| تعداد نشریات | 282 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 80 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 3,196 |
| تعداد مقالات | 35,423 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 52,240,428 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 91,774,103 |
مروری بر اهداف، برنامهها و پیشرفتهای اصلاح پایههای رویشی درخت سیب در ایران | ||
| نهال و بذر | ||
| دوره 40، شماره 3، مهر 1403، صفحه 423-387 اصل مقاله (1.62 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/spj.2025.370644.1440 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| داریوش آتشکار* 1؛ رعنا دستجردی2؛ مسعود لطیفیان3؛ قاسم حسنی4؛ منصوره کشاورزی2 | ||
| 1استادیار، پژوهشکده میوه های معتدله و سردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| 2دانشیار، پژوهشکده میوه های معتدله و سردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| 3استاد، پژوهشکده میوه های معتدله و سردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| 4مربی، بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| تولید ارقام و پایه های جدید محصولات باغبانی با استفاده از روشهای مختلف اصلاحی شامل شناسایی و جمعآوری ژنوتیپ های بومی پرمحصول و باکیفیت، دورگگیریهای هدفمند، و همچنین بررسی سازگاری ارقام تجاری آنها امکانپذیر است. استفاده از ارقام و پایه های جدید سازگار با اقلیم یک منطقه، نقش مهمی را در افزایش کمّی و کیفیت محصول ایفا می کند. بر این اساس، برنامه اصلاح پایههای رویشی سیب در ایران از سال 1384 آغاز شده است. در این برنامه، ضمن شناسایی و جمعآوری بررسی پایههای بومی آزایش اصفهان، مربایی مشهد، گمیآلماسی و سیبگل، سازگاری پایه های رویشی تجاری سیب نیز ارزیابی شدند. صفات مهم درگزینش پایه های سیب، شامل قابلیت تکثیر رویشی، استقرار مناسب در خاک، زودباردهی، عملکرد میوه مناسب درختان پیوندی، تحمل به تنشهای زنده و غیرزنده از جمله بیماری پوسیدگی طوقه و ریشه، بیماری آتشک، تحمل به آفت شته مومی، تحمل به تنش خشکی و میزان آهک فعال بالا در خاک بوده است. همچنین انجام دورگگیریهای هدفمند بین پایه های رویشی بومی و پایه های رویشی تجاری، از دیگر فعالیتهای انجامشده در برنامه اصلاح پایههای سیب در ایران بوده است. نتاج حاصل از دورگگیری ها وگردهافشانی آزاد والدین، به لحاظ صفات مهم در گزینش پایه های رویشی، غربال شده و پایه های امیدبخش سیب در دست معرفی میباشند. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| سیب؛ مقاومت به پوسیدگی فیتوفترائی؛ مقاومت به آتشک؛ شته مومی؛ تحمل به تنش خشکی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A Review of Objectives, Programs and Advances in Breeding of Apple Clonal Rootstocks in Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| D. Atashkar1؛ R. Dastjerdi2؛ M. Latifian3؛ Gh. Hassani4؛ M. Keshavarzi2 | ||
| 1Assistant Profesor, Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extention Organization, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extention Organization, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| 3Profesor, Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extention, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| 4Researcher, Field and Horticultural Research Crops Research Department, West Azarbayjan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extention, Urmia, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Developing new horticultural crops cultivars and rootstocks is possible through various breeding methods including hybridization, identification and collection of high yield and high quality native genotypes, as well as evaluating the adaptability of commercial introduced cultivars. The utilization of new cultivars and rootstocks adapted to a region’s climatic conditions plays a significant role in enhancing both the quantitative and quality attributes of crop production. The apple rootstocks breeding program in Iran started in 2005. Within this research program, in addition to assessing the adaptabilty of commercial apple rootstocks, native rootstock genotypes such as Azayesh Isfahan, Morabaei Mashhad, Gami Almasi, and Sibgol have been identified, collected and evaluated. Important characteristics for selecting apple promising rootstocks include clonal propagation ability, proper establishment in the soil, early bearing and suitable performance of grafted trees as well as resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses such as collar and root rot, fire blight, woolly aphid, drought stress, and high lime content in the soil. Hybridization between native genotypes and commercial rootstocks is practiced in Iran’s apple rootstock breeding program. Promising apple rootstocks developed in this program will be commercially released. Keywords: Apple, rootstock, tolerance, Phytophthora, fire blight, woolly aphid, drought stress. Introduction Iran is not only one of the major apple producing regions in the world, but also one of the natural habitats, centers of diversity and areas of initial apple distribution in the world (James and Aldwinckle, 1983). Therefore, so far, numerous species and cultivars of this crop have been identified and reported by botanists in Iran. The existence of this genetic diversity and dwarf varieties in ancient Iran was such that a number of ancient miniatures not only depicted the apple tree as one of the main varieties of gardens, but also clearly indicated the existence of dwarf apple varieties in this land. Although dwarf apple trees have been found in the northern forests and highlands of West Azerbaijan, Khorasan, and Isfahan provinces since ancient times. Botanists consider Iran to be one of the areas where ornamental apples, including Morabaei, Azayesh, Sib Gol, and Gamii Almasii, have originated. Apple trees are mainly found in the form of rootstocks and scions. Rootstocks are responsible for tree establishment and water and nutrient uptake, and also have important effects on scion growth and development, fruit yield and quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses (Wang et al., 2019). To optimally utilize valuable water and soil resources, it is essential to establish high density and semi-density orchards using suitable and adapted apple rootstocks. Each country use specific rootstocks according to its climatic conditions. Europe began the commercial use of dwarf apple rootstocks relatively early. Currently, apple-producing countries in Europe mainly use clonal rootstocks. In the Britain, France and the Netherlands, the objectives of breeding are to improve the currently used rootstocks, such as M9 and M26, with better performance in terms of production, fruit size and quality, resistance to soil-borne diseases and pests and competition with weeds for water and nutrients. When carrying out apple rootstock breeding, we must first pay attention to the horticultural characteristics (grafting compatibility, propagation ability, dwarfing, effect on scion growth, etc.). In addition, we must also consider environmental factors (temperature, irrigation, soil pH and fertility, etc.) and biological factors (viruses, bacteria, nematodes, apple woolly aphid and other destructive animals) in the planting area (Robinson et al., 2003). Important charactristics in improving apple rootstocks: 1. Selection for rooting and clonal propagation ability. The most important characteristic of rootstocks is their ability clonal propagation. If the selected genotype is resistant/tolerant to various stresses but does not have the ability for clonal propagation, it should be screened in the first stage. 2. Selection for micropropagation ability. Micropropagation of apple plays an important role in producing healthy, disease-free plants and rapid propagation of scions and rootstocks with desirable characteristics. Successful micropropagation of apple using apical bud or branch segment culture is influenced by several internal and external factors, including plant material (such as genotype and physiological state) and laboratory conditions (such as medium components and light). 3. Selection for resistance to crown and root rot disease (Phytophthora cactorum) crown and root rot disease of apple trees, especially in areas with poor soil drainage, causes the death of quite large trees. Researchers have conducted extensive research on the evaluation and selection of disease-resistant rootstocks for effective disease management in an integrated control system. According to the Cornell University Rootstock Improvement Protocol, screening the progeny population resulting from cross-breeding in apple rootstocks for Phytophthora diseases is considered one of the most important steps in rootstock development (Fazio et al., 2022). 4. Selection for tolerance to drought stress. Investigating the response of plants to drought stress using physiological indicators has been proven in many studies. The main goals of improving apple rootstocks is tolerance to drought stress. Tolerant rootstocks can transfer drought tolerance to the cultivars grafted onto them. 5. Selection for fire blight toleranceFire blight is transmitted to the tree through rootstocks, and if the rootstock is susceptible, the disease spreads rapidly in the tree and the tree dries up. Therefore, in apple rootstock breeding programs, fire blight resitance is considered one of the first and most important rootstock screenings criteria. 6. Selection for tolerance to apple woolly aphid appleThe apple woolly aphid is not usually controlled with pesticides because aphids often reside in bark crevices, which reduces their exposure to pesticides, and the protection provided by the waxy secretion on their bodies minimizes the effectiveness of chemical control. Today, many apple rootstock breeding programs emphasize resistance to apple woolly aphid and diseases in addition to desirable horticultural traits. 7. Selection for dwarfing and early fruiting. The evaluation of the dwarfing and the growth ability of the progeny are considered to be the most important indicators for the selection of promising clonal rootstocks (Johnson, 2000). The best method for evaluating the dwarfing ability of rootstocks is to graft apple varieties onto them and evaluate them in the orchard. To achieve apple rootstocks with adaptabilty to soil conditions in apple growing areas, crosses between native Iranian dwarf apple genotypes (Azayesh Isfahan and Morabaei Mashhad) as maternal parents and M9, M27, and B9 rootstocks as paternal parents have been carried out from 2005 to 2008, and a population of over 4000 seedlings resulting from the crossing and open pollination of the parents reached the evaluation stage. Primary evaluation for selection of easy rooting apple rootstocks in mound bed layering condition in two stages (from2009 to 2015) was carried out. Among 4000 hybrid and open pollinated seedlinges, 245 genotypes with high rooting ability were selected. These progenies remained for continuing screening in second phase of project included: rooting ability of hard wood cutting, in the second screening 27 genotype with high rooting ability was selected. The resultes showed that in different cross combination, progenies of Azayesh×M27, Azayesh×M9 and Azayesh open pollinated had high rooting ability, and progenies of Morabaei had low rooting. In addition to progenies of Azayesh have good characteristics as rootstock than progenies of Morabaei. Rooting type of progeny was very different, the number of deep root in open pollination progeny of native genotypes was more than commercial apple rootstocks. This characteristic is very important for drought tolerance and adaptability of rootstocks. Then the level of tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, including crown and root rot disease, fire blight, woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), drought stress tolerance, micro-propagation, and dwarfing ability of the promising genotypes were tested. It is expected that four promising apple rootstocks will be commercially released and available to apple growerds in Iran. References Fazio, G., Aldwinkel, H.S. and Robinson T.L. 2022. Selection of apple rootstock breeding families for Phytophthora crown rot resistance. Acta Horticulturae, 1346, pp.717-722. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1346.90. James, N.C. and Aldwinckle, H. 1983. Breeding Rootstocks. Plant Breeding Reviews, 1, pp. 295-394. Johnson. W.C. 2000. Methods and results of screening for disease and insect apple rootstocks. The Compact Fruit Tree, 33, pp.108-111. Robinson, T.L., Fazio, G. and Aldwinckle, H.S. 2012. December. Characteristics and performance of four new apple rootstocks from the Cornell-USDA apple rootstock breeding program. Acta Horticulturae, 1058, pp.651-656. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1058.85 Wang, Y., Li, W., Xu, X., Qiu, C., Wu, T., Wei, Q., Ma, F., and Han, Z. 2019. Progress of apple rootstock breeding and its use. Horticultural Plant Journal, 5(5), pp.183–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.hpj.2019.06.001 | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Apple, rootstock, tolerance, Phytophthora, fire blight, woolly aphid, drought stress | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abdollahi, H. 2021. An illustrated review on manifestation of pome fruit germplasm in the historic miniatures of ancient Persia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 68, pp.2775-2791. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-021-01244-y
Abdollahi, H., Nasiri, J. and Mohajer, S. 2025. A comprehensive review on oxidative stress and ros-related resistance strategies in compatible interaction between Erwinia amylovora and host plants. Journal Plant Growth Regululation, 44, 460–483. DOI: 10.1007/s00344-024-11482-w
Alizadeh, A. 2004. Study of the compatibility of vegetatively pure rootstocks with commercial apple cultivars, final project report. Horticulture Resserach Department, Seed and Plant Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, 67pp (in Persian).
Andreas, P., Ofere, F.E., Awais, K. 2021. Status of fire blight resistance breeding in Malus. Plant Pathology, 103, pp. 3–12. DOI: 10.1007/s42161-020-00581-8
Anonymous. 2023. Statistical yearbook of agricultural products. Volume III: Horticultural products. Iranian Ministry of Agricultural Jahad, Tehran, Iran. 163 pp. (in Persian).
Atashkar, D., Pirkhezri, M. and Taghizadeh, A. 2015. Production and primary evaluation of apple (Mallus domestica Borkh.) hybrid rootstocks. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 47(2), pp.329-335 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2016.58534.
Atashkar, D., 2016. Investigation of rooting ability in a number of hybrid apple rootstocks. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences and Technologies, 17(3), pp.273-284. (in Persian).
Atashkar, D., Ershadi, A., Abdollahi, H. and Taheri, M. 2019. Screening for drought tolerance in some hybrid apple rootstocks based on photosynthesis characteristics. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 49(4), pp.1013-1024 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2018.239276.1299.
Atashkar, D., Haghjooyan, R., Dodangeh Balakhani, M. and Soleimani, A. 2019. Predicting the growth potential in some apple (Mallus domestica Borkh.) hybrid rootstocks by study of vegetative characteristics. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 51(4), pp. 925-937 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2019.284902.1675.
Atashkar, D., Ershadi, A., Abdollahi, H. and Taheri, M. 2021. Effects of drought stress on physiological and biochemical indices in hybrid apple rootstocks. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences and Technologies, 21, pp.107-122 (in Persian).
Atashkar, D. 2022. Effect of drought stress on water relative content of leaf and antioxidant enzymes activity in some hybrid apple rootstocks. Journal of Reserch in Horticultural Science, 2, pp.31-44 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/rhsj.2023.362023.1058.
Atashkar, D. 2022. The effect of drought stress on vegetative growth of some rootstocks of selected apple hybrid. Journal of Reserch in Horticultural Science, 1(1), pp.11-26
Atashkar, D., Dodangheh Balakhani, M. and Taghizadeh, A. 2023. Study of micropropagation potential of some of apple hybrid rootstock genotypes. Pomology Research Scientific Journal, 8(2), pp.131-142 (in Persian). DOI: 10.30466/RIP.2023.54255.1242.
Atashkar, D. 2025. Dwarfing and precocity evaluation in some elite hybrid apple rootstocks. Pp.100. In: Proceedings of the 14th Congress of Horticultural Sciences. Sanandaj, Iran. (Abstract).
Atkinson, C.J., Policarpo, M., Webster, A.D. and Kingswell, G. 2000. Drought tolerance of clonal Malus determined from measurements of stomatal conductance and leaf water potential. Tree Physiology, 20, pp.557-563. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/20.8.557
Bahrami, H. and Hajnajari, H. 2019. Study of the effectiveness of improved seed rootstocks on controlling the growth of some grafted apple cultivars. Plant Production Research, 26(3), pp.220-234 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22069/jopp.2019.15170.2407.
Barritt BH, Konishi BS, Dilley M.A. and Pusey L. 2004. Resistance of apple rootstocks to fireblight caused by Erwinia amylovora. Acta Horticulture, 658, pp.387-390. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.658.56
Beakbane, A.B. and Thompson, E.C. 1944. Anatomical studies of stems and roots of hardy fruit treesII. The internall structure of the roots of some vigorous and some dwarfing apple rootstocks, and correlation of structure with vigour. Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science, 17, pp.141-149.
Beakbane, A.B. and Majumder, P. K. 1975. A relationship between stomatal density and growth potential in apple rootstocks. Journal of Horticultural Science, 50(4), pp.285–289. DOI: 10.1080/00221589.1975.11514637
Bina, H., Yousefzadeh, H., Venon, A., Remoué, C., Rousselet, A., Falque, M., Faramarzi, S., Chen, X., Samanchina, J., Gill D., Kabaeva, A., Giraud, T., Hosseinpour, B., Abdollahi, H., Gabrielyan, I., Nersesyan, A. and Cornille, A. 2022. Evidence of an additional centre of apple domestication in Iran, with contributions from the Caucasian crab apple Malus orientalis Uglitzk. to the cultivated apple gene pool. Molecular Ecology, 31, pp.5581-5601. DOI: 10.1111/mec.16667.
Bolat, E., Dikilitas, M., Ercisli, S., Ikinici, A. and Tonkaz, T. 2014. The effect of water stress on some morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and bud success on apple and quince rootstocks. The Scientific World Journal 1, pp.1-8. DOI:10.1155/2014/769732.
Brown, M.W., Schmitt, J.J., Ranger, S. and Hogmire, H.W. 1995. Yield reduction in apple by edaphic woolly apple aphid (Holnoptera: Aphididae) populations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(1), pp.127-133. DOI: 10.1093/jee/88.1.127
Cornille, A., Giraud, T., Smulders, M.J., Roldán-Ruiz, I. and Gladieux, P. 2014. The domestication and evolutionary ecology of apples. Trends in Genetics, 30, pp.57-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.10.002.
Chong, G. 1983. Influence of high IBA concentrations on rooting combined. Proceedings of International Plant Propagation’s Soeity, 31, pp.453-461.
Dastjerdi, R., Atashkar, D. and Taghizadeh, A.A. 2014. Evaluation of the reaction of promising apple hybrid rootstocks to Phytophthora cactorum. Plant Diseases, 59 (4), pp.265-282 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22034/ijpp.2024.2021805.456.
Dastjerdi, R. and Damyar, S. 2010. Evaluation of the relative resistance of eleven apple rootstocks to crown rot caused by the fungus Phytophthora cactorum. Seed and Plant Journal, 3, pp.297-311 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spij.2017.111026.
Davoudi, A.1999. Report of the results of evaluating the resistance of apple and pear cultivars to fire blight. M. Sc. thesis. University of Tabriz, Iran. 150 pp. (in Persian)
Elfving, D.C., Schecter, I. and Hutchinson, A. 1993. The history of the Vineland (V.). Apple Rootstocks, 47, pp.52-59.
FAO. 2023. Statistical year book. Food and Agriculture Organization Publication, Rome, Italy. 384 pp.
Fazio, G., Aldwinkel, H.S. and Robinson T.L. 2022. Selection of apple rootstock breeding families for Phytophthora crown rot resistance. Acta Horticulturae, 1346, pp.717-722. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1346.90.
Fisher, M. 1996. Semi dwarf apple rootstock from dersen-pilinitz. Eucapia symposium on fruit breeding and genetics. Acta Horticulture, 484, pp.183-187.
Ferree, D.C. and Carlson R.F. 1987. Rootstocks for fruit crops, John Wiley and Sons. New York, USA. 143 pp.
Fernandez, R.T., Perry R.L. and Flore, J.A. 1997. Drought response of young apple trees on three rootstocks. II. gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence، water relations, and leaf abscisic acid. HortScience, 122(6), pp.841-848. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.122.6.841
Ghanbari, A., Atashkar, D., Sharifi, Y., Haqjoyan, R. and Ashuri, A. 2012. Method of in vitro propagating shoots in three apple rootstocks. Pp.120. In: The 3rd National Conference on Agricultural Biotechnology of Iran. Mashhad, Iran (Abstract).
Gardner, R.G, Cummins, J.N. and Alswinckle, H.S. 1980. Fire blight resistance in the Geneva apple rootstock breeding program. American Society Horticultural Science, 105, PP. 907-912.
Ghasemi, A. 2002. Study of physiological characteristics and the role of pruning of two local apple genotypes, namely Azayesh and Gami Almasi, on commercial apple cultivars, final project report, registration number 626/80. (in Persian).
Gontijo, L.M., Cockfield, S.D. and Beers, E.H. 2012. Natural enemies of woolly apple aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Washington State. Environmental Entomology, 41(6), pp.1364-1371.
Grigel, J., K. Cerny, M. Mrazkova, L. Haverdova, D. Zahradnik, B. Jilkova. and Hrabetova, M. 2019. Phytophthora root and collar rots in fruit orchards in the Czech Republic.Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 58(2), pp.261-275. DOI: 10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediter.
Haqgoo. M., Yadolahi, A., Kalatojari, S. and Atashkar, D. 2012. Establishmend and proliferation in vitro for new apple genotypeps from apple breeding program of Iran. Pp.5. In: Proceedings of 12th Iranian Genetics Congress. Theran, Iran (Abstract).
Han, Y. and Korban, S. 2010. Strategies for map-based cloning in apple. Critical Reviews in Plant Science, 29(5), pp.265-284. DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2010.502075
Hajnajari H., Soroori S., Rezaee, S. and Zamani Zadeh H.R. 2012. Iranian crab apple 'Zinati' with dual tolerance as maternal source selected for rootstock breeding. Acta Horticulturae. 938, pp.527-534. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.938.69
Hassanzadeh, N. and Keshavarzi, M. 2007. Fire blight in Iran: past and current situation: Pp.132-135. In: Proceedings of International Conference Improvement Fruit, Small Fruit, Nuts, Vine Assortment under Present Management. Belarus.
James, N.C. and Aldwinckle, H. 1983. Breeding Rootstocks, Plant Breeding Reviews, 1, pp. 295-394.
Jakubowski, T.S. and Zagaja, W. 2003. 45 years of apple rootstock breeding in Poland. Fruit Varieties Journal, 47(3), pp.137-142. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.538.131
Johnson. W.C. 2000. Methods and results of screening for disease and insect apple rootstocks. The Compact Fruit Tree, 33, pp.108-111.
Latifian, M., Atashkar, D. and Ghaemi, R. 2023a. Relative establishment rate and host preference of wooly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum on promising apple hybrid rootstocks. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 43(3), pp.233-245 (in Persian). DOI: 10.61186/JESI.43.3.4
Latifian, M., Atashkar, D., and Ghaemi, R. 2023b. Antibiosis resistance of promising apple rootstocks to woolly aphid [(Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.)] under environmental conditions of Karaj in Iran. Seed and Plant Journal, 39(1), pp.120-93 (in Persian). DOI: 10.22092/spj.2023.363992.1331
Lane, W.D., Looney, N.E. and Mage, F. 1982. A selective tissue culture medium for growth of compact (dwarf) mutants of apple. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 61, pp.219-223. DOI: 10.1007/BF00273778
Le Pelley, R. 1927. Studies on the resistance of apple to the woolly aphis (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm.). Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science, 6(3), pp.209-241. DOI: 10.1093/jee/31.5.622
Lichtenthaler, H.K and C. Buschmann. 2001. Extraction of photosynthetic tissues: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Food Analytical Chemistry, Unit f4.2.1-F4.2.6. DOI: 10.1002/0471142913.faf0402s01
Kafi, M., Borzoee, A., Salehi, M., Kamandi, A., Masoumi, A. and Nabati, J. 2010. Physiology of environmental stresses in plants. Mashhad Daneshgahei Jehad Publications. Mashhad, Iran. 502 pp. (in Persian)
Khan, A. and Korban, S.S. 2022. Breeding and genetics of disease resistance in temperate fruit trees: challenges and new opportunities. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 135(11), pp.3961-3985. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04093-0
Khanizadeh, S., Groleau, Y. Granger, R. Cousineau J. and Rousselle. G.L. 2000.
Khanizadeh, S., Y. Groleau, A. Levasseur, R. Granger, G.L. Rousselle and C. Davidson. 2005. Development and evaluation of St Jean-Morden apple rootstock series. HortScience, 40, pp.521-522. DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.40.3.521
Khatami, M., Sadeghi Garmarudi, H. and Torabi, M. 2014. In vitro screening of some apple rootstocks for resistance to phytophthora root rot. Journal of Applied Plant Protection, 3(3), pp.340-355 (in Persian).
Manei, A. 2000. Apple and its growing. Iran Technical Publication Company, Tehran, Iran. 113 pp. (in Persian).
Marshall, A.T. and Beers, E.H. 2022. Exclusion netting affects apple arthropod communities. Biological Control, 165, 104805. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104805
Miller, S.R. 1977. Selection criteria in the seedling stage for predicting apple rootstock vigor. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 57(3), pp.667-674. DOI: 10.4141/cjps77-098
Moffat, J., Sears, M.R.G. and Paulsen. G. 1990. Wheat high temperature tolerance during reproductive growth. I: Evaluation by chlorophyll fluorescence. Crop Science, 30(4) pp.881-885. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000040024x
Moinina, A., Lahlali, R., MacLean, D. and Boulif, M. 2018. Farmers’ knowledge, perception and practices in apple pest management and climate change in the fes-meknes region, Morocco. Horticulturae, 4(4), pp.42. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae4040042
Norelli, J.L., Holleran, H.T., Johnson, W.C., Robinson, T.L. and Aldwinckle, H.S. 2003. Resistance of Geneva and other apple rootstocks to Erwinia amylovora. Plant Disease, 87, pp. 26-32. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.1.26
Pandy, D., Serivastava, R.P., Tripathi, S.P., and Misra, R.S. 1981. Effect of some plant growth regulators, urea and their combinations on the growth of apple seedling progressive. Horticulture. 13(3/4), pp. 47-50.
Pathak, R.K., Pandey, D. and Pandey, V.S. 1976. Stomatal distribution as an index for predicting the growth potential of apple stocks. Journal of Horticultural Science, 51(3), pp. 429-431. DOI: 10.1080/00221589.1976.11514709
Radnia, H. 1996. Roots of fruit trees, translation. Nashr-e-Amoozesh Publication. Theran, Iran. 450 pp. (in Persian).
Robinson, R., Fazio, G., Aldwinckle, H. and Holleran, T. 2003. The Geneva series of apple rootstocks from Cornell: performance, disease re sistance and commercialization. Acta Horticulturae, 622, pp. 513–520. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.622.56.
Robinson, T.L., Fazio, G. and Aldwinckle, H.S. 2012. December. Characteristics
Ruiz-Montoya, L., Zúñiga, G., Cisneros, R., Salinas-Moreno, Y., Peña-Martínez,
Sabeti, H. 1994. Trees and shrubs of Iran. Yazd University Press, Yazd, Iran. 810 pp. (in Persian).
Roostaei, M., Nazeri, S., Ghadimzadeh, M. and Malboobi, M.A. 2007. Optimizing in vitro regeneration from Iranian native dwarf rootstock of apple (Malus domestica Borkh). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9(5), pp.775-778.
Rusholme, R.L., Celton, J-M and Gardiner, S.E. 2008. Genetic markers linked to the dwarfing trait of apple rootstock ‘Malling 9’. Journal of American Socity for Horticultural Sciences, 133(1), pp.100–106.
Shakoriyan, M. 1992. Abstracts of the 5th National Horticultural Seminar, Mashhad, Research Institute for Seed and Plant Improvement and Production (in Persian).
Shan, W., Liang, D. and Ma, F. 2014. Leaf micromorphology and sugar may contribute to differences in drought tolerance for two apple cultivars. Plant Physiology Biochemistry, 80, pp.249-258. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.04.012 Sarvari, S., Hajnajari, H., Rezaei, S. and Zamani Zadeh, H. 2010. Evaluation of seedlings of short apple cultivars for selection of rootstocks tolerant to Phytophthora cactorum, the causative agent of crown rot. Seed and Plant Journal, 26(2), pp.193-204
Sharma, D.P., Sharma, Y.D. and Rana, H.S. 1982. Stomatal and tree growth characteristics of some crab apples. Scientia Horticulturae, 17, pp. 327-331. DOI: 10.1016/0304-4238(82)90113-3
Sircelj, H., Tausz, M. Grill, D. and Batic, F. 2007. Detecting different levels of drought stress in apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) with selected biochemical and physiological parameters. Scientia Horticulturae, 113, pp.362-369. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2007.04.012
Soejima, J., Bessho, H., Komori, S. and Tsuchiya, S. 1996. New apple rootstocks, ARM 1, ARM 7 and ARM 8. Eucarpia Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics, 484, pp. 217-220.
Sri, W., and Mutia Erti, D. 2018. Phylogenetic relationship of phytophthora sp. infected citrus in east javaof Indonesia using polymerase chain reaction. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 5(77), pp.297-303. DOI: 10.18551/rjoas.2018-05.35
Stehr, R., 2007. Fifteen years of experience with different dwarfing apple rootstocks in northern Germany. Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Canopy, Rootstocks and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems, 732, pp. 67–77.
Tukey, H.B. 1964. Dwarfed fruit trees. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, USA. 562 pp.
Vanneste J.L. 2001. Fire blight, the disease and its causative agent, Erwinia amylovora. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon OX 10 8DE, UK. 370 pp.
Wahid, A. and Rasul, E. 2005. Photosynthesis in leaf, stem, flower and fruit. Pp.479-497. In: Pessarakli, M. (ed.), Handbook of Photosynthesis, 2nd edtion, CRC Press، Florida.
Wang, Y., 2008. Some ideas about the apple breeding in China. Journal of Fruit Science, 25, pp.559–565.
Wang, S., D. Liang, C. LIi, Y. Hao، F. Ma and H. Sho. 2012. Influence of drought stress on the cellular ultrastructure and antioxidant system in leaves of drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive apple rootstocks. Plant Physioloogy and Biochemistryjournal, 51, pp.81-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.10.014
Wang, D., Bus, V.G.M., Wang, K., Gao, Y., Zhao, J., Liu, L., Li, L. and Piao, J. 2018. History and current status of American apple rootstock breeding and its commercial rootstock characteristics. China Fruits, 6, pp.107–113. DOI: 10.1016/j.hpj.2019.06.001
Wang, Y., Li, W., Xu, X., Qiu, C., Wu, T., Wei, Q., Ma, F., and Han, Z. 2019. Progress of apple rootstock breeding and its use. Horticultural Plant Journal. 5(5), pp.183–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.hpj.2019.06.001
Warschefsky, E.J., Klein, L.L., Frank, M.H., Chitwood, D.H., Londo, J.P., von Wettberg, E.J. and Miller, A.J. 2016. Rootstocks: diversity, domes- tication, and impacts on shoot phenotypes. Trends in Plant Science, 21, pp.418–437. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.11.008
Webster, C.A. and Jones, O.P. 1991. Micropropagation of some cold-hardy dwarfing rootstocks for apple. Journal of Horticultural Science, 66(1), pp.1-6. DOI: 10.1080/00221589.1991.11516118
Webster, A.D. and Hollands, M.S. 1999. Apple rootstock studies: compar- ison of Polish, Russian, USA and UK selections as rootstocks for the apple cultivar Cox’s Orange Pippin (Malus domestica Borkh.). Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechology, 74, pp.367–374. DOI: 10.1080/14620316.1999.11511123
Univer, T. 2000.The breeding of apple rootstocks in Estonia. Transactions of the Estonia Agricultural University. 208 pp.
Yates, A.D. and Michel, A. 2018. Mechanisms of aphid adaptation to host plant resistance. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 26, pp.41-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.003
Zakeri, Z., and Sharifnabi, B. 1991. Pear fire blight disease in Karaj. Pp. 157. In: Proceedings of the 10th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Kerman, Iran. (Abstract).
Zhang, H., Bus, V.G.M., White, A.G., Yan, Z., Guo, G., Zhang, R., Liu, Z., Yao, J., Chagne, D. 2016. Advances in apple variety and rootstock breeding in New Zealand and enlightens on Chinese apple breeding. Journal of Fruit Science, 33, pp.482–491. DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20150480 (in Chinese).
Zinanlo, A.A. Damyar, S. and Atashkar, D. 2008. Improving apple rootstock tolerant to Iron chlorosis. Final Project Report 2-011-12-04-84016.
Zohur, A. and Rahmani Moghadam, N. 2004. Outbreak of fire blight in Khorasan province. Pp.423. In: Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Tabriz, Iran. (Abstract).
Zeller, W. 1983. Resistance of pome fruit varieties to fireblight in the Fedral Republic of Germany. Acta Horticulturae, 1(40), pp.35-42. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1983.140.2 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 677 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 175 |
||