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مروری بر یافته های ژنتیکی مرتبط با ساقه روی در چغندرقند(Beta vulgaris. L) | ||
| چغندرقند | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 41، شماره 1، شهریور 1404، صفحه 1-16 اصل مقاله (649.76 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مروری | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/jsb.2025.369201.1387 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محسن آقایی زاده* 1؛ سعید صادق زاده2؛ پرویز فصاحت3 | ||
| 1استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| 2موسسه چغندرقند | ||
| 3دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر چغندرقند، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| چغندرقند در کنار نیشکر دو منبع تأمینکنندهی شکر و یک محصول ریشهای مهم با چرخهی زندگی دوساله است. در اغلب کشورها زراعت این محصول بهصورت بهاره و فصل رشد آن مصادف با ماههای بهار و تابستان است امّا در برخی موارد در صورت فراهم بودن شرایط اقلیمی مساعد میتوان زراعت این محصول را بهصورت پاییزه انجام داد. چغندرقند در سال اول چرخهی زندگی خود، مقادیر زیادی برگ به همراه ریشه تولید میکند که برای تولید شکر و بیواتانول، خوراک دام، شیرینیها و داروها، کودها و ترمیم خاک استفاده میشود. چغندرقند بهطور معمول، پس از قرار گرفتن در معرض دمای سرد در طول ذخیرهسازی زمستانی، در سال دوم چرخه زندگی خود وارد مرحله تولیدمثلی خود میشود. با این حال، در طول سال اول رشد، گیاه ممکن است به دلیل بهارهسازی و شرایط روزبلند، مستعد تولید شاخههای گلدار یا ساقهروی باشد. این پدیده موجب عدم رشدونمو طبیعی ریشه و کاهش عملکرد آن میشود. از سوی دیگر به دلیل مصرف مواد قندی بهمنظور رشد ساقه، درصد قند ریشه و در نهایت عملکرد شکر نیز کاهش مییابد لذا زراعت پاییزه چغندرقند نیازمند استفاده از ارقام متحمّل به ساقهروی است. تحمّل به ساقهروی صفت پیچیدهای است که بهصورت چندژنی کنترلشده و تا حد زیادی متأثر از شرایط محیطی نظیر تاریخ کاشت، سن گیاه، تراکم، درجه حرارت و عرض جغرافیائی است. در این مقاله عوامل محیطی مؤثر بر گلدهی، مکانیسمهای ژنتیکی و فیزیولوژیکی تنظیمکنندهی گذار به مرحله تولیدمثلی و روشهای کشاورزی و بهنژادی برای جلوگیری از گلدهی بررسی شدهاند. بررسی حاضر میتواند برای پرورشدهندگان چغندرقند و بهنژادگرانی که روی توسعه ارقام و هیبریدهای مقاوم به ساقهروی کار میکنند و زیستشناسان مولکولی که مکانیسمهای ژنتیکی و فیزیولوژیکی زیربنایی انتقال گیاهان به مرحله گلدهی را مطالعه میکنند، مفید باشد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| بهارهسازی؛ تناوب نوری؛ متحمل به ساقهروی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A review of genetic insights into bolting in sugar beet(Beta vulgaris L.) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohsen Aghaeezadeh1؛ saeed sadeghzadeh2؛ parviz fasahat3 | ||
| 2Sugar Beet Institute | ||
| 3Sugar Beet Institute | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract Introduction Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a biennial crop that accumulates sucrose in its storage root during the first growing season. However, under specific environmental and genetic conditions, premature bolting may occur in the first year, leading to significant reductions in root yield and sugar content. Bolting tolerance is thus a key breeding objective, especially for autumn-sown cultivars in regions with mild winters. This study aimed to review and elucidate the genetic mechanisms governing bolting and flowering in sugar beet, with a focus on the role of major and minor genes, regulatory pathways, and molecular markers associated with this trait. Materials and Methods A comprehensive review and synthesis of published research on the inheritance and molecular genetics of bolting tolerance in sugar beet were conducted. Studies involving classical breeding, genetic mapping, QTL analysis, gene expression profiling, and molecular marker development were critically examined. Particular attention was given to the function of B, BTC1, BvFT1, BvFT2, and related genes, as well as the interaction of environmental cues (vernalization and photoperiod) with genetic regulators of the bolting process. Results and discussion Bolting tolerance in sugar beet is a polygenic trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Early research identified the B gene as a dominant locus controlling annual habit, while subsequent mapping studies revealed additional loci (B2, B3, B4) contributing to flowering regulation. The BTC1 gene plays a central role by coordinating the expression of BvFT1 and BvFT2 under photoperiodic and vernalization control. Vernalization suppresses BvFT1 expression, allowing BvFT2 activation and transition to reproductive growth. Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation in shoot apical meristems are associated with differential bolting responses between tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Molecular marker studies demonstrated strong associations with bolting tendency and offer valuable tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Breeding programs in Iran and other countries have successfully developed bolting-tolerant genotypes suitable for autumn planting without adverse effects on root yield or sugar productivity. Conclusion The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in sugar beet is governed by complex genetic, epigenetic, and environmental interactions. Advances in molecular genetics and genomics have significantly improved the understanding of bolting control, enabling targeted breeding strategies for bolting tolerance. Integrating traditional selection with molecular tools such as QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection will accelerate the development of stable, high-yielding cultivars adapted to diverse agro-climatic regions. Enhanced knowledge of the genetic basis of bolting not only contributes to crop improvement but also provides a model for studying flowering regulation in biennial plants. Keywords Bolting tolerance, Photoperiod, Vernalization References Zhang C, Li S, Wang Y, Long J, Li X, Ke L, Xu R, Wu Z, Pi Z. Vernalization promotes bolting in sugar beet by inhibiting the transcriptional repressors of BvGI Plant Molecular Biology. 2024; 114(3):67. Doi:http://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-024-01460-x Vogt SH, Weyens G, Lefebvre M, Bork B, Schechert A, Muller AE. The FLC-like gene BvFL1 is not a major regulator of vernalization response in biennial beets. Frontiers in Plant Sciencs. 2014; Vol. 5: 23. Doi:http://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00146 Abou-Elwafa SF. A new locus suppresses bolting under shortening daylength in sugar beet. World Journal of Agricultural Research. 2015; 3(5):179-184. Doi:https://doi.org/10.12691/wjar-3-5-5 Suarez-Lopez P, Wheatley K, Robson F. CONSTANS mediates between the circadian clock and the control of flowering in Arabidopsis. Nature. 2001; 410:1116–1120. Doi:http://doi.org/doi.org/10.1038/35074138 Turck F, Fornara F, Coupland G. Regulation and identity of florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T moves center stage. Annual Review of Plant Biolpgy. 2008; 59:573–594. Doi:http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092755 Simpson GG. The autonomous pathway: epigenetic and post-transcriptional gene regulation in the control of Arabidopsis flowering time. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2004; 7:570–574. Doi:http://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2004.07.002 | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Bolting tolerance, Photoperiod, Vernalization | ||
| مراجع | ||
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