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ارزیابی عملکرد ریشه و شاخص‌های رشدی چغندرقند تحت کشت نشائی و مستقیم در مناطق نیمه خشک و سرد | ||
| چغندرقند | ||
| مقاله 10، دوره 41، شماره 2، اسفند 1404، صفحه 317-330 اصل مقاله (1 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: کامل علمی - پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/jsb.2026.371597.1402 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| عبدالمجید سهیل نژاد1؛ سجاد رحیمی مقدم* 2 | ||
| 1استادیار، گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر دو روش کاشت نشائی (در سنین ۳۵ و ۴۵ روزه) و کشت مستقیم بر شاخص‌های رشدی و عملکرد ریشه چغندرقند در سه منطقه‌ی نیمه‌خشک و سرد اردبیل، تبریز و ارومیه با انجام شبیه‌سازی رشد با استفاده از مدل SUCROS و بر پایه‌ی داده‌های بلندمدت اقلیمی (1358 تا 1398) و ویژگی‌های فیزیکی-آبی خاک صورت گرفت. شاخص‌های TDW، LAI، RGR و CGR با مدل‌های تابعی رشد استخراج و برای مقایسه سیستم‌های کاشت تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد کشت نشائی استقرار اولیه گیاه را به‌طور محسوسی بهبود داد. مقدار LAI در تیمارهای نشاکاری در حدود ۱۲۰ روز پس از کاشت به 4/7 در اردبیل، 6/6 در تبریز و 05/7 در ارومیه رسید در حالی‌که این مقدار در کشت مستقیم به‌ترتیب حدود 6/1، 3/3 و 8/3 بود. CGR در تیمار نشاکاری ۴۵ روزه در بیشترین مقدار خود به 2/19 گرم بر مترمربع در روز در اردبیل، ۲۱ گرم بر مترمربع در تبریز و 3/22 گرم بر مترمربع در ارومیه رسید. در مقابل، RGR به‌طور طبیعی در تیمارهای نشاکاری کمتر بود، که ناشی از وزن خشک اولیه بالاتر و هزینه‌ی تنفسی بیشتر نشا است، با این‌حال این کاهش مانع برتری نهایی نشاکاری در تجمع ماده خشک نشد. تجمع ماده خشک کل (TDW) نیز در نشاکاری ۴۵ روزه بیشتر بود؛ به‌طوری‌که در روز ۱۷۰ مقدار TDW در اردبیل به ۱۹۰۲ گرم بر مترمربع، در تبریز به ۲۰۰۱ گرم بر مترمربع و در ارومیه به حدود ۲۴۷۱ گرم بر مترمربع رسید، در حالی‌که این مقدار در کشت مستقیم به‌مراتب پایین‌تر بود. عملکرد ریشه نیز الگوی مشابهی داشت: بیشترین عملکرد ریشه (حدود 108 تن در هکتار) در نشاکاری ۴۵ روزه ارومیه و کمترین مقدار (حدود ۶۸ تن در هکتار) در کشت مستقیم تبریز مشاهده شد. در مجموع، نتایج نشان می‌دهد نشاکاری می‌تواند راهبردی مؤثر برای بهبود شاخص‌های رشد و دستیابی به عملکرد ریشه بالاتر چغندرقند در مناطق سرد و نیمه‌خشک باشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| شاخص سطح برگ؛ مدل SUCROS؛ نرخ رشد محصول؛ نرخ رشد نسبی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluating root yield and growth indices of sugar beet under transplanting and direct sowing in cold semi-arid regions | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Abdolmajid Soheilnejad1؛ Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam2 | ||
| 1Assistant Prof, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Prof., Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the most important field crops worldwide and in Iran, playing a crucial role not only in sugar production but also in maintaining sustainable crop rotations and improving soil properties. In recent decades, increasing water scarcity and climate change have intensified the need for improving crop management strategies in sugar beet cultivation systems. One of the promising agronomic approaches to improve crop establishment, shorten the time required to achieve full canopy cover, and enhance water productivity is transplanting instead of direct-seeded. From a physiological perspective, growth analysis is a powerful tool for studying biomass accumulation and plant development dynamics during the growing season. Growth indices such as total dry weight (TDW) and leaf area index (LAI) are widely used indicators for evaluating crop growth and physiological status. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate root yield and growth indices of sugar beet under transplanting and direct-seeded systems in three cold semi‑arid regions of Iran. Materials and Methods The current research aimed to evaluate the effects of two transplanting ages (35 and 45 days) and direct-seeded sowing on growth indices and root yield of sugar beet across three cold semi-arid regions: Ardebil, Tabriz, and Urmia. Crop growth was simulated using the SUCROS model based on long-term climatic data (1980-2020) and soil physical-hydrological characteristics. Growth indices including TDW, LAI, RGR, and CGR were derived using functional growth models and compared across planting systems. To determine the initial physiological conditions of seedlings, the model was first run independently under potential growth conditions to estimate the initial dry weight of different plant organs (leaf blades, petioles, roots, and storage organs) as well as initial LAI values. These simulated values were then used as initial parameters in the main model runs. For comparison, direct-seeded was also simulated as the conventional planting method. All three planting systems (direct-seeded, 35‑day transplanting, and 45‑day transplanting) were simulated using the common planting dates of each region. Irrigation scheduling was applied when soil moisture declined to approximately 70% of field capacity according to FAO irrigation management recommendations. Other agronomic parameters such as plant density and row spacing were kept constant across all simulations. To analyze growth indices, TDW and LAI were recorded throughout the growing season. The logarithm of TDW was fitted using a third‑order polynomial model, from which RGR was calculated as the derivative of ln (TDW). CGR was then calculated as the product of RGR and TDW. LAI dynamics were described using a logistic sigmoid model. Model fitting was performed using least‑squares regression in the R software environment. Root yield was analyzed as a long‑term time series for each location and planting system. Linear regression was applied to evaluate annual trends in root yield and to determine statistical significance of changes over time. Results Transplanting markedly improved early crop establishment. In transplant treatments, LAI peaked around 120 days after planting at 7.4 in Ardebil, 6.6 in Tabriz, and 7.05 in Urmia, whereas corresponding values under direct-seeded sowing were approximately 6.1, 3.3, and 3.8, respectively. Maximum CGR in the 45-day transplanting treatment reached 19.2 g m-2 day-1 in Ardebil, 21 g m-2 day-1 in Tabriz, and 22.3 g m-2 day-1 in Urmia. In contrast, RGR was naturally lower in transplant treatments due to higher initial dry weight and elevated respiratory costs; nevertheless, this reduction did not hinder the superior final dry matter accumulation of transplants. TDW was also higher under 45-day transplanting, reaching 1902 g m-2 in Ardabil, 2001 g m-2 in Tabriz, and about 2471 g m-2 in Urmia by day 170, all substantially exceeding the values under direct sowing. Root yield followed the same trend: the highest root yield (108 t ha-1) occurred in the 45-day transplanting treatment in Urmia, whereas the lowest (68 t ha-1) was observed under direct sowing in Tabriz. The long‑term trend analysis showed that annual yield fluctuations in Ardebil were not statistically significant (p> 0.14), with a maximum annual slope of 0.15 t ha-1. In contrast, all cropping systems in Tabriz and Urmia exhibited significantly declining yield trends (p< 0.001). The estimated annual rate of decline ranged from 0.20 to 0.27 t ha-1 in Tabriz and approximately 0.55 to 0.60 t ha-1 in Urmia. These findings are consistent with previous studies indicating that transplanting improves canopy development, radiation interception, and biomass accumulation in sugar beet and other crops. Similarly, it was reported that transplanting 35–40‑day‑old seedlings resulted in the highest root yields in sugar beet production systems. Furthermore, transplanting has been shown to improve water productivity and reduce irrigation requirements compared with direct. Conclusion Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that transplanting provides clear advantages for sugar beet growth and productivity in cold semi‑arid regions. Transplanted plants exhibited earlier canopy development, higher LAI, greater crop growth rate, and increased total dry matter accumulation compared with direct-seeded. Although relative growth rate was slightly lower in transplanted plants due to higher initial biomass, this did not negatively affect final root yield. Among the studied regions, Urmia showed the highest yield potential due to more favorable climatic conditions, whereas Tabriz showed lower productivity. Overall, transplanting 35–45‑day‑old seedlings increased root yield by approximately 8–11% compared with direct-seeded. Therefore, transplanting can be considered an effective agronomic strategy for improving sugar beet establishment, growth performance, and yield stability, particularly in environments where early‑season conditions limit successful crop establishment. Future studies should evaluate transplanting performance under a wider range of climatic conditions to further improve sugar beet production systems. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Crop growth rate, Leaf area index, Relative growth rate, SUCROS model | ||
| مراجع | ||
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