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اثر تراکم کشت، روش آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) در سیستم کشت نشائی | ||
| چغندرقند | ||
| مقاله 5، دوره 41، شماره 1، شهریور 1404، صفحه 49-72 اصل مقاله (972.54 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/jsb.2025.370557.1394 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| غلامرضا محسن آبادی* 1؛ حسین محمدی پاکدهی2؛ محمد حسن بیگلوئی3؛ حسن حبیبی4؛ ولی الله یوسف آبادی5 | ||
| 1گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، گیلان، ایران. | ||
| 21. گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، گیلان، ایران. | ||
| 3گروه آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان | ||
| 4دانشگاه گیسن آلمان | ||
| 5موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح وتهیه نهال و بذرچغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| عملکرد کمی و کیفی چغندرقند به میزان قابل‌توجهی به شیوه‌های مختلف به زراعی واکنش نشان می‌دهد. به‌منظور بررسی اثر تراکم، روش آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی چغندرقند نشائی در منطقه آبیک استان قزوین آزمایشی طی دو سال ( 1401 و 1402) اجرا گردید. آزمایش به‌صورت طرح کرت‌های دو بار خردشده و در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: تراکم کشت در دو سطح 83 و 100 هزار بوته در هکتار در کرت اصلی و سه روش آبیاری فارو، قطره‌ای نواری و فارو یک‌درمیان در کرت فرعی همراه با سه سطح نیتروژن 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در کرت فرعی فرعی. فاصله قطره‌چکان‌ها در نوارها 20 سانتی‌متر بود. نتایج تجزیه مرکب داده‌ها نشان داد، تراکم کشت بر صفات مورفولوژیک و میزان سدیم معنی‌دار بود. روش آبیاری بر صفات مورفولوژیک، درصد قند، درصد ملاس، میزان سدیم و نیتروژن مضره معنی‌دار شد. همچنین نیتروژن بر صفات مورفولوژیک اثر معنی‌داری داشت. افزایش تراکم باعث کاهش طول و عرض برگ، قطر ریشه و وزن ماده خشک شد، درحالی‌که آبیاری قطره‌ای و استفاده از سطوح بالاتر نیتروژن به بهبود این صفات کمک کرد. سال اول آزمایش نسبت به سال دوم عملکرد بهتری در اکثر صفات نشان داد. بیشترین طول و عرض برگ در تراکم 83 هزار بوته در هکتار و آبیاری قطره‌ای مشاهده شد. افزایش نیتروژن تا 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار باعث افزایش طول ریشه (7/32 سانتی‌متر) و عملکرد ریشه (61/113 تن در هکتار) شد. بیشترین قند با میزان 24/20 درصد و کمترین میزان نیتروژن مضره با میانگین (04/3 میلی‌مول در 100 گرم خمیر) در روش آبیاری قطره‌ای مشاهده شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که تراکم 83 هزار بوته در هکتار، روش قطره‌ای و مصرف 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن نسبت به سایر سطوح به‌طور قابل‌توجهی عملکرد و کیفیت چغندرقند را بهبود می‌بخشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| درصد قند؛ درصد ملاس؛ صفات مورفولوژیک؛ عملکرد ریشه چغندرقند | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of planting density, irrigation method, and nitrogen fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative performance of sugar beet under transplanting system | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Gholamreza Mohsenabadi1؛ Hossein Mohammadi Pakdehi2؛ Mohammad Hassan Biglooi3؛ Hasan Habibi4؛ Valiollah Yousefabadi5 | ||
| 1Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Guilan | ||
| 2Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan | ||
| 3Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan | ||
| 4University of Giessen, Germany. | ||
| 5Sugar Beet Seedling and Seed Breeding and Production Research Institute. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods A two-year field experiment (2022 and 2023) was conducted in Abyek, Qazvin Province. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments included two planting densities (83,000 and 100,000 plants per hectare) as the main plots (C₁ and C₂), three irrigation methods (furrow, drip tape, and alternate furrow) as the subplots (I₁, I₂, and I₃), and three nitrogen fertilizer levels (50, 100, and 150 kg N ha-1) as the sub–subplots (N₁, N₂, and N₃). The distance between emitters in the drip lines was 20 cm. The German monogerm sugar beet cultivar 'Puma' was used. Seedlings were raised in a nursery and transplanted at the 8-10 leaf stage, approximately 60 days after sowing. Irrigation scheduling was managed using the CROPWAT 8.0 software based on daily meteorological data from the local station, with application efficiencies of 95% for drip and 60% for furrow irrigation. Morphological traits including leaf length and width, root length and diameter, plant height, and number of leaves, as well as root yield and quality parameters (sugar content, extractable sugar, molasses percentage, sodium, potassium, and alpha-amino nitrogen) were measured at harvest. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software, and mean comparisons were performed using Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. Results The combined analysis of variance revealed that planting density, irrigation method, and nitrogen fertilization significantly influenced most measured traits. Morphological Traits and Yield: Drip irrigation (I2) combined with the lower planting density of 83,000 plants ha⁻¹ (C1) produced the highest values for leaf length (46.86 cm), leaf width (18.75 cm), root diameter, plant height (105.88 cm), and dry matter weight (1319.94 g). In contrast, alternate furrow irrigation (I3) at the higher density (C2) resulted in the lowest values. Root yield was highest (113.61 T ha⁻¹) under drip irrigation at the C1 density. Quality Parameters: Sugar content (20.24%) and extractable sugar coefficient were maximized under drip irrigation (I2) at C1 density. The lowest molasses percentage and alpha-amino nitrogen content (3.04 mmol/100g pulp) were also recorded under this treatment. Conversely, higher planting density (C2) combined iwth furrow irrigation increased sodium content and root alkalinity. Nitrogen application up to 150 kg ha⁻¹ increased root length but occasionally reduced the extractable sugar coefficient, indicating a potential negative impact on processing quality at very high rates. Discussion The superior performance under drip irrigation is attributed to the uniform and efficient application of water and nutrients directly to the root zone, which reduces stress and optimizes growth conditions. Lower planting density (83,000 plants ha⁻¹) minimized inter-plant competition for resources such as light, water, and nutrients, allowing for better individual plant development and larger root size, thereby contributing to higher yield and quality. The response to nitrogen was complex. While increasing nitrogen up to 150 kg ha⁻¹ improved vegetative growth and root yield, the optimal rate for balancing yield with high sugar quality (extractable sugar) was 100 kg N ha⁻¹. This aligns with previous studies indicaing that excessive nitrogen promotes vegetative growth at the expense of sucrose accumulation and increases impurities like alpha-amino nitrogen. The significant interaction between year and other factors highlights the influence of climatic variations between the two growing seasons, highlighting the importance of adaptable management practices. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the interaction of planting density, irrigation method, and nitrogen fertilization is crucial for optimizing sugar beet production. The combination of lower planting density (83,000 plants ha⁻¹), drip irrigation, and moderate nitrogen application rate (100 kg N ha⁻¹) provided the best results for both quantitative yield and qualitative traits (sugar content and purity) in transplanted sugar beet in the Abyek region. This management strategy efficiently utilizes resources, improves water productivity, and maximizes economic returns, providing valuable guidance for farmers in similar semi-arid environments. Keywords: Molasses percentage, Morphological traits, Sugar beet root yield, Sugar content. References Shirinzadeh N, Biglouei MH, Akhavan K, Mohammadi A. The Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Irrigation Method on Water Productivity, Yield, and Yield Components of Wheat. Journal of Crops Improvement. 2022; 24(2): 283-296. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2021.309207.2444 Khaembah EN, Nelson WR. Transplanting as a means to enhance crop security of fodder beet. bioRxiv. 2016. p.056408. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/056408 Al-Dhumri SA, Al Mosallam MS, Zhang W, Alharbi S, Abou-Elwafa SF. Application of molasses as an eco-innovative approach substitutes mineral N fertilization and enhances sugar beet productivity. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2023; 14: 287–296. 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| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Molasses percentage, Morphological traits, Sugar beet root yield, Sugar percentage | ||
| مراجع | ||
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