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معرفی مخمرهای Candida membranifaciens و Rhodotorula mucilaginosa به عنوان عوامل موثر در کنترل بیولوژیک بیماریهای کپک سبز و آبی میوه مرکبات | ||
| مهار زیستی در گیاهپزشکی | ||
| دوره 12، شماره 2، اسفند 1403، صفحه 1-12 اصل مقاله (556.54 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/bcpp.2025.370897.400 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| فرید بیکی فیروزجاهی* | ||
| استادیار، موسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پوسیدگیهای پس از برداشت در میوههای مرکبات یکی از چالشهای اساسی در زنجیره تولید و نگهداری این محصولات بهشمار میرود که عمدتاً بر اثر فعالیت بیمارگرهای قارچی ایجاد میشود. در این میان، بیماریهای کپک سبز (Penicillium digitatum) و کپک آبی (P. italicum) از مهمترین عوامل خسارتزا محسوب میشوند. مدیریت این بیماریها معمولاً از طریق مصرف قارچکشهای شیمیایی انجام میگیرد، اما نگرانیهای مربوط به آثار زیستمحیطی و بروز جدایههای مقاوم، ضرورت توسعه و بهکارگیری روشهای جایگزین را بیش از پیش آشکار ساخته است. در سالهای اخیر، استفاده از عوامل مهارزیستی بهویژه مخمرهای آنتاگونیست، بهعنوان رویکردی پایدار و سازگار با محیط زیست برای کنترل بیماریهای پس از برداشت میوههای مرکبات، توجه بسیاری از پژوهشگران را به خود جلب کرده است. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی توان مهارزیستی مخمرهای جداشده از سطوح میوههای مرکبات در برابر عوامل بیماریهای کپک سبز و آبی میوه مرکبات انجام شده است. برای این منظور، نمونههای میوه از باغهای مختلف استان مازندران جمعآوری و مخمرهای بومی متنوعی از آنها جداسازی گردید. بر اساس خصوصیات فنوتیپی، نمایندههایی از هر گروه مخمر انتخاب و توانایی آنها در مهار رشد و توسعه آلودگی ناشی از قارچهای یادشده بر روی میوه پرتقال رقم تامسون ناول مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ابتدا سطح میوهها با ایجاد خراشهای سطحی مشابه حالت طبیعی ایجاد و سپس در سوسپانسیون مخمر (با غلظت ۱۰8 سلول در هر میلیلیتر آب) قرار داده شدند. پس از آن، آلودهسازی میوهها با استفاده از سوسپانسیون اسپور قارچهای بیمارگر (با غلظت ۱۰5 اسپور در هر میلیلیتر) انجام گرفت. پس از گذشت دو هفته نگهداری در شرایط انباری، درصد بروز بیماری ثبت و دادهها بر اساس طرح آزمایشی فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان میدهد نوع مخمر و نوع بیمارگر هر دو اثر معنیداری بر میزان کارایی مهارزیستی دارند. شناسایی مولکولی جدایههای برتر با استفاده از تعیین ترادف ناحیه ژنی ITS با استفاده از آغازگرهای اختصاصی ITS1 و ITS4 انجام شد و بر این اساس دو مخمر به ترتیب به عنوان Candida membranifaciens و Rhodotorula mucilaginosa شناسایی گردیدند. ارزیابی کارایی مهارزیستی بر اساس فرمول ابوت نیز نشان میدهد این دو مخمر در کاهش پوسیدگی به ویژه ناشی از کپک سبز بسیار مؤثر بودهاند، بهطوریکه کارایی آنها در مهار کپک سبز بهترتیب ۹۸ و ۹۹ درصد برآورد شد. در مقابل، در خصوص کنترل کپک آبی، کارآیی کمتر بوده و بهترتیب ۵۰ و ۵۸ درصد گزارش میگردد. در مجموع، نتایج این پژوهش نشان میدهد استفاده از مخمرهای آنتاگونیست بومی میتواند بهعنوان جایگزینی زیستسازگار و مؤثر برای قارچکشهای شیمیایی در مدیریت پوسیدگیهای پس از برداشت میوههای مرکبات مورد استفاده قرار گیرد و راهکار مناسبی برای توسعه سیستمهای مدیریت تلفیقی بیماریهای پس از برداشت ارائه دهد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| پوسیدگی انباری؛ P. italicum؛ Penicillium digitatum؛ مهارزیستی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Introduction of Candida membranifaciens and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Yeasts as Effective Biocontrol Agents against Citrus Fruit Green and Blue Mold Diseases | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Farid Beiki Firouzjahi | ||
| Assistant Professor, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Postharvest decay in citrus fruits is considered one of the major challenges in the production and storage chain of these products, primarily caused by the activity of fungal pathogens. Among these, green mold (Penicillium digitatum) and blue mold (P. italicum) are regarded as the most important agents of damage. Management of these diseases is usually carried out by using chemical fungicides; however, concerns regarding their environmental impact and the emergence of resistant strains have increasingly highlighted the need to develop and apply alternative methods. In recent years, the use of biocontrol agents, especially antagonistic yeasts, has attracted considerable attention from researchers as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to controlling postharvest diseases in citrus fruits. This study was conducted to evaluate the biocontrol potential of yeasts isolated from citrus fruits surfaces against the causal agents of green and blue mold diseases in citrus. To this purpose, fruit samples were collected from various orchards in Mazandaran province, and various indigenous yeasts were isolated from them. Based on phenotypic characteristics, representatives from each yeast group were selected, and their ability to inhibit the growth and development of infections caused by the aforementioned fungi was examined on Thomson Navel oranges. First, superficial scratches similar to natural damage were made on the surface of the fruits, after which they were placed in a suspension of yeast (at a concentration of 10^8 cells per milliliter of water). Subsequently, the fruits were inoculated with a suspension of pathogenic fungal spores (at a concentration of 10^5 spores per milliliter). After two weeks of storage under warehouse conditions, the incidence of disease was recorded and the data were subjected to statistical analysis based on a factorial experimental design in a completely randomized layout. The results show that both the type of yeast and the type of pathogen have a significant effect on the biocontrol efficiency. Molecular identification of the superior isolates was carried out using sequencing of the ITS gene region with specific ITS1 and ITS4 primers, and based on this, the two yeasts were identified as Candida membranifaciens and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, respectively. Biocontrol performance assessment according to Abbott’s formula also shows that these two yeasts were highly effective in reducing decay, especially decay caused by green mold, with their efficacy in controlling green mold estimated at 98% and 99%, respectively. In contrast, for controlling blue mold, the efficacy was lower, reported at 50% and 58%, respectively. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the use of indigenous antagonistic yeasts can serve as an effective and eco–friendly alternative to chemical fungicides in the management of postharvest decay in citrus fruits and offers a suitable strategy for the development of integrated postharvest disease management systems. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Postharvest decay, Penicillium italicum, P. digitatum, Biocontrol | ||
| مراجع | ||
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