| تعداد نشریات | 282 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 80 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 3,208 |
| تعداد مقالات | 35,560 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 53,004,199 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 92,288,828 |
اثر رقم، روش پیوند و اپیبراسینولید بر میزان موفقیت پیوند درگردو ایرانی (.Juglan regia L) | ||
| نهال و بذر | ||
| دوره 40، شماره 4، دی 1403، صفحه 654-625 اصل مقاله (1.07 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/spj.2026.371269.1454 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| جواد فرخی تولیر* 1؛ بهاره دامنکشان2؛ الهام ابراهیم پور3 | ||
| 1استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران. | ||
| 2مربی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران. | ||
| 3کارشناس، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران . | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پیوند تنها روش سریع جهت جایگزینی درختان قدیمی با ارقام تجاری، سازگار و پُربازده میباشد. این پژوهش بهصورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با پنج تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل: روش پیوند در دو سطح (وصلهای و قاشی)، دو رقم گردو (چَندلر و فِرنور) و غلظتهای مختلف اپیبراسینولید در جهار سطح (صفر، 0/05، 0/15و 0/25میلیمولار) بودند. درصد گیرائی پیوند فقط در سال اول (1402) و سایر صفات در هر دو سال (1402 و 1403) ارزیابی شدند. برهمکنش رقم × غلظت اپیبراسینولید بر درصد گیرائی پیوند در سال 1402 و بر زمان بازشدن جوانه و قطر شاخه در سال 1403 معنیدار بود. بیشترین درصد گیرائی (80 تا 100 درصد) در رقم فِرنور با کاربرد 0/05میلیمولار اپیبراسینولید و فِرنور + صفر میلیمولار EBr (شاهد) در سال 1402 بدست آمد. دیرترین زمان بازشدن جوانه (17 تا 21 تیر) نیز در همین تیمارها و در رقم فِرنور + روش پیوند قاشی + 0/05میلیمولار اپیبراسینولید در سال 1403 بود. بیشترین طول شاخه (35/53سانتیمتر) در تیماِر رقم فِرنور + روش پیوند پیوند قاشی در سال 1402 (85 سانتیمتر) در تیمار فِرنور + روش پیوند قاشی + 0/15میلیمولار اپیبراسینولید در سال 1403 اندازه گیری شد. بیشترین قطر شاخه (1/73سانتیمتر) در تیمار فِرنور + 0/05میلیمولار اپیبراسینولید در سال 1402 و (2/5سانتیمتر) در تیمار رقم فِرنور + روش پیوند وصلهای + 0/05 میلیمولار اپیبراسینولید در سال 1403 ثبت گردید. بیشترین تعداد برگ (39 برگ) در تیمار رقم فِرنور + پیوند قاشی + 25/0 میلیمولار اپیبراسینولید در سال 1403 مشاهده شد. به طورکلی، نتایج نشان داد که رقم گردو موثرترین عامل در افزایش میزان گیرائی پیوند ارقام گردو بود. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| گردو؛ پیوندک؛ رقم چَندلر؛ رقم فِرنور؛ پیوند قاشی؛ پیوند وصلهای | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of Cultivar, Grafting Method and Epibrassinolide on Grafting Success Rate in Persian Walnut (Juglan regia L.) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| J. Farrokhi Toolir1؛ B. Damankeshan2؛ E. Ebrahimpour3 | ||
| 1Assistant professor, Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Kerman, Iran. | ||
| 2Researcher, Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Kerman, Iran. | ||
| 3Expert, Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Kerman, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cultivar, grafting method and epibrassinolide (EBr) and their interaction effects on grafting success rate and walnut scion growth. The experiment was carried out as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with five replications in agricultural and natural resources research and education center of Kerman province in 2023 and 2024. Experimental factors included: walnut cultivar at two levels, EBr at four levels and grafting method at two levels. The results showed that Cultivar × EBr interaction significantly affected graft success in 2023, and scion bud breaking time (SBBT), and shoot diameter in 2024. Cv. Fernor + 0.05 mM EBr or without EBr had highest grafting success rate (80-100%) in 2023. Cv. Fernor + whip budding + 0.05 mM EBr had the latest SBBT (July 7-11) in 2024. Cv. Fernor + whip budding had the greatest shoot length (35.53 cm) in 2023, and 85 cm in cv. Fernor + 0.15 mM EBr in 2024. Maximum shoot diameters (1.73 cm) were recorded in cv. Fernor + 0.05 mM EBr in 2023, and in cv. Fernor + patch budding + 0.05 mM EBr (2.5 cm) in 2024. Cv. Fernor + whip budding + 0.25 mM EBr had the highest leaf number (39 leaves) in 2024. Walnut cultivar had more pronounced effect on grafting success rate and was identified as the most important factor in walnut seedling growth compared to high concentration levels of EBr and grafting methods. Keywords: Walnut, scion, cv. Chandler, cv. Fernor, chip budding, patch budding, hormone. Introduction Commercial walnut production using seedlings is inefficient due to genetic variability and poor nut quality (Hartman et al., 2011). Despite the ease and tradition of seedling propagation in Iran, it fails to meet growers’ economic expectations. Grafting is a practical and low-cost method for propagating late-blooming, high-yield walnut varieties. However, its success rate is limited. Studies have identified patch budding as the most practical and efficient grafting method with success rates up to 93.3% (Khajeali and Mohammadkhani, 2015). Factors such as grafting time, method, genotype, temperature, and humidity influence grafting success rate (Vahdati, 2003). Research has also highlighted the role of plant hormones especially brassinosteroids (BRs) in vascular tissue formation and graft union success (Engine and Gökbayrak, 2022). Although BRs have improved flower development in cv. Chandler (Engine and Gökbayrak, 2022), their effect on walnut grafting success rate remains unexplored. Therefore, development of commercial vegetative propagation protocols for producing superior walnut cultivars adapted to Kerman’s climatic and resources limited conditions is essential. This study aimed to identify the most effective combination of EBr concentration and grafting method to improve grafting success arte and scion growth of cv. Chandler and cv. Fernor walnut. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at the Rabor walnut research station (RWRS) situated at 2290 meter above the sea level, 57˚02′45″–57˚02′48″ E and 29˚16′31″–29˚16′44″ N. The annual rainfall and temperature of the experimental site were 210 mm, and 23 °C, respectively. Two walnut cultivars, Chandler and Fernor were selected due to their late leafing, high lateral bearing, and high‑quality of nuts which are popular among local walnut growers in Kerman province. The experiment was carried out as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with five replications in agricultural and natural resources research and education center in 2023 and 2024 Experimental factors included: grafting method (patch budding and whip grafting), cultivar (Chandler and Fernor), and EBr concentration (0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 mM), comprised in 16 treatments. In October 2021, 100 walnut fruits were sown in pots (35 × 10 cm), and after 21 months 80 seedlings were chosen. Scions of cv. Chandler and cv. Fernor were grafted on seedling rootstocks during June 15–17. Seedling growth traits were evaluated at the end of the growing season. Traits included graft success (qualitative evaluation in 2023), SBBT, shoot length, shoot diameter, and leaf number (measured in both 2023 and 2024). Data were analyzed based on factorial experiment in randomized complete block design using SAS 9.1. LSD test was used for mean comparisons, and graphs were depicted using Excel 2013 software. Results and Discussion Grafting success rate in walnuts were significantly influenced by the cultivar × EBr concentration interaction. EBRs are plant hormones, but their specific role in graft success needs further investigation alongside other crucial factors like phenolic compounds, vigorous rootstocks, and optimal environmental conditions. In 2023, cv. Fernor + 0.05 mM EBr showed the highest grafting success rate, but as the EBr concentrations inceased the grafting success rate decreased. In 2023 and 2024, cultivar × EBr × grafting method interactions significantly affected SBBT. Cv. Fernor + low concentration or without EBr had the latest SBBT, but cv. Chandler + 0.25 mM EBr had the earliest. Chip budding advanced SBBT by 7–9 days compared to patch budding likely due to better tissue contact. Cv. Fernor + chip budding + 0.15 or 0.05 mM EBr had the longest shoots, whereas cv. Chandler + low EBr produced shorter shoots. Leaf number was consistent in 2023, but varied significantly in 2024 in cv. Fernor + chip budding + 0.05 mM EBr producing the highest leaf number (39 leaves). Cv. Chandler + chip budding + 0.25 mM EBr had lowest leaf number the fewest (9 leaves). Shoot diameter also varied in different treatments, and the thickest shoots was produced in cv. Fernor + patch budding + 0.05 mM EBr. In conclusion, walnut cultivar had more pronounced effect on grafting success rate, and was identified as the most important factor in walnut seedling growth compared to high concentration levels of EBr and grafting methods. References Engine, H. and Gökbayrak, Z. 2022. Effect of brassinosteroid applications on flower sex distribution of 'Chandler' walnut cultivar. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(3), pp.548-554. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.1053275 Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, F.T. and Geneve, R.L. 2011. Plant propagation: principles and practices. Pearson Education publication.USA. 425 pp. Khajeali, M. and Mohammadkhani, A. 2015. The Effects of timing and grafting methods on graft success and scion growth in walnut (Juglans regia L.). Journal of crop production and processing, 5(15), pp.47-55 (in Persian). DOI: 20.1001.1. 22518517. 13 Vahdati, K. 2003. Nursery management and grafting of walnut. Khaniran Publications. Tehran, Iran. 128 pp. (in Persian). | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Walnut, scion, cv. Chandler, cv. Fernor, chip budding, patch budding, hormone | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Akça, Y., Özyurt, I.K. and Kaplan, E. 2018. Comparison of some local and foreign walnut cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University, 35(3), pp.290-296. DOI: 10.13002/jafag4449
Akyüz, B., Ozturk, A., Er, E. and Serdar, U. 2018. The effect of grafting periods on graft Success in top working of walnut. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 4(9), pp.183-185.
Anonymous, 2022. Agricultural statistical yearbook. 3rd Volume. Horticultural and Glasshouse Products. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture. Tehran, Iran. 401 pp. (in Persian)
Arzani, K. 2016. Interview. The First International Conference and the 10th National Congress of Iranian Horticultural Sciences. Baghdar, 108, pp.50-57 (in Persian).
Asgharzadeh, A., Mostafavi, M. and Khalighi, A. 2008. Effect of phenolic compound and structural hormones in Persian walnut (J. regia L.) grafting success. Journal of Agricultural Science, 13(2), pp.285-293 (in Persian).
Avanzato, D. 2009. Training on hot callusing technique applied to walnut grafting. Pp. 10. In: Walnut propagation training short course. COST Action 873, Spain.
Bajguz, A. and Hayat, S. 2009. Brassinosteroids: bioactivity and biosynthesis. International Journal of Plant Biology, 1(1), pp.1-18.
Bajguz, A. and Tretyn, A. 2003. The chemical characteristic and distribution of brassinosteroids in plants. Phytochemistry, 62, pp.1027–1046. DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00656-8
Belkhadir, Y. and Jaillais, Y. 2015. The molecular circuitry of brassinosteroid signaling. New Phytology, 206, pp.522–540. DOI: 10.1111/nph.13269
Botu, M., Tudor, M. and Papachatzis, A. 2009. Evaluation of some walnut cultivars with different bearing habits in the ecological conditions of Oltenia–Romania. Pp.: 119-126. In: Proceedings of the VI International Walnut Symposium 861, Melbourne, Australia.
Caño-Delgado, A., Yin, Y. and Yu, C. 2004. BRL1 and BRL3 are novel brassinosteroid receptors that function in vascular differentiation in Arabidopsis. Development, 131, pp. 5341–5351. DOI: 10.1242/dev.01403
Ebrahimi, A., Vahdati, K. and Fallahi, F. 2007. Improved success of Persian walnut grafting under environmentally controlled conditions. International Journal of Fruit Science, 6(4), pp.3-12. DOI: /10.1300/ J492v06n04_02
Ebrahimi, A., Fattahi Moghadam, M.R. and Vahdati, K. 2008. The effects of environmental conditions, method and time on the success of budding in walnut. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research 38(2), pp.9-18 (in Persian).
Engine, H., Gökbayrak, Z. and Gündoğdu, M.A. 2021. The Effect of brassinosteroid (Homobrassinolide and Epibrassinolid) applications on walnut dwarfing. COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 9(2), pp.287–294.
Engine, H. and Gökbayrak, Z. 2022. Effect of brassinosteroid applications on flower sex distribution of 'Chandler' walnut cultivar. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(3), pp.548-554. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.1053275
Fariduddin, Q., Yusuf, M., Ahmad, I. and Ahmad, A. 2014. Brassinosteroids and their role in response of plants to abiotic stresses. Bologia Plantarium, 58, pp.9-17.
Farsi, M., Fattahi Moghadam, M.R., Zamani, Z. and Hassani, D. 2018. Effects of scion cultivar, rootstock age and hormonal treatment on minigrafting of Persian walnut. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 5(2), pp.185-197. DOI: 10.22059/IJHST.2018.255460.233
Ghaffari, A. and Khoshbakht, K. 2013. Effects of environmental conditions on growth and development of walnut trees. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 88(4), pp. 423-429.
Ghamari-Hesabi, F., Sharafi, Y. and V. Grigoryan. 2015. The effect of rootstock age and different grafting methods on the germination and callus formation of Iranian walnut. Pp.5. In: 9th Congress of Horticultural Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, F.T. and Geneve, R.L. 2011. Plant propagation: principles and practices. Pearson Education publication. USA. 425 pp.
Hassani, D., Sarikhani, S., Dastjerdi, D., Mahmoudi, R., Soleimani, A. and Vahdati, K. 2020. Situation and recent trends on cultivation and breeding of Persian walnut in Iran, Scientia Horticulturae, 270(3), pp.1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020. 109369
Hassankhah, A., Rahemi, M., Ramshini, H., Sarikhani, S. and Vahdati, K. 2020. Flowering in Persian walnut: patterns of gene expression during flower development. BMC plant biology, 20, e136. DOI: 10.1186/12870-020-02372-w
Iwasaki, T. and Shibaoka, H. 1991. Brassinosteroids act as regulators of tracheary- element differentiation in isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells. Plant Cell Physiology, 32, pp.1007–1014. DOI: 10.1093/ oxfordjournals. pcp. a078163
Jacobs, D.F., Woeste, K.E., Wilson, B.C. and McKenna, J.R. 2006. Stock quality of black walnut (Juglans nigra) seedlings as affected by-sib seed source and nursery sowing density. Acta Horticulturae, 705, pp.374-380. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.705.53
Karadeniz, T. 2014. The change graft in walnut and the importance of it in terms of walnut growing in Macedonia. Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design, pp.141-145.
Khajeali, M. and Mohammadkhani, A. 2015. The Effects of timing and grafting methods on graft success and scion growth in walnut (Juglans regia L.). Journal of crop production and processing, 5(15), pp.47-55 (in Persian). DOI: 20.1001.1. 22518517.13
Kuden, A. and Kaska, N. 1996. Studies on the patch budding of walnut in different budding periods under subtropical conditions. Acta Horticulture, 442, pp.229-301
Melnyk, C.W., Schuster, C., Leyser, O. and Meyerowitz, E.M. 2015. A developmental framework for 449 graft formation and vascular reconnection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Current Biology, 25(10), pp.1306-1318. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub. 2015.03.032
Mir, M. and Kumar, A. 2011. Effect of different methods, time and environmental conditions on grafting in walnut. International Journal of Farm Sciences, 1(2), pp.17–22.
Mitrović, M., Miletić, R., Lukić, M., Blagojević, M. and Rakićević, M. 2008. Impact of rootstock on callus formation in walnut grafted in room conditions. Journal of Pomology, 42(161), pp.43-47.
Mohseniazar, M. and Vahdati, K. 2018. Morphological traits survey of cluster-bearing walnuts half-sib progenies for selection of dwarf and precocious genotypes. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 19(3), pp.384-393 (in Persian). DOI: 20.1001.1.16807154.1397.19.3.5.9
Mouchel, C.F., Osmont, K.S. and Hardtke, C.S. 2006. BRX mediates feedback between brassinosteroid levels and auxin signaling in root growth. Nature, 443, pp.458–461. DOI: 10.1038/nature05130
Nagata, N., Asami, T. and Yoshida, S. 2001. Brassinazole, an inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis, inhibits development of secondary xylem in cress plants (Lepidium sativum). Plant Cell Physiology, 42, pp.1006–1011. DOI: 10.1093/pcp/ pce122
Nanda, A.K. and Melnyk, C.W. 2018. The role of plant hormones during grafting. Journal of Plant Research, 131, pp.49–58. DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0994-5
Ozkan, Y. and Gumuş, A. 2001. Effect of different applications on grafting under controlled conditions of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Acta Horticurae, 544, pp.515-520. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2001.544.71
Paunović, S.M., Miletić, R., Mitrović, M. and Janković, D. 2012. Graft-take success in walnut under controlled conditions and plant development in the nursery. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici, 40 (2), pp.170-176. DOI: 10.15835/nbha 4028145
Pirkhezri, M., Hassani, D. and Soleimani, A. 2010. Effects of IBA and GA3 on increasing the efficiency of patch budding in some Persian walnut cultivars. Journal of Horticultural science, 24(1), pp.64-69. (in Persian). DOI: 10.22067/jhorts4. v1389i1. 3654
Ramos, D.E. 1997. Walnut production manual. UCANR Publications. 320 pp.
Ráufi, A., Vahdati, K., Karimi, S. and Roozban, M.R. 2017. Optimizing early grafting of Persian walnut by evaluating different rootstocks, covering materials and grafting methods. Journal of Nuts, 8(2), pp.97-106.
Rezaee, R., Vahdati, K., Grigoorian, V. and Valizadeh, M. 2008. Walnut grafting success and bleeding rate as affected by different grafting methods and seedling vigour. Journal of Horticulture Science and Biotechnology, 83(1), pp.94-99. DOI: 10.1080/14620316.2008.11512352
Rezaee, R., Hassani, D. and Vahdati, K. 2015. Determination and evaluation of the best top working method for inferior walnut trees in West Azerbaijan. Journal of crop production and processing, 5(15), pp.1-11 (in Persian). DOI: 20.1001.1.225 18517. 1394.5.15.1.0
Saini, S., Sharma, I. and Pati, P.K. 2015. Versatile roles of brassinosteroid in plants in the context of its homoeostasis, signaling and crosstalks. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, pp.950-967. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00950
Sharma, C., Thapa, R., Thapaliya, K.P., Ghimire, M.S. and Adhikari, A. 2022. Exploring combinations of grafting time and scion cultivar in walnut grafting success under open field condition. Heliyon, 8, pp.1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j .heliyon. 2022. e12485
Singh, L., Awasthi, M., Priyanka, N. and Negi, M. 2019. Studies on success rate of grafting methods on walnut (Juglans regia L.) at different time under polyhouse condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(4), pp.2657-2659.
Soleimani, A., Rabiei, V. and Hassani, D. 2010. Effect of different techniques on walnut (Juglans regia L.) grafting. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 8 (2), pp.544-546.
Stanisavljevic, M. and Mitrovic, M. 1997. Effect of variety on successful grafting and development of nursery trees of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Acta Horticulturae, 442, pp.281-283. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.442.42
Symons, G.M. 2004. Brassinosteroids do not undergo long-distance transport in pea. Implications for the regulation of endogenous brassinosteroid levels. Plant Physiology, 135, pp.2196–2206. DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.043034
Thapa, R., Thapa, P., Ahamad, K. and Vahdati, K. 2021. Effect of grafting methods
Vahabi Hashemabadi, A., Hassanpour, H., Rezaee, R. and Nojavan S. 2023. Effect of grafting time and method on grafting success rate of two commercial walnut cultivars on seedling rootstock under greenhouse conditions. Seed and plant, 39(1), pp. 144-121 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spj.2023.363544.1324
Vahdati, K. 2003. Nursery management and grafting of walnut. Khaniran Publications. Tehran, Iran. 128 pp. (in Persian).
Vahdati, K., Sarikhani, S., Arab, M.M., Leslie, C.A., Dandekar, A.M., Aletà, N., Bielsa, B., Gradziel, T.M., Montesinos, A., Rubio-Cabetas, M.J., Sideli, G.M., Serdar, Ü., Akyüz, B., Beccaro, G.L., Donno, D., Rovira, M., Ferguson, L., Akbari, M., Sheikhi, A., Sestras, A.F., Kafkas, S., Paizila, A., Roozban, M.R., Kaur, A., Panta, S., Zhang, L., Sestras, R.E. and Mehlenbacher, S.A. 2021. Advances in rootstock breeding of nut trees: objectives and strategies. Journal of plants, 10(2234), pp.1-34. DOI: 10.3390/plants10112234
Vahdati, K., Sadeghi-Majd, R., Sestras, A.F., Licea-Moreno, R.J., Peixe, A. and Sestras, R.E. 2022. Clonal propagation of walnuts (Juglans spp.): a review on evolution from traditional techniques to application of biotechnology. Journal of plants, 11(3040), pp.1-25. DOI: 10.3390/plants11223040
Yazdi-Samadi, B., Rezaei, A. and M. Valizadeh. 2008. Statistical designs in agricultural research. University of Tehran Publications, Tehran, Iran. 674 pp. (in Persian).
Zhang, Y., Zhang, S. and Zhang, W. 2019. Effects of brassinosteroids on plant growth and development. Journal of Plant Physiology, 235, pp.100-111.
Zhu, J.Y., Sae-Seaw, J. and Wang, Z.Y. 2013. Brassinosteroid signaling. Development, 140, pp.1615–1620. DOI:10.1242/dev.06059 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 303 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 66 |
||