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Effect of using waste tire powder as a filler of alcohol soluble PF resine on physical and mechanical properties of poplar LVL | ||
| تحقیقات علوم چوب و کاغذ ایران | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 December 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/ijwpr.2025.370941.1816 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Hossein Babaei Shahvardi* 1; Farshid Faraji2; Laya Jamali Rad3; SeyyedMajid Zabihzadeh4 | ||
| 1Gonbad favours University | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Wood and Paper Industries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad University, Gonbad, Iran | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Department of Wood and Paper Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad, I.R. Iran. | ||
| 4Associate Professor, Department of Wood and Paper Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of sari, sari, I.R. Iran. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Background and Objective: Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is one of the most important engineered wood products, offering efficient utilization of fast-growing species such as poplar. Despite its advantages, LVL suffers from dimensional instability and limited durability under moisture exposure, which restricts its wider applications. In recent years, various fillers have been added to phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins to enhance physical and mechanical properties of LVL. Waste tire powder, owing to its hydrophobic and polymeric nature, has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional fillers such as wheat flour. Recycling waste tires not only contributes to sustainable waste management but also offers a low-cost resource for wood composites. This study aimed to investigate the effect of particle size (40, 60, 80 mesh) and content (10, 20, 30%) of waste tire powder on the mechanical and physical properties of poplar LVL. Materials and Methods: Two 12-year-old poplar (Populus nigra) trees were harvested and peeled into 2.2 mm veneers, which were conditioned to about 5% moisture content. Phenol-formaldehyde resin dissolved in methanol without additives was used as the adhesive. Waste tire powder obtained from a recycling plant was sieved into three particle sizes (40, 60, 80 mesh). It was incorporated into the PF resin at 10, 20, and 30% based on the dry weight of resin. For comparison, control samples were prepared using 20% wheat flour as filler. In total, 27 experimental LVL panels (9 treatments × 3 replications) plus 3 control panels were produced. The panels were hot-pressed at 180°C under a pressure of 30 kg/cm² for 8 minutes. Mechanical properties including modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were evaluated according to EN 310, screw and nail withdrawal resistance according to ASTM D 1037, and physical properties including water absorption and thickness swelling (24 h immersion) according to EN 317. A completely randomized design was applied, and data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multiple comparisons of means were performed using Tukey’s test at 95% and 99% confidence levels. Results: The results indicated that both particle size and content of waste tire powder significantly affected the physical and mechanical performance of poplar LVL. MOR decreased in all treatments compared with the control; however, the reduction was less pronounced at 20% and 30% content, which showed no significant difference from each other. MOE followed a similar trend, with finer particles (60 and 80 mesh) outperforming coarser particles (40 mesh). Screw and nail withdrawal resistance were highly influenced by the interaction of both factors. The combination of 20% tire powder with 80-mesh particles resulted in the highest screw holding strength (an improvement over the control), while the weakest performance was observed at 10% content and 40 mesh. Regarding physical properties, waste tire powder showed a remarkable positive effect. Treatments with higher contents and finer particles exhibited significant reductions in water absorption and thickness swelling compared with the control. Specifically, panels with 30% and 80 mesh achieved the lowest water absorption, while 20% with 60 mesh provided the best dimensional stability with over 40% reduction in thickness swelling. These findings suggest that finer tire particles at moderate-to-high contents enhance resin distribution, reduce voids, and improve interfacial bonding, thereby increasing resistance to moisture. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the use of waste tire powder in phenol formaldehyde resin can be proposed as a sustainable approach in the production of Tabrizi LVL. Although mechanical properties such as flexural strength were slightly reduced, the modulus of elasticity and joint strength were maintained under optimal conditions. On the other hand, the improvement of physical properties such as reduced water absorption and thickness swelling is likely the result of the positive interaction between tire powder and the hydrophobic nature of phenol formaldehyde adhesive. Therefore, the use of tire powder in adhesive formulation can be an effective approach to improve sustainability and develop a circular economy in the engineered wood industry, while contributing to the recycling of waste tires. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Waste tire powder; wood products; phenol formaldehyde adhesive; laminated lumber | ||
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