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ارزیابی کارآیی فرمولاسیونهای حاوی قارچ Trichoderma harzianum در کنترل بیولوژیکVerticillium dahliae Kleb. و تأثیر آنها روی پارامترهای رشد خیار | ||
| مهار زیستی در گیاهپزشکی | ||
| دوره 12، شماره 2، اسفند 1403، صفحه 49-64 اصل مقاله (695.6 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/bcpp.2026.371537.408 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| صبا سوهانگر1؛ شهرام نعیمی* 2؛ حمیدرضا زمانی زاده3؛ سعید رضائی4 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکترا، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 2دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک، مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 3استاد، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 4استادیار، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| خیار مهمترین محصول گلخانهای در کشور است. قارچ Verticillium dahliae، یکی از بیمارگرهای خطرناک در بسیاری از گیاهان زراعی و باغی از جمله خیار بوده و باعث ایجاد خسارتهای قابل توجه به محصولات کشاورزی میشود. کنترل بیولوژیک، شیوهای بیخطر و مطلوب برای مدیریت بیماری همراه با کاهش مصرف قارچکشهای شیمیایی به ویژه در گلخانهها میباشد. این تحقیق با هدف فرمانتاسیون و فرمولاسیون سویه بیوکنترل منتخب Trichoderma و ارزیابی کارآیی بیولوژیک فرمولاسیونها در گلخانه انجام شد. برای این منظور، ابتدا توان آنتاگونیستی 29 سویه تریکودرما علیه قارچ بیمارگر با روش کشت متقابل در آزمایشگاه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. سپس، فرمانتاسیون جامد سویه منتخب در بستر بذر گندم به مدت یک ماه در دمای اتاق انجام شد. در مرحله بعد، بستر کلونیزه شده داخل آون خشک شده و کنیدیهای تریکودرما با استفاده از دستگاه برداشت کنیدیهای قارچ، استحصال شدند. کنیدیها با مواد حامل (کائولین و خاک دیاتومه) و چسباننده (کربوکسی متیل سلولز و صمغ عربی) مخلوط شدند. عمر انبارداری فرمولاسیونها تا شش ماه در دو دمای اتاق و یخچال تعیین شد. کارآیی فرمولاسیونها با سه روش کاربرد (تیمار بذر، غوطهور کردن ریشه نشاها و اضافه کردن به خاک) در کنترل بیماری پژمردگی ورتیسیلیومی و افزایش پارامترهای رشد خیار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند و با شاهد سالم و آلوده مقایسه شدند. در آزمون کشت متقابل، همه سویههای تریکودرما با بیش از 50 درصد ممانعت از رشد میسلیومی، خاصیت آنتاگونیستی قابل توجهی علیه قارچ V. dahliae نشان دادند. در این میان، دو سویه SRV200 و DS303 متعلق به گونه T. harzianum، با 77/1 درصد بازدارندگی از رشد بیمارگر، مؤثرترین سویههای بیوکنترل بودند. عمر انبارداری فرمولاسیونها بعد از شش ماه نگهداری در هر دو دما،کاهش نشان داد و این روند نزولی جمعیت زنده قارچ در دمای یخچال به مراتب کمتر بود. با این حال، جمعیت نهایی در هر دو دمای اتاق و یخچال، بالا بود (به ترتیب بیش از 109 و 1010 CFUs/g). همه فرمولاسیونهای حاوی تریکودرما بیماری پژمردگی ورتیسیلیومی خیار را کنترل کردند (با کارآیی بیش از 45 درصد). در این میان، تیمار HDC–RD (فرمولاسیون شامل کنیدیهای تریکودرما، خاک دیاتومه و کربوکسی متیل سلولز و روش غوطهور کردن ریشه نشاها) با شاخص بیماری 10 درصد، کمترین میزان شدت بیماری را نشان داد و به اندازه 90 درصد بیماری را کنترل کرد. همچنین، تیمارهای HDC–RD و HKG–RD (فرمولاسیون شامل کنیدیهای تریکودرما، کائولن و صمغ عربی و روش غوطهور کردن ریشه نشاها) باعث افزایش معنیدار همه پارامترهای رشدی خیار (به جز طول ریشه) نسبت به شاهد آلوده شدند و با شاهد سالم اختلاف معنیدار آماری نداشتند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که کاربرد فرمولاسیونهای حاوی تریکودرما پتانسیل بالایی در کنترل مؤثر بیماری پژمردگی ورتیسیلیومی و افزایش رشد خیار داشته و میتواند به عنوان یک جایگزین مطمئن برای قارچکشهای شیمیایی در راستای کشاورزی پایدار و تأمین سلامت مصرفکنندگان و تحقق امنیت غذایی در کشور مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| فرمانتاسیون؛ مهار زیستی؛ آنتاگونیست؛ تریکودرما؛ روشهای کاربرد؛ افزایش رشد؛ گلخانه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluation of formulations containing Trichoderma harzianum in biocontrol of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and their effects on growth parameters of cucumber | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Saba Sohangar1؛ Shahram Naeimi2؛ Hamid Reza Zamanizadeh3؛ Saeed Rezaee4 | ||
| 1Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Biological Control Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 3Professor, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 4Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Cucumber is the most important greenhouse crop in Iran. Verticillium dahlia is a very dangerous pathogen of many plants including greenhouse–grown cucumber which causes considerable losses in agricultural crops. Biological control is a safe and suitable method for management of the disease alongside with reducing chemical fungicides especially in greenhouses. The aim of the current study was fermentation and formulation of the selected biocontrol strain of Trichoderma and evaluation of the bio–efficacy of formulations in greenhouse. The antagonistic potential of 29 Trichoderma strains was studied against the fungal pathogen using dual culture method. Then, solid–state fermentation of the selected Trichoderma strain was performed on wheat seeds for one month at room temperature. After drying the colonized substrate in the oven, Trichoderma conidia were harvested using a mycoharvester device. Conidia were mixed with carriers (kaolin and diatomaceous earth) and stickers (Carboxymethylcellulose and gum Arabic). Shelf life of the formulations was assessed up to six months at room temperature as well as refrigerator. Efficacy of formulations with three delivery methods (seed treatment, root dip and soil incorporation) were evaluated in controlling Verticillium wilt disease and promoting growth parameters of cucumber in compare to infected and uninfected controls. The results showed that all Trichoderma strains presented considerable antagonistic potential against V. dahliae with more than 50% inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogen in dual culture test. Among them, SRV200 and DS303 strains (both belonged to T. harzianum) with 77.1% growth inhibition were the most effective strains. The shelf life of formulations was declined after six months at both temperatures and the decrease in fungal population was lower at refrigerator. Nevertheless, the final population was considerably high at room temperature and refrigerator (109 and 1010 CFUs/g, respectively). All Trichoderma–based formulations, controlled Verticillium wilt of cucumber with more than 45% efficacy. Among them, HDC–RD (Harvested spores + Diatomaceous earth + CMC–Root Dip) with disease index of 10%, showed lowest disease severity and controlled the disease by 90%. Furthermore, HDC–RD and HKG–RD (Harvested spores + Kaoline + Gum Arabic–Root Dip) treatments caused significant increase in all growth parameters (except root length) compared to infected control and had no significant difference with uninfected control. Results of this study confirmed that application of bioformulations containing Trichoderma have high potential in effectively control Verticillium wilt and promoting cucumber growth and could be used as reliable alternative for chemical fungicides in concordance with sustainable agriculture, consumers health and food security. . | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Fermentation, Biological control, Antagonist, Delivery methods, Growth promotion, Greenhouse | ||
| مراجع | ||
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