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مقایسه رواناب و فرسایش خاک در تودههای طبیعی بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii Lindl.) و جنگلکاریشده با زربین (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) در بومسازگانهای جنگلی زاگرس | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 39، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 152، مهر 1405، صفحه 79-96 اصل مقاله (978.58 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/wmrj.2026.372152.1658 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سمیه حیدری1؛ نورالدین رستمی* 2؛ مهدی حیدری3؛ مرتضی قیصوری4 | ||
| 1کارشناس ارشد مدیریت و کنترل بیابان، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابعطبیعی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابعطبیعی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایران | ||
| 3استاد گروه علوم جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابعطبیعی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایران | ||
| 4دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه و هدف بررسی عاملهای مؤثر بر رواناب و فرسایش خاک از اقدامات اصلی برای مدیریت صحیح خاک در عرصههای طبیعی است. منابع آب و خاک در نواحی خشک و نیمهخشک بهعنوان شالوده حیات و پایداری جوامع انسانی اهمیت ویژهای دارند. از سوی دیگر، محدودیت این منابع در این نواحی، بهرهبرداری ناپایدار و بدون توجه به اصول علمی مدیریت آنها باعث ویرانی روز افزون و افزایش خطر بیابانزایی شده است. بهطوری که فرسایش خاک در این مناطق بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین تهدیدهای زیستمحیطی، چالشهای جدی برای مدیریت منابعطبیعی ایجادکرده است؛ ازاینرو، شناسایی عاملهای مؤثر در فرسایش خاک و تدوین برنامههای حفاظت خاک لازم و ضروری است. بهدلیل کمبود داده های آماری مناسب، شرایط سخت کار فیزیکی در آبخیزها و نیز نوسانات غیرقابل پیشبینی اقلیمی مانند خشکسالیهای بلندمدت، جمعآوری اطلاعات مربوط به فرآیندهای اثرگذار بر هدررفت خاک در عرصههای طبیعی دشوار است. بر این اساس، در بسیاری از پژوهشهای فرسایش و رسوب، از دستگاه شبیهساز باران استفاده میشود. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، در این پژوهش اثر جنگلکاری بر تغییرات رواناب و رسوب در مقایسه با جنگلهای طبیعی بلوط و عرصههای خارج از تاجپوشش، بررسی شد. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی حجم رواناب و فرسایش خاک در زیراشکوب تودههای جنگلی طبیعی شاخهزاد بلوط (Quercus brantii Lindl.) و جنگلکاریشده با زربین (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) بعد از شبیهسازی بارش باران بود. مواد و روشها منطقه مطالعهشده پارک جنگلی چغاسبز، جزو آبخیز شهر ایلام در استان ایلام بود. ویژگیهای اقلیمی و تنوع پوشش گیاهی، شرایط منحصر به فردی را برای بررسی روابط میان پوشش گیاهی، رواناب و فرسایش خاک در این منطقه فراهمآورده است. بهمنظور مقایسه اثر جنگلکاری گونه زربین و جنگل طبیعی شاخهزاد بلوط بر اندازة رواناب و رسوب، از دستگاه شبیهساز باران پرتابل، استفاده شد. در این پژوهش، بارش با شدت و مدت زمان مشخص بر اساس نمودارهای شدت-مدت-فراوانی، شدت و پایه زمانی بارش تعیین شد و از رسوب و رواناب زیرآشکوب این تودهها با استفاده از قطعات دو مترمربعی (1×2 متر)، نمونهبرداری شد. بارش در دو مدت زمان 15 و 30 دقیقهای و با شدت بارش 80 میلیمتر بر ساعت شبیهسازی شد. سپس، دستگاه شبیهساز باران در سه تکرار تصادفی در هر دو توده جنگلکاریشده و طبیعی و قطعه شاهد در موقعیت خارج از تاجپوشش و مجاور تودهها مستقر شد و نمونه رواناب و رسوب و خاک در هر توده و منطقه شاهد جمعآوری شد. سپس، تجزیه و تحلیل آماری دادهها با استفاده از نرمافزار SPSS نسخه 25 انجام شد. تفاوتها با روش تجزیه پراکنش یکطرفه بررسی و مقایسه میانگینها با آزمون دانکن انجام شد. افزون بر این، مقایسه میانگین دادهها در زمانهای بارش 15 و 30 دقیقهای با استفاده از آزمون T انجام شد. نتایج و بحث نتایج تجزیه پراکنش نشان داد که اثر پوششهای گیاهی گوناگون بر برخی از خصوصیات فیزیکی خاک معنیدار بود. در جنگلکاری زربین، هیچ رواناب و رسوبی مشاهده نشد، که ممکن است دلیل آن پوشش گیاهی متراکم و نفوذپذیری زیاد خاک باشد. بیشترین اندازة رواناب و رسوب در منطقه خارج تاجپوشش، مشاهده شد که نشاندهنده اثر مثبت پوششهای گیاهی در کاهش رواناب و رسوب است. تفاوت اندازههای رسوب در منطقه جنگلکاری زربین با دو منطقه دیگر معنیدار نبود، اما تفاوتهای این متغیر در میان توده طبیعی بلوط و منطقه خارج تاجپوشش از دیدگاه آماری معنیدار بود. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، با افزایش زمان بارش، ضریب رواناب افزایش یافت. اما، نرخ افزایش ضریب رواناب در مدت بارش 30 دقیقه به 15 دقیقه در منطقه شاهد (1/82 برابر) در مقایسه با منطقه جنگلکاری بلوط (1/36 برابر) بیشتر بود. این یافته بیانگر اهمیت پوشش گیاهی است و نشاندهندة آن است که در شرایط تداوم بارش، اندازة رواناب و هدررفت خاک در مناطق بدون پوشش افزایش خواهد یافت. بر پایة نتایج این پژوهش، وجود تاجپوشش درختی دلیل کاهش سرعت تجزیه لاشبرگ، افزایش حجم و ژرفای لاشبرگ در سطح زمین بود، و بهطور معنیداری سبب کاهش رواناب در زیر اشکوب این گونه درختی شد. از سوی دیگر، نفوذپذیری ضعیف خاک در مناطق بدون تاجپوشش بهدلیل اندازة کم ماده آلی و لاشبرگ و جرم مخصوص ظاهری زیاد و فشردگی ساختار خاک، موجب افزایش رواناب در این مناطق شد. از ویژگیهای مهم تاجپوشش گیاهی، بهویژه درختان، ایجاد بستری مناسب در سطح زمین و توسعه شبکه ریشه است که سبب بهبود دانهبندی خاک، حفظ ساختار خاک و پایداری خاکدانهها میشود. در چنین شرایطی، رواناب و اندازة رسوب نیز کاهش خواهد یافت. نتیجهگیری و پیشنهادها یافتههای این پژوهش بیانگر آن بود که پوشش گیاهی در تنظیم ویژگیهای آبشناختی خاک، کاهش فرسایش و رسوب اهمیت زیادی دارد. بر این اساس، میتوان نتیجه گرفت که حفظ و احیای پوشش گیاهی در تودههای جنگلی، بهویژه در مناطق زاگرس، سبب بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی خاک و کاهش مشکلات ناشی از فرسایش میشود. ازاینرو، پیشنهاد میشود که برای حفاظت از منابع آب و خاک، اقدامات مدیریتی مناسب مانند کاشت درختان و درختچههای بومی در مناطق ویرانشده یا با پوشش گیاهی کم، انجام شود. بهطور کلی، این اقدامات منجر به کاهش رواناب و فرسایش خاک در آبخیزها، مدیریت پایدار منابعطبیعی و کاهش مشکلات زیستمحیطی خواهند شد. پیشنهاد میشود بهعنوان راهکاری مؤثر در کاهش فرسایش و حفظ منابعطبیعی در مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک، به توسعه جنگلکاری و حفظ پوشش گیاهی توجه بیشتری شود. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| تاجپوشش؛ چغاسبز ایلام؛ خاک؛ رواناب؛ شبیهساز باران؛ هدررفت خاک | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Comparison of Runoff and Soil Erosion in Natural Stands of Iranian Oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) and Afforested with Cupressus (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) in the Zagros Forest Ecosystems | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Somayeh Heydari1؛ Noredin Rostami2؛ Mehdi Heydari3؛ Morteza Gheysouri4 | ||
| 1M.Sc. student of Combating Desertification, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ilam University, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ilam University, Iran | ||
| 3Professor, Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ilam University, Iran | ||
| 4Ph.D. of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction and Goal Investigating the factors affecting runoff and soil erosion is one of the main measures for proper soil management in natural areas. Water and soil resources in arid and semi-arid areas are of particular importance as the foundation of life and sustainability of human societies. On the other hand, the limitation of these resources in these areas, unsustainable exploitation, and lack of attention to the scientific principles of their management have caused increasing destruction and increased the risk of desertification. Soil erosion in these areas, as one of the most important environmental threats, has created serious challenges for natural resource management; therefore, identifying the factors affecting soil erosion and developing soil conservation programs is essential. Given the lack of appropriate statistical data, the difficult physical working conditions in watersheds, and unpredictable climatic fluctuations such as long-term droughts, it is difficult to collect information related to the processes affecting soil loss in natural areas. Accordingly, in many erosion and sediment studies, a rainfall simulator is used. Given the importance of the subject, in the present study, the effect of afforestation on changes in runoff and sediment was investigated in comparison with natural oak forests and areas outside the canopy cover. This study aimed to investigate the volume of runoff and soil erosion in the understory of natural coppice oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) and planted cupressus (Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis) forests after rainfall simulation. Materials and Methods The study area, Choghasabz Forest Park, is part of the Ilam city watershed in Ilam province. The climatic characteristics and diversity of vegetation cover provide unique conditions for investigating the relationships between vegetation, runoff, and soil erosion in this area. In order to compare the effects of afforestation of the cypress species and natural oak coppice forest on runoff and sediment, a portable rainfall simulator was used. In this study, rainfall was simulated with a specific intensity and duration based on intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) diagrams, and sampling of sediment and runoff under the trees of these stands was carried out using 2 m2 plots (1×2 m). Rainfall simulation was carried out for two periods of 15 and 30 minutes and with a rainfall intensity of 80 mm/h. Then, the rainfall simulator was installed in three random replicates in both the afforested and natural stands and the control plot in a position outside the canopy and adjacent to the stands, and runoff, sediment, and soil samples were collected in each stand and control area. Then, statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS version 25 software. The differences among treatments were evaluated using one-way, and mean comparisons were performed using Duncan's test. In addition, the mean values obtained at the 15- and 30-min rainfall durations were compared using the independent samples T-test. Results and Discussion The results of scatter analysis showed that the effect of different vegetation covers on some physical properties of soil was significant. In the cypress afforestation, no runoff and sediment were observed, which may be due to the dense vegetation cover and high soil permeability. In the area outside the canopy, the highest amount of runoff and sediment was observed, indicating the positive effect of vegetation covers on reducing runoff and sediment. For the sediment variable, the differences in sediment rates in the cypress afforestation area with the other two areas were not significant, but the differences between the natural oak stand and the area outside the canopy were statistically significant. According to the results of this study, the runoff coefficient increased with increasing rainfall duration. However, the rate of increase in the runoff coefficient from 30 min to 15 min of rainfall was higher in the control area (1.82 times) than in the oak afforestation area (1.36 times). This finding indicates the importance of vegetation cover and show that under conditions of continued rainfall, the amount of runoff and soil loss will in areas without vegetation cover. Based on the results of this study, the presence of tree canopy, the presence of tree canopy was the reason for the decrease in the rate of litter decomposition, the increase in the volume and depth of litter on the ground surface, and significantlydecrease runoff under the canopy of this tree species. On the other hand, poor soil permeability in areas without canopy cover due to low organic matter and litter content, high bulk density, and compact soil structure led to increased runoff in these areas. An important feature of the vegetation canopy, especially trees, is the creation of a suitable substrate on the ground surface and the development of a root network that helps improve soil gradation, maintain soil structure, and stabilize soil aggregates. In such conditions, runoff is so-called filtered and sedimentation is reduced. Conclusion and Suggestions The findings of this study indicate that vegetation is of great importance in regulating soil hydrological characteristics and reducing erosion and sedimentation. Accordingly, it can be concluded that maintaining and restoring vegetation in forest stands, especially in the Zagros regions, improves soil physical properties and reducing problems caused by erosion. Therefore, it is suggested that appropriate management measures such as planting native trees and shrubs in degraded and sparsely vegetated areas should be taken to cconservation soil and water resources. Overall, these measures can help reduce runoff and soil erosion in watersheds, sustainable management of natural resources and reducing environmental problems. It is suggested that greater attention be paid to the development of afforestation and preservation of vegetation cover as an effective solution to reduce erosion and preserve natural resources in arid and semi-arid regions. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Canopy cover, Choghasabz, Ilam, rainfall simulator, runoff, soil erosion | ||
| مراجع | ||
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