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Omidi nowbijar, M., Barani, H., Forouzeh, M., Abedi sarvestani, A. (2025). Estimation of Water Footprint in Rice Production and Evaluation of the Factors Influencing It from the Perspective of Farmers' Traditional Knowledge. , 39(3), 303-319. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2026.370555.1092
Maedeh Omidi nowbijar; Hossein Barani; Mohamad Rahim Forouzeh; Ahmad Abedi sarvestani. "Estimation of Water Footprint in Rice Production and Evaluation of the Factors Influencing It from the Perspective of Farmers' Traditional Knowledge". , 39, 3, 2025, 303-319. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2026.370555.1092
Omidi nowbijar, M., Barani, H., Forouzeh, M., Abedi sarvestani, A. (2025). 'Estimation of Water Footprint in Rice Production and Evaluation of the Factors Influencing It from the Perspective of Farmers' Traditional Knowledge', , 39(3), pp. 303-319. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2026.370555.1092
Omidi nowbijar, M., Barani, H., Forouzeh, M., Abedi sarvestani, A. Estimation of Water Footprint in Rice Production and Evaluation of the Factors Influencing It from the Perspective of Farmers' Traditional Knowledge. , 2025; 39(3): 303-319. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2026.370555.1092

Estimation of Water Footprint in Rice Production and Evaluation of the Factors Influencing It from the Perspective of Farmers' Traditional Knowledge

پژوهش آب در کشاورزی
Volume 39, Issue 3, December 2025, Pages 303-319    PDF (1.82 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.22092/jwra.2026.370555.1092
Authors
Maedeh Omidi nowbijar* 1; Hossein Barani2; Mohamad Rahim Forouzeh3; Ahmad Abedi sarvestani4
1Ph.D. in Range science and engineering, Department of Rangeland Management, Faculty of rangeland and watershed management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
2Associate Prof., Department of Rangeland Management, and Faculty of rangeland and watershed management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3Associate Prof., Department of Rangeland Management, and Faculty of rangeland and watershed management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
4Associate Prof., Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of agricultural management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the water footprint of rice cultivation and the evaluation of factors influencing it from the perspective of traditional knowledge during the 2022 cropping season in Gilan Province. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. The volumetric method was applied to calculate the water footprint, including direct footprint estimated with CropWat 8.0 and the indirect water footprint was calculated as the product of each input quantity and its corresponding global average water footprint coefficient. Traditional knowledge was investigated using ethnographic methods, and the findings were analyzed through coding with MAXQDA 2020. Results indicated that annual mean direct water footprint of rice was approximately 1,982 M3.ton-1.year-1, of which 75% was blue water, 16% green water, and 9% grey water. The indirect water footprint was estimated at 53 M3. t-1. Year-1, while water use efficiency in rice production was 0.49 kg.M-3. Year. Additionally, irrigation losses were estimated at 6,701 M3.ha-1. Year-1. Farmers recognized the effectiveness of practices in managing water, land, seed, and transplanting, with contributions of 50%, 40%, and 10%, respectively, to reducing the water footprint. Given the proportion of green and blue water footprints in Gilan Province compared to other regions of the country, as well as the strategic role of rice in ensuring food security, the continuation of rice production in this province is essential. In this regard, integrating traditional farmers' knowledge including land management, the utilization of indigenous varieties, and appropriate planting timing with modern management practices such as alternate wetting and drying irrigation can play an effective role in improving water consumption management. Furthermore, production planning based on regional-scale water footprint assessment, modification of consumption patterns, and strengthening of irrigation infrastructure will, while protecting water resources, enhance the resilience of the production system and ensure the sustainability of farmers' livelihoods.
Keywords
Rice water footprint; Blue water; Green water; Grey water
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