اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات282
تعداد نشریات سازمان80
تعداد شماره‌ها3,208
تعداد مقالات35,560
تعداد مشاهده مقاله53,002,036
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله92,287,671
Asadian, Amir Hassan. (1404). Agronomic Practices Affecting Yield and Phytochemical Composition of Thymus vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 15(1), 1-13. doi: 10.22034/jmpb.2025.370742.2053
Amir Hassan Asadian. "Agronomic Practices Affecting Yield and Phytochemical Composition of Thymus vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 15, 1, 1404, 1-13. doi: 10.22034/jmpb.2025.370742.2053
Asadian, Amir Hassan. (1404). 'Agronomic Practices Affecting Yield and Phytochemical Composition of Thymus vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 15(1), pp. 1-13. doi: 10.22034/jmpb.2025.370742.2053
Asadian, Amir Hassan. Agronomic Practices Affecting Yield and Phytochemical Composition of Thymus vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1404; 15(1): 1-13. doi: 10.22034/jmpb.2025.370742.2053

Agronomic Practices Affecting Yield and Phytochemical Composition of Thymus vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review

Journal of Medicinal plants and By-products
مقاله 1، دوره 15، شماره 1، فروردین و اردیبهشت 2026، صفحه 1-13    اصل مقاله (1.11 M)
نوع مقاله: Review Paper
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jmpb.2025.370742.2053
نویسنده
Amir Hassan Asadian* 1، 2
1Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2Department of Research Group of Drought and Climate Change, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
چکیده
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants in the world, holding a special place in the pharmaceutical, food, and health industries due to its valuable bioactive compounds, including thymol and carvacrol. The quality and quantity of these compounds are significantly influenced by environmental conditions (light intensity, particularly in direct sunlight), agricultural management (suitable fertilization and irrigation techniques), and postharvest practices. This study examines the primary factors and agronomic practices that influence thyme yield and quality. This narrative review is based on a thorough search of numerous scientific databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, for relevant articles published up to November 2025. The search strategy included the terms “Thymus vulgaris,” “Garden thyme,” “Agronomic practices,” “Yield,” “Bioactive compounds,” “Essential oil,” “Thymol,” “Carvacrol,” “Environmental factors,” “Irrigation management,” “Fertilization,” “Harvest time,” and “Postharvest processing.” The results showed that light, temperature, climate, planting density and pattern, irrigation and plant nutrition, weed and pest control, and harvest timing are key factors in the yield and quality of phytochemicals. In addition, the use of organic and biological fertilizers, bio-stimulants, mycorrhiza, and endophytes, as well as foliar sprays of mineral elements and hormones, can increase production and maintain the quality of bioactive compounds. Overall, this research demonstrates that integrated and sustainable management approaches can significantly enhance the economic and medicinal value of garden thyme, providing farmers and the herbal industry with valuable insights to improve essential oil quality and yield. 
کلیدواژه‌ها
Garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris)؛ Bioactive compounds؛ Essential oil؛ Agronomic management؛ Environmental conditions
مراجع
  1. Waheed M., Hussain M.B., Saeed F., Afzaal M., Ahmed A., Irfan R., Akram N., Ahmed F., Hailu G.G. Phytochemical profiling and therapeutic potential of thyme (Thymus spp.): A medicinal herb. Food Science & Nutrition. 2024;12(12):9893-912.
  2. Taher M.S., Salloom Y.F., Al-Asadi R.A.U.H., Al-Mousswi Z.J., Alamrani H.A. The medicinal importance of Thyme plant (Thymus vulgaris). Biomedicine. 2021;41(3):531-34.
  3. Kowalczyk A., Przychodna M., Sopata S., Bodalska A., Fecka I. Thymol and Thyme Essential Oil-New Insights into Selected Therapeutic Applications. Molecules. 2020;25(18).
  4. Patil S.M., Ramu R., Shirahatti P.S., Shivamallu C., Amachawadi R.G. A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Thymus vulgaris Linn. Heliyon. 2021;7(5):e07054.
  5. Bakó C., Balázs V.L., Kerekes E., Kocsis B., Nagy D.U., Szabó P., Micalizzi G., Mondello L., Krisch J., Pethő D. Flowering phenophases influence the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2023;23(1):168.
  6. Amer M., El Asely A.M., Shaheen A. Assessing of the antibacterial properties of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil against streptococcus spp. isolated from clinical cases in Nile tilapia: an in vitro study. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal. 2024;47(2):7-11.
  7. Güngör B., Genç O. Antibacterial activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extracts against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi. 2025;36(1):58-63.
  8. Kumar D., Ansari A., Bajpai A.B., Rai N., Kumar N. Thymus vulgaris L.(Thyme): A herbal remedy against fungal infections. Environment Conservation Journal. 2025;26(1):219-25.
  9. Qi X., Zhong S., Schwarz P., Chen B., Rao J. Mechanisms of antifungal and mycotoxin inhibitory properties of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil and their major chemical constituents in emulsion-based delivery system. Industrial Crops and Products. 2023;197:116575.
  10. Dardona Z., Amane M., Dardona A., Boussa S. The anti-parasitic activity of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme): A literature review. Int J Sci Res Arch. 2024;11(1):2243-58.
  11. Pandur E., Micalizzi G., Mondello L., Horváth A., Sipos K., Horváth G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils prepared at different plant phenophases on Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS-activated THP-1 macrophages. Antioxidants. 2022;11(7):1330.
  12. Boutalaka M., El Bahi S., Maghat H., Lakhlifi T., Bouachrine M. Evaluating the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Thymus Vulgaris Extracts: In Vitro Assessment of Solvent Effects on 5-LOX Inhibition and In Silico Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Interacting with COX Enzymes. Physical Chemistry Research. 2025;13(3):583-605.
  13. Benedetti S., Nasoni M.G., Luchetti F., Palma F. New insights into the cytotoxic effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on the human triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Toxicology in Vitro. 2023;93:105705.
  14. Saleem A., Afzal M., Naveed M., Makhdoom S.I., Mazhar M., Aziz T., Khan A.A., Kamal Z., Shahzad M., Alharbi M. HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS analyses of Thymus vulgaris phytochemicals executing in vitro and in vivo biological activities and effects on COX-1, COX-2 and gastric cancer genes computationally. Molecules. 2022;27(23):8512.
  15. Bıtgen N., Onder G.O., Baran M., Yay A. Cytotoxicity screening of Thymus vulgaris L. in breast cancer: in vitro study. Toxicology Research. 2023;12(4):584-90.
  16. Balaky S.T.J. Anti H. pylori, anti-secretory and gastroprotective effects of Thymus vulgaris on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in Sprague Dawley rats. Plos one. 2024;19(1):e0287569.
  17. Akhter N., Rafiq I., Jamil A., Chauhdary Z., Mustafa A., Nisar A. Neuroprotective effect of Thymus vulgaris on paraquat induced Parkinson's disease. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2025;761:151740.
  18. Ouknin M., Alahyane H., Ait Aabd N., Elgadi S., Lghazi Y., Majidi L. Comparative Analysis of Five Moroccan Thyme Species: Insights into Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential, Anti-Enzymatic Properties, and Insecticidal Effects. Plants. 2025;14(1):116.
  19. Raeeszadeh M., Shokrollahi B., Akbari A., Masumi S., Amiri A.A. Thyme extract could overcome diabetes-induced reproductive dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative damage and increasing the expression of insulin receptor substrate and pyruvate kinase in the rat sperm. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2024;76(5):534-44.
  20. Nadi A., Shiravi A.A., Mohammadi Z., Aslani A., Zeinalian M. Thymus vulgaris, a natural pharmacy against COVID-19: A molecular review. Journal of herbal medicine. 2023;38:100635.
  21. Sardari S., Mobaiend A., Ghassemifard L., Kamali K., Khavasi N. Therapeutic effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil on patients with covid19: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2021;29(133):83-91.
  22. Yao Y., Whent M., Li Y., Liu Z., Pehrsson P., Sun J., Chen P., Huang D., Wang T.T., Wu X. Chemical Composition of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Extracts, Potential Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein–ACE2 Binding and ACE2 Activity, and Radical Scavenging Capacity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2023;71(49):19523-30.
  23. Eskandarpour E., Ahadi A., Jazani A.M., Azgomi R.N.D., Molatefi R. Thymus vulgaris ameliorates cough in children with asthma exacerbation: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Allergologia et immunopathologia. 2024;52(1):9-15.
  24. Hossain M.A., Alrashdi Y.B.A., Al Touby S. A review on essential oil analyses and biological activities of the traditionally used medicinal plant Thymus vulgaris L. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite. 2022;9(1):103-11.
  25. Park S.-Y., Raka R.N., Hui X.-L., Song Y., Sun J.-L., Xiang J., Wang J., Jin J.-M., Li X.-K., Xiao J.-S. Six Spain Thymus essential oils composition analysis and their in vitro and in silico study against Streptococcus mutans. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2023;23(1):106.
  26. Ashraf M.Z., Ramasamy S. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Study of Thymus vulgaris: a review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology. 2024;11(4):190-201.
  27. Hasanaliyeva G., Chatzidimitrou E., Wang J., Baranski M., Volakakis N., Pakos P., Seal C., Rosa E.A.S., Markellou E., Iversen P.O., Vigar V., Willson A., Barkla B., Leifert C., Rempelos L. Effect of Organic and Conventional Production Methods on Fruit Yield and Nutritional Quality Parameters in Three Traditional Cretan Grape Varieties: Results from a Farm Survey. Foods. 2021;10(2).
  28. Hashemifar Z., Sanjarian F., Naghdi Badi H., Mehrafarin A. Impact of varying light intensities on morphology, phytochemistry, volatile compounds, and gene expression in Thymus vulgaris L. Plos one. 2025;20(2):e0317840.
  29. Kulbat-Warycha K., Nawrocka J., Kozłowska L., Żyżelewicz D. Effect of Light Conditions, Trichoderma Fungi and Food Polymers on Growth and Profile of Biologically Active Compounds in Thymus vulgaris and Thymus serpyllum. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(9):4846.
  30. da Cunha Honorato A., Nohara G.A., de Assis R.M., Maciel J.F., de Carvalho A.A., Pinto J.E., Bertolucci S.K. Colored shade nets and different harvest times alter the growth, antioxidant status, and quantitative attributes of glandular trichomes and essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2023;35:100474.
  31. Kosakowska O., Węglarz Z., Bączek K. The Effect of open field and foil tunnel on yield and quality of the common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), in organic farming. Agronomy. 2021;11(2):197.
  32. Seyedi F.S., Nafchi M.G., Reezi S. Effects of light spectra on morphological characteristics, primary and specialized metabolites of Thymus vulgaris L. Heliyon. 2024;10(1).
  33. Morales-Becerril C.d.J., Colinas-León M.T., Soto-Hernández R.M., Martínez-Damián M.T., Méndoza-Castelán G. Modification of the composition of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil based on the quality of the light. Agro Productividad. 2024;17(4):61-67.
  34. de Jesús Morales-Becerril C., Colinas-León M.T., Soto-Hernandez R.M., Martinez-Damian M.T., Mendoza-Castelán G. Growth and accumulation of phenolic compounds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris) based on the balance of red and blue led lights. Agrociencia. 2024.
  35. Ali H.E., Tong Y. Volatile oil concentration and growth of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) plants responded to red to blue light ratios. Technology in Horticulture. 2023;3(1).
  36. Tabbert J.M., Schulz H., Krähmer A. Increased plant quality, greenhouse productivity and energy efficiency with broad-spectrum LED systems: A case study for thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Plants. 2021;10(5):960.
  37. Laftouhi A., Slimani M., Elrherabi A., Bouhrim M., Mahraz M.A., Idrissi A.M., Eloutassi N., Rais Z., Taleb A., Taleb M. Effect of Temperature and Water Stress on the Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research. 2024;8(1).
  38. Mohammadi V., Mondak B., Hadian J., Zeinali Khanghah H. The impact of temperature on metabolites and the expression of genes involved in thymol and carvacrol biosynthesis pathway in Thymus vulgaris. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 2020;51(1):195-205.
  39. Alharbi K., Khan A.A., Alhaithloul H.A.S., Al-Harbi N.A., Al-Qahtani S.M., Aloufi S.S., Abdulmajeed A.M., Muneer M.A., Alghanem S.M., Zia-ur-Rehman M. Synergistic effect of β-sitosterol and biochar application for improving plant growth of Thymus vulgaris under heat stress. Chemosphere. 2023;340:139832.
  40. Laftouhi A., Eloutassi N., Ech-Chihbi E., Rais Z., Abdellaoui A., Taleb A., Beniken M., Nafidi H.-A., Salamatullah A.M., Bourhia M. The impact of environmental stress on the secondary metabolites and the chemical compositions of the essential oils from some medicinal plants used as food supplements. Sustainability. 2023;15(10):7842.
  41. Hosseini N., Ghorbanpour M., Mostafavi H. Habitat potential modelling and the effect of climate change on the current and future distribution of three Thymus species in Iran using MaxEnt. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):3641.
  42. Yousefzadeh S., Abedi R., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A. Which environmental factors are more important for geographic distributions of Thymus species and their physio-morphological and phytochemical variations? Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2021;14(18):1864.
  43. Capdevila S., Grau D., Cristóbal R., Moré E., De las Heras X. Chemical composition of wild populations of Thymus vulgaris and Satureja montana in central Catalonia, Spain. JSFA reports. 2025;5(6):234-46.
  44. Beyranvand S.S., Farzam M., Ariapour A., Nabati J. Effects of planting date and biofertilizer on seedling growth of Thymus daenensis Celak and T. vulgaris L. Cultivated in Borujerd, Iran. Journal of Rangeland Science. 2024;14(4).
  45. Refaay M.S., Mohamed Y., Dewidar A., Mohamed S. Response of Thymus vulgaris L. Plant to Planting Distances and Fertilization Treatments. Journal of Plant Production. 2023;14(7):345-56.
  46. Refaay M.S., Mohamed Y., Dewidar A., Mohamed S.M. Impact of planting distances and natural plant extracts on vegetative growth, chemical constituents and oil productivity on thyme plant. Journal of Plant Production. 2023;14(7):357-65.
  47. Kwiatkowski C.A., Harasim E. The effect of fertilization with spent mushroom substrate and traditional methods of fertilization of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) on yield quality and antioxidant properties of herbal material. Agronomy. 2021;11(2):329.
  48. Pryvedeniuk N., Hlushchenko L. Improvement of elements of technology of cultivation of Thymus vulgaris L. under irrigation conditions. Agrovisnyk. 2021;1(4):1-6.
  49. Kamyab A., Samsampour D., Ahmadi Nasab N., Bagheri A. Effects of Drought Stress on Morphophysiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Thymus vulgaris L. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 2025;14(65):127-44.
  50. Szabo D., Zamborine E.N., Falade M.A., Radacsi P., Inotai K., Pluhar Z. Effect of water deficit on growth and concentration of secondary metabolites of Thymus vulgaris. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 2022;109(3).
  51. Mahdavi A., Moradi P., Mastinu A. Variation in terpene profiles of Thymus vulgaris in water deficit stress response. Molecules. 2020;25(5):1091.
  52. Rahimi A., Gitari H., Lyons G., Heydarzadeh S., Tunçtürk M., Tunçtürk R. Effects of vermicompost, compost and animal manure on vegetative growth, physiological and antioxidant activity characteristics of Thymus vulgaris L. under water stress. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2023;33(1):40-53.
  53. Said-Al Ahl H.A., Sabra A.S., Alataway A., Astatkie T., Mahmoud A.A., Bloem E. Biomass production and essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris in response to water stress and harvest time. Journal of essential oil research. 2019;31(1):63-68.
  54. Ashrafi M., Azimi-Moqadam M.-R., MohseniFard E., Shekari F., Jafary H., Moradi P., Pucci M., Abate G., Mastinu A. Physiological and molecular aspects of two Thymus species differently sensitive to drought stress. BioTech. 2022;11(2):8.
  55. Rahimi A., Mohammadi M.M., Siavash Moghaddam S., Heydarzadeh S., Gitari H. Effects of stress modifier biostimulants on vegetative growth, nutrients, and antioxidants contents of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under water deficit conditions. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2022;41(5):2059-72.
  56. Faghihi E., Aghamir F., Mohammadi M., Eghlima G. Kaolin application improved growth performances, essential oil percentage, and phenolic compound of Thymus vulgaris L. under drought stress. BMC Plant Biology. 2025;25(1):892.
  57. Kazempour A., Sharghi Y., Sanavy S., Zahedi H., Sefidkon F. Evaluating the Efficacy of Exogenous Biostimulants Based on Amino Acids Supplementation on Growth, Physiology, and Oil Composition of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) under Varying Irrigation Regimes. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2025;72(4):105.
  58. Eghlima G., Aghamir F., Hajizadeh H.S., Zarbakhsh S. Role of melatonin in promoting growth attributes, thymol, rosmarinic acid and biochemical properties in Thymus vulgaris L. under water deficiency. BMC Plant Biology. 2025;25(1):603.
  59. Mohammadi H., JAVAD NIKJOYAN M., Hazrati S., Hashempour H. Improvement of yield and phytochemical compounds of Thymus vulgaris through foliar application of salicylic acid under water stress. Agriculture & Forestry/Poljoprivreda i šumarstv. 2020;66(1).
  60. Karimi Z., Nasri M., Oveysi M., Kasraei P., Larijani H.R. Improving Effects of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid on Alleviation of Water-Deficit Stress on Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Growth, Physiology, and Essential oil. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 2025;12(4):1069-84.
  61. Stamenov D., Djuric S., Hajnal-Jafari T., ANDJELKOVIĆ S. Autochthonous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance Thymus vulgaris growth in well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 2021;108(4).
  62. Amani Machiani M., Javanmard A., Ostadi A., Morshedloo M., Chabokpour J. Effects of harvest time and mycorrhiza fungus application on quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil at different irrigation levels. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 2021;36(6):1022-37.
  63. Kamyab A., Samsampour D., Ahmadinasab N., Bagheri A. Effect of Fungal Endophyte (Aspergillus niger) on the Response of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) to Drought Stress. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. 2024;32(1):1-15.
  64. Kamyab A., Samsampour D., Ahmadinasab N., Bagheri A. The combination of nanoparticles and endophytes boosts Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) resistance to drought stress by elevating levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and essential oils. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 2024;11(1):163.
  65. Albakry A., Sakara H. Productivity of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) as Influenced by Organic and Biological Fertilizers. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research. 2022;11(02):574-82.
  66. da Cunha Honorato A., de Assis R.M.A., Maciel J.F.A., Nohara G.A., de Carvalho A.A., Pinto J.E.B.P., Bertolucci S.K.V. Fertilization with different manure sources and doses provides quantitative-qualitative gains in the production of Thymus vulgaris L. South African Journal of Botany. 2024;164:345-55.
  67. Honorato A.d.C., Maciel J.F.A., Assis R.M.A.d., Carvalho A.A.d., Nohara G.A., Pinto J.E.B., Bertolucci S.K.V. Organic Fertilization Reduces Oxidative Stress and Maximizes Thymol Yield and Vegetative Production In Thymus vulgaris L. Available at SSRN 4157144.
  68. da Cunha Honorato A., Maciel J.F.A., de Assis R.M.A., Nohara G.A., de Carvalho A.A., Pinto J.E.B.P., Bertolucci S.K.V. Combining green manure and cattle manure to improve biomass, essential oil, and thymol production in Thymus vulgaris L. Industrial Crops and Products. 2022;187:115469.
  69. Norouzi Y., Ghobadi M., Saeidi M., Dogan H. Effect of nitrogen and cytokinin on quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops. 2021;1(1):52-60.
  70. Asghari M.T., Salavati S., Fard S.R.M. Investigation of some Agronomic and Biochemical Characteristics of the Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Affected as Inoculation with Mycorrhizal Species and Wood Vinegar Foliar Spraying. Journal of Crops Improvement. 2025;27(2).
  71. Norouzi Y., Ghobadi M., Saeidi M., Kahrizi D., Dogan H. The Effect of Cytokinin Spraying and Harvest Cutting on Essential Oil Production and Growth Characteristics of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 2025;(1).
  72. Yadegari M. The effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and methyl jasmonate on morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil of medicinal plants Thymus vulgaris L. Plant Process and Function. 2024;13(62):247-66.
  73. Haghaninia M., Mashhouri S.M., Molaei B., Aslereyhani N., Rasouli F., Radicetti E., Mancinelli R., Mahdavinia G. Utilization of Chitosan Nanoparticles to Alleviate Chromium Stress and Improve Biochemical Properties and Essential Oil Profile in Thymus vulgaris. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2025:1-16.
  74. Haghaninia M., Rasouli F., Javanmard A., Mahdavinia G., Azizi S., Nicoletti R., Murariu O.C., Tallarita A.V., Caruso G. Improvement of physiological features and essential oil content of Thymus vulgaris after soil amendment with chitosan nanoparticles under chromium toxicity. Horticulturae. 2024;10(6):659.
  75. Bistgani Z.E., Hashemi M., DaCosta M., Craker L., Maggi F., Morshedloo M.R. Effect of salinity stress on the physiological characteristics, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak. Industrial Crops and Products. 2019;135:311-20.
  76. Zrig A., AbdElgawad H., Touneckti T., Mohamed H.B., Hamouda F., Khemira H. Potassium and calcium improve salt tolerance of Thymus vulgaris by activating the antioxidant systems. Scientia Horticulturae. 2021;277:109812.
  77. Alhoushi G. Improving the Growth of Thyme Plants (Thymus vulgaris L.) by Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization. Asian Journal of Advances in Research. 2024;7(1):234-40.
  78. Sattar K., Asemaneh T. Study of effect of various calcium magnesium quotients on growth and some biochemical characteristics of Thymus vulgaris L. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 2023;12(57):1-18.
  79. Muetasam Jafr S., Rahimi A.R., Hashemi M., Rokhzadi A. Influence of N, K, and seaweed extract fertilization on biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and essential oil of Thymus vulgaris: Optimization study by response surface methodology. Agronomy. 2022;12(12):3222.
  80. Honorato A.d.C., Maciel J.F.A., Assis R.M.A.d., Carvalho A.A.d., Nohara G.A., Pinto J., Bertolucci S.K.V. Organic Fertilization Reduces Oxidative Stress and Maximizes Thymol Yield and Vegetative Production In Thymus vulgaris L. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2022.
  81. Noroozisharaf A., Kaviani M. Effect of soil application of humic acid on nutrients uptake, essential oil and chemical compositions of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under greenhouse conditions. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants. 2018;24(3):423-31.
  82. Borowy A., Dzida K. Comparison of the effectiveness of flaming and spraying with glufosinate-ammonium in controlling weeds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) sowing. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus. 2022;21(6).
  83. Alimari AI. Improving the Growth of Thyme Plants (Thymus vulgaris L.) through Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization. Asian Journal of Organic and Inorganic Research. 2024.
  84. Borowy A., Dzida K. Comparison of the effectiveness of flaming and spraying with glufosinate-ammonium in controlling weeds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) sowing. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus. 2022;21(6):47-58.
  85. Arslan M., Bulut S. Effects of Harvesting Time on Essential Oil Yield and Components of Organically Grown Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.).
  86. Tohidi-Nejad Z., Khajoei-Nejad G., Tohidi-Nejad E., Ghanbari J. Essential oil production, chemical composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris as affected by harvesting season and drying conditions. Drying Technology. 2024;42(7):1208-20.
  87. Pourdal R., Pourakbar L., Rahimi A., Tukmechi A. Effects of cuts and different phenological stages on antibacterial and antioxidant activities and chemical attributes of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2021;31(3):663-77.
  88. Kwasniewska-Karolak I., Mostowski R. Effect of different drying processes on an antioxidant potential of three species of the Lamiaceae family. Herba Polonica. 2021;67(1).
  89. Rabe A., Apeh R. Effect of temperature regimes on the nutritional value of Thymus vulgaris (thyme). Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal for the Tropics. 2024;21(3):192-96.
  90. Trong L.V., Thinh B.B. Changes in essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris under different storage conditions and its antimicrobial activity. Известия вузов. Прикладная химия и биотехнология. 2023;13(2 (45)):228-34.
  91. Mohammadian Yasuj S.F., Najafian S., Hosseinifarahi M. Investigating the Storage Conditions of the Essential Oil Compounds of Garden Thyme. Journal of Medicinal plants and By-products. 2023;13(1):87-94.
  92. Pop C.R., Rusu B., Rotar A.M., Salanțã L., Nistor A.L., Simonachiş M., Coldea T. Effect of preservation methods on the bioactive compounds of Thymus vulgaris. 2020.
  93. Alqarni M.H., Salkini A.A., Abujheisha K.Y., Daghar M.F., . Al-khuraif F.A., Abdel-Kader M.S. Qualitative, quantitative and antimicrobial activity variations of the essential oils isolated from Thymus vulgaris and Micromeria fruticosa samples subjected to different drying conditions. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2022;47(6):6861-67.
  94. Roy N., Sharma N., Mohite A.M. Evaluating the impact of various drying processes on the comprehensive properties of thyme powder (Thymus vulgaris) for retention of its bioactive properties. AgriEngineering. 2025;7(3):59.
  95. Karami H., NEJAT L.A., TAHVILIAN R. The Effect of Different Drying Methods on Drying Kinetics, Mathematical Modeling, Quantity and Quality of Thyme Essential Oil. 2021.
  96. Akbarbaglu Z., Mazloomi N., Sarabandi K., Ramezani A., Khaleghi F., Hamzehkollaei A.R., Jafari S.M., Hesarinejad M.A. Stabilization of antioxidant thyme-leaves extract (Thymus vulgaris) within biopolymers and its application in functional bread formulation. Future Foods. 2024;9:100356.
  97. Guo X., Wang X., Wei Y., Liu P., Deng X., Lei Y., Zhang J. Preparation and properties of films loaded with cellulose nanocrystals stabilized Thymus vulgaris essential oil Pickering emulsion based on modified tapioca starch/polyvinyl alcohol. Food Chemistry. 2024;435:137597.
  98. Kirkin C., Gunes G. Quality of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) during storage as affected by the combination of gamma-irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging. South African Journal of Botany. 2022;150:978-85.
  99. Najar B., Pistelli L., Ferri B., Angelini L.G., Tavarini S. Crop yield and essential oil composition of two Thymus vulgaris chemotypes along three years of organic cultivation in a hilly area of central Italy. Molecules. 2021;26(16):5109.
  100. Navrátilová B., Švécarová M., Bednář J., Ondřej V. In vitro polyploidization of Thymus vulgaris L. and its effect on composition of essential oils. Agronomy. 2021;11(3):596.
  101. Abduljabbar J., Tariq R. THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE Thymus vulgaris L. SEEDLINGS GROWTH AND ON THEIR OIL CONTENT. Cuestiones de Fisioterapia. 2025;54(5):569-84.
  102. Mumivand H., Shayganfar A., Tsaniklidis G., Emami Bistgani Z., Fanourakis D., Nicola S. Pheno-morphological and essential oil composition responses to UVA radiation and protectants: A case study in three Thymus species. Horticulturae. 2021;8(1):31.
  103. Azadi M., Moghaddam S.S., Rahimi A., Pourakbar L., Popović-Djordjević J. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles ameliorate yield, leaf photosynthetic pigments, and essential oil composition of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) exposed to UV-B stress. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021;9(5):105919.
  104. Eghlima G., Mohammadi M., Aghamir F. Biochar application improved soil properties, growth performances, essential oil, and rosmarinic acid content of Thymus vulgaris L. under salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2025;222:109698.
  105. Shokoohi F., Ebadi M.-T., Ghomi H., Ayyari M. Changes in qualitative characteristics of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) as affected by cold plasma. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2022;31:100411.
  106. Cianfaglione K., Bartolucci F., Ciaschetti G., Conti F., Pirone G. C. haracterization of  Thymus vulgaris subsp. vulgaris community by using a multidisciplinary approach: A case study from Central Italy. Sustainability. 2022;14(7):3981.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 353
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 295


counter
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب