2024;13(10):1384.
54. Rupngam T., Udomkun P., Boonupara T., Kaewlom P. Enhancing Soil Health, Growth, and Bioactive Compound Accumulation in Sunflower Sprouts Using Agricultural Byproduct-Based Soil Amendments. Agronomy. 2025;15(5):1213.
55. Ghimirey V., Chaurasia J., Dhungana R., Poudel B. Organic Fertilizers and Their Efficacy on Soil Characteristics, Growth and Yield of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) in Sandy Loam Soil of Nepal. Frontiers in Soil Science. 2025;5:1582596.
56. Liu W., Cui S., Wu L., Qi W., Chen J., Ye Z., Ma J., Liu D. Effects of Bio-Organic Fertilizer on Soil Fertility, Yield, and Quality of Tea. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2023;23(4):5266–5280.
57. Bayisa Y.M., Bullo T.A., Demissie T.A., Sime C.H., Fante K.A., Gebryu A.T., Dagne D.T., Jiru E.B. Sustainable Production of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Solid Waste Composting via Microwave-Assisted Technology for Smart Irrigation. Discover Agriculture. 2025;3(1):227.
58. Abbas A., Naveed M., Shehzad Khan K., Ashraf M., Siddiqui M.H., Abbas N., Mustafa A., Ali L. The Efficacy of Organic Amendments on Maize Productivity, Soil Properties and Active Fractions of Soil Carbon in Organic-Matter Deficient Soil. Spanish Journal of Soil Science. 2024;14:e3420.
59. Hosseini S., Hamzei J. Intercropping and Nitrogen Fertilizer Enhance Essential Oil Quality in Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Industrial Crops and Products. 2025;227:120818.
60. Fallah S., Maggi F., Ghanbari-Odivi A., Rostaei M. Optimizing Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) Cultivation: Effects of Different Manures on Plant Growth and Essential Oil Production During Consecutive Harvests. Horticulturae. 2024;10(10):1105.
61. Nkolisa Z., Mpambani B., Mtamzeli-Cekiso N., Ncama K. Economic viability of organic fertilizers to improve growth, yield, and quality of pineapples in Africa: A review. Horticulturae. 2025;11(6):636.
62. Kugbe J. Increase in the use of organic fertilizers as complements to inorganic fertilizers in maintenance of soil fertility and environmental sustainability. World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science. 2019;4.
63. Ammar E.E., Rady H.A., Khattab A.M., Amer M.H., Mohamed S.A., Elodamy N.I., Al-Farga A., Aioub A.A.A. A comprehensive overview of eco-friendly bio-fertilizers extracted from living organisms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023;30(53):113119–113137.
64. Vaičiulytė V., Ložienė K., Sivicka I. Effect of organic matter fertilizers on the composition of volatiles, morphometrical and anatomical parameters of essential oil-bearing Thymus × citriodorus cultivated in open-field conditions. Horticulturae. 2022;8(10):917.
65. Kocabas I., Kaplan M., Kurkcuoglu M., Husnu Can Baser K. Effects of different organic manure applications on the essential oil components of Turkish sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.). Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2010;22(2):1599–1605.
66. Rostaei M., Fallah S., Carrubba A., Lorigooini Z. Organic manures enhance biomass and improve content, chemical compounds of essential oil and antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants: A review. Heliyon. 2024;10(17):e36693.
67. Sajwan M.Y., Mishra D., Negi M., Bisht P.S. Effect of organic manures on antioxidant activity and essential oil composition of Artemisia annua cv. CIM Arogya. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2020;9:3922–3930.
68. Ma X., Gao Y., Ma X., Wu B., Yan B., Li Y., Wang Y., Xu P., Wen M., Wang H., et al. Effect of different types of organic manure on oil and fatty acid accumulation and desaturase gene expression of oilseed flax in the dry areas of the Loess Plateau of China. Agronomy. 2024;14(2):381.
69. Amani Machiani M., Javanmard A., Ostadi A., Alizadeh K. Improvement in essential oil quantity and quality of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) by integrative application of chitosan nanoparticles and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under water stress conditions. Plants. 2023;12(7):1422.
70. Etri K., Pluhár Z. Exploring chemical variability in the essential oils of the Thymus genus. Plants. 2024;13(10):1375.
71. Najar B., Pistelli L., Ferri B., Angelini L.G., Tavarini S. Crop yield and essential oil composition of two Thymus vulgaris chemotypes along three years of organic cultivation in a hilly area of central Italy. Molecules. 2021;26:5109.
72. Chaouqi S., Moratalla-López N., Alonso G.L., Lorenzo C., Zouahri A., Asserar N., Haidar E.M., Guedira T. Effect of soil composition on secondary metabolites of Moroccan saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Plants. 2023;12(4):711.
73. Xu Z., Tian Y., Liu Z., Xia X. Comprehensive effects of atmosphere and soil drying on stomatal behavior of different plant types. Water. 2023;15(9):1675.
74. Cai Y., Shi L., Chen F., Zhang Q., Yao J., Xiu Y., Lu C., Lin S. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase 1 as a crucial regulatory enzyme for terpenoid biosynthesis in the leaves of Cinnamomum burmannii. Horticulturae. 2026;12(1):36.
75. Ge H., Lu J., Han M., Lu L., Tian J., Zheng H., Liu S., Zhong F., Hou M. Identification and functional analysis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Horticulturae. 2024;10(3):304.
76. Liu H., Gu H., Ye C., Guo C., Zhu Y., Huang H., Liu Y., He X., Yang M., Zhu S. Planting Density Affects Panax notoginseng Growth and Ginsenoside Accumulation by Balancing Primary and Secondary Metabolism. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2021;12:2021.
77. Li Y., Kong D., Fu Y, Sussman MR, Wu H: The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020:148:80–89.
78. Asadollahi A., Abbaszadeh B., Torkashvand A.M., Jahromi M.G. Effect of levels and types of organic, biological, and chemical fertilizers on morphological traits, yield, and uptake rate of elements in Satureja mutica. Industrial Crops and Products. 2022:181:114763.
79. Saki A., Mozafari H., Asl K., Sani B., Mirza M. Plant Yield, Antioxidant Capacity and Essential Oil Quality of Satureja Mutica Supplied with Cattle Manure and Wheat Straw in Different Plant Densities. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2019; 50:1–11.
80. Mirjalili A., Lebaschi M.H., Ardakani M.R., Sharifabad H.H., Mirza M. Plant density and manure application affected yield and essential oil composition of Bakhtiari savory (Satureja bachtiarica Bunge.). Industrial Crops and Products. 2022; 177:114516.
81. Esmaielpour B., Rahmanian M., Khorramdel S., Foroghian S. Effect of organic fertilizers on nutrients content and essential oil composition of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). agriTECH. 2019;38:433.
82. Poulose A.J., Croteau R. Biosynthesis of aromatic monoterpenes: conversion of gamma-terpinene to p-cymene and thymol in Thymus vulgaris L. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1978;187(2):307–314.
83. Frey M., Gohr S.T., Köllner T.G., Bathe U., Lackus N.D., Padilla-Gonzalez F., Ro D-K., O'Connor SE, Degenhardt J, Tissier A: Biosynthesis of biologically active terpenoids in the mint family (Lamiaceae). Natural Product Reports. 2025;42(11):1887–1908.