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کریم زاده, زهرا, محمدی, محمد حسین, بشارتی, حسین. (1404). تغییرات شدت تبخیر از خاک شنی و لوم رسی شنی در اثر باکتری باسیلوس ولزنسیس. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 39(4), 437-453. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2026.371357.799
زهرا کریم زاده; محمد حسین محمدی; حسین بشارتی. "تغییرات شدت تبخیر از خاک شنی و لوم رسی شنی در اثر باکتری باسیلوس ولزنسیس". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 39, 4, 1404, 437-453. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2026.371357.799
کریم زاده, زهرا, محمدی, محمد حسین, بشارتی, حسین. (1404). 'تغییرات شدت تبخیر از خاک شنی و لوم رسی شنی در اثر باکتری باسیلوس ولزنسیس', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 39(4), pp. 437-453. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2026.371357.799
کریم زاده, زهرا, محمدی, محمد حسین, بشارتی, حسین. تغییرات شدت تبخیر از خاک شنی و لوم رسی شنی در اثر باکتری باسیلوس ولزنسیس. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1404; 39(4): 437-453. doi: 10.22092/ijsr.2026.371357.799

تغییرات شدت تبخیر از خاک شنی و لوم رسی شنی در اثر باکتری باسیلوس ولزنسیس

پژوهش های خاک
دوره 39، شماره 4، اسفند 1404، صفحه 437-453    اصل مقاله (1.48 M)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijsr.2026.371357.799
نویسندگان
زهرا کریم زاده1؛ محمد حسین محمدی* 1؛ حسین بشارتی2
1گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران
2مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب (SWRI)، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO)، کرج، ایران
چکیده
در این پژوهش اثر تلقیح باکتری Bacillus velezensis تولیدکننده پلیمر γ‑PGA، بر شدت تبخیر از دو خاک با بافت­های شنی و لومی‌ رسی ‌شنی، به‌صورت آزمایشگاهی، بررسی گردید. آزمایش‌ها در ستون‌های PVC با سه تیمار شامل، شاهد (آب)، تلقیح نسبت 1:5 و 1:10 سوسپانسیون به آب با جمعیت­های 108×4 و 108×8 (CFU-1 mL)  اجرا شد و میزان تبخیر از خاک طی ۱۰ الی ۱۱ روز با وزن‌­کردن روزانه پایش شد. شبیه‌سازی با نرم‌افزار HYDRUS‑1D انجام و پارامترهای هیدرولیکی به همراه شاخص‌های دینامیک آب خاک، شامل؛ مکش و رطوبت ظرفیت زراعی و طول مشخصه تبخیر با استفاده از حل معکوس برآورد شد. نتایج نشان داد که تلقیح باکتری، تبخیر تجمعی را در هر دو خاک کاهش داد و این اثر در خاک شنی بیشتر از لوم‌رسی‌شنی بود. در اثر تلقیح خاک با باکتری باسیلوس ولزنسیس، میانگین وزنی هدایت هیدرولیکی و طول مشخصه تبخیر (Lc​) و پتانسیل ماتریک بحرانی ظرفیت مزرعه (ΨFC) کاهش و زمان مشخصه رسیدن به ظرفیت مزرعه (tFC​) افزایش یافت. تغییرات ویژگی‌های هیدرولیکی خاک نیز با تراکم جمعیت باکتری تلقیح­شده غیرخطی بود و کارایی غلظت پایین‌تر باکتری در کاهش تبخیر در برخی شرایط بیشتر بود که احتمال خودمهارگری در تراکم‌های بالاتر را نشان می­دهد.این  یافته‌ها ظرفیت مهندسی زیستی برای مهار تبخیر و بهبود آب سبز در خاک‌های درشت‌دانه را تأیید کرد. توصیه می­شود مطالعات آینده اعتبارسنجی مزرعه‌ای و تعیین دوز بهینه را مورد بررسی قرار دهند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
پلی‌گاما گلوتامیک اسید؛ تبخیر؛ خواص هیدرولیکی خاک؛ مدل‌سازی معکوس
عنوان مقاله [English]
Changes in Soil Evaporation Intensity in Sandy and Sandy Clay Loam Soils as Affected by Inoculation with Bacillus velezensis
نویسندگان [English]
Zahra Karimzadeh1؛ Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi1؛ Hossein Besharati2
1Department of Soil Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Background and Objectives: Direct evaporation from bare soil is a major pathway of “green water” loss in arid and semi‑arid regions, and reducing it can improve agricultural water use efficiency. In this study, the effect of inoculating the γ‑PGA‑producing plant growth‑promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus velezensis on evaporation intensity and key hydraulic indicators was evaluated in two contrasting soil textures: sand and sandy clay loam. A complementary objective was to use HYDRUS‑1D inverse modelling as an analytical tool to estimate effective hydraulic parameters and interpret shifts in evaporation regime after inoculation.
Materials and Methods: A column experiment was conducted using PVC cylinders (15 cm height, 4.5 cm internal diameter) packed with a sandy soil (S) and a sandy clay loam (SCL). Treatments consisted of a distilled‑water control (C) and two inoculum levels, with volumetric suspension‑to‑water ratios of 1:5 and 1:10, corresponding to approximately 8×10^8 and 4×10^8 CFU mL⁻¹, respectively. Columns were saturated from the bottom with the assigned solution and then exposed to laboratory evaporation for 10–11 days, while daily mass loss was recorded and converted to cumulative evaporation. The cumulative evaporation time series for each column were used in HYDRUS‑1D (Richards equation with van Genuchten–Mualem functions) to inversely estimate θr, θs, α, n, and Ks. From the fitted parameters, dynamic soil–water indicators such as characteristic evaporation length (Lc), matric potential at field capacity (ΨFC), characteristic time to reach field capacity (tFC) and an effective mean unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (km) were derived to diagnose the mechanisms underlying evaporation changes.
 
Results: Bacterial inoculation suppressed cumulative evaporation in both textures, with markedly larger effects in the sand: after 11 days, S-B1:5 and S‑B1:10 reduced evaporation by 40.5% and 54.4% versus S-C (3.12 cm → 1.85 cm and 1.42 cm), while SCL‑B1:5 and SCL-B1:10 achieved 6.9% and 12.1% reductions versus SCL-C (3.62 cm → 3.38 and 3.19 cm). HYDRUS-1D reproduced dynamics with high fidelity (R² = 0.996–0.999; low bias/error), enabling robust parameter inference. In the sand, inoculation transformed evaporation from step-like capillarity control into smoother diffusion -dominated trends via near-surface γ-PGA biofilm, disrupting capillary continuity. Metrics confirmed this: Lc decreased (26.5 → 17.6 → 15.4 cm), tFC increased (0.32 → 0.40 → 0.52 days), and ΨFC declined (36.2 → 21.4 → 19.7 cm). SCL showed modest but evident effects, with higher inoculum reducing Lc (~18 cm) and extending tFC (~4.5 days). The 1:10 inoculum often outperformed 1:5, indicating self-limitation at higher densities constraining γ-PGA efficacy. γ-PGA biofilms reshape hydraulic networks, shifting coarse sands from capillary-to diffusion-limited evaporation, wich was captured by VGM parameters and dynamic indicators (Lc↓, tFC↑). Coarser textures yielded greater gains, aligning with capillary theory.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the results support the potential of Bacillus velezensis inoculation as a “bioengineering” strategy to suppress bare‑soil evaporation, particularly in coarse‑textured soils where green‑water conservation is most critical. The observed non‑monotonic response to inoculum level highlights the need to optimise dosage with respect to soil texture and target process. Given the laboratory column scale of this proof‑of‑concept, field‑scale validation and explicit quantification of γ‑PGA/EPS production are recommended to refine the mechanistic interpretation and to develop practical guidelines for the use of B. velezensis in water‑limited cropping systems.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
bare-soil Evaporation, inverse modeling, poly-gamma-glutamic acid, soil hydraulic properties
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