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بررسی تغییرات پوشش گیاهی و خاک علفزارهای مناطق نیمهمرطوب استان مازندران (منطقه پلور) در مناطق قرق و چرا شده در یک دوره 5 ساله (1400-1396) | ||
| تحقیقات مرتع و بیابان ایران | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 32، شماره 3، شهریور 1404، صفحه 232-254 اصل مقاله (1.75 M) | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijrdr.2025.134288 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حسن قلیچ نیا* 1؛ علیرضا افتخاری2 | ||
| 1استادیار پژوهش، بخش مرتع، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش وترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات مرتع، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| چکیده سابقه و هدف پایش و ارزیابی مراتع با تأمین اطلاعات لازم در درازمدت، زمینه برنامهریزی اصولی و جلوگیری از تخریب مراتع، حفظ آب و خاک را فراهم مینماید. تهیه بانک اطلاعات مستمر از شاخصهای پوشش گیاهی و خاک در مراتع و پایش روند تغییرات آنها، تعیین رابطه بین شاخصهای پوشش گیاهی با عوامل اقلیمی، پایش روند و شدت تغییرات در مدیریتهای مختلف و تأمین اطلاعات برای محاسبه ظرفیت درازمدت مراتع از اهداف این تحقیق بود. مواد و روشها برای اجرای این تحقیق، منطقه پلور در مراتع منطقه لاریجان در استان مازندران به مدت 5 سال مورد ارزیابی و پایش شد. برای ارزیابی ویژگیهای پوشش گیاهی در مرتع در سایت قرق و چرا شده، تعداد 3 ترانسکت 100 متری با فاصله 50 متر از یکدیگر قرار داده شد. اندازهگیری اطلاعات زمینی شامل ویژگیهای گیاهی و خاکی بود. ویژگیهای گیاهی شامل میزان درصد تاج پوشش، تراکم و تولید گونههای گیاهی و درصد لاشبرگ بود. ویژگیهای خاکی شامل اسیدیته، هدایت الکتریکی، ازت، فسفر، پتاسیم، ماده آلی، وزن مخصوص ظاهری و بافت خاک بود. در هر ترانسکت تعداد 10 پلات یک مترمربعی و در مجموع 30 پلات در داخل و خارج قرق قرار داده شد. پوشش تاجی هر گونه گیاهی با روش اندازهگیری سطح تاج پوشش، تراکم گونههای گیاهی در سطح پلات با شمارش تعداد پایه هرگونه، تولید پلاتها براساس روش قطع و توزین و درصد پوشش سنگ و سنگریزه، درصد لاشبرگ و درصد خاک لخت نیز در پلاتها اندازهگیری شد. برای ارزیابی ویژگیهای خاکی، در هر سایت سه نمونه خاک در طول هر ترانسکت از سه نقطه ابتدایی، میانی و انتهایی از زیر پای بوتهها و سه نمونه از فضای بین بوتهها در درون سایت قرق و چرا شده، برداشت شد. آنالیز و آزمون دادهها در نرمافزار Minitab16 انجام شد. نتایج نتایج آنالیز واریانس نشان داد که بین بیشتر ویژگیهای پوشش گیاهی در سالهای مختلف، اختلاف معنیدار وجود داشت. بین همه متغیرهای پوشش گیاهی مورد بررسی در داخل قرق و خارج قرق، اختلاف معنیدار وجود داشت. بین بیشتر ویژگیهای مورد بررسی خاک در سالهای مختلف بهجز ماده آلی زیر بوته، اختلاف معنیدار وجود نداشت. بین درصد ازت، فسفر، پتاسیم، کربن آلی و ماده آلی در منطقه قرق و خارج از قرق، اختلاف معنیدار وجود داشت. مقایسه میانگینهای پوشش گیاهی در سالهای مختلف نشان داد که بیشترین میانگین درصد کل پوشش مربوط به منطقه قرق بود. بیشترین مقدار میانگین درصد پوشش گیاهی به ترتیب مربوط به سالهای 1398، 1399، 1397 و 1400 و کمترین آن مربوط به سال 1396 بود. همبستگی بین درصد پوشش کل منطقه قرق با تولید کل، درصد ازت و ماده آلی زیر و خارج گیاه، هدایت الکتریکی زیر گیاه و میزان بارندگی فصل رشد، معنیدار بود. در منطقه چرا شده، همبستگی بین درصد پوشش منطقه قرق با تولید کل، ماده آلی زیر و خارج گیاه و بارندگی فصل رشد، معنیدار شد. همبستگی بین تولید کل در منطقه قرق چرا شده با درصد پوشش کل، درصد ازت و ماده آلی زیر و خارج گیاه، هدایت الکتریکی زیر گیاه و میزان بارندگی فصل رشد، معنیدار بود. نتیجهگیری بررسیها نشان داد، دو عامل بارندگی و مواد آلی خاک، بهصورت مثبت و افزایشی در درصد پوشش گیاهی و تولید، نقش دارند. مقدار تولید علوفه، دارای بیشترین حساسیت نسبت به تغییرات بارندگی است. ازاینرو، در مدیریت چنین رویشگاههایی و بهویژه در استفاده از روشهای تعیین وضعیت مرتع، باید بیشتر بر ارزیابی سالانه تولید علوفه نسبت به سایر شاخصهای گیاهی تأکید شود. نظر به اینکه، اندازهگیری مستقیم تولید علوفه، زمانبر و پرهزینه است، میتوان با اندازهگیری ارتفاع علوفه، مقدار عملکرد رویشگاه را بهطور غیرمستقیم برآورد کرد. برای محاسبه ظرفیت چرای بلندمدت این رویشگاهها، که از موارد مهم و بنیادی در مدیریت مراتع شمال کشور است، تداوم اجرای پایش و اندازهگیری تولید علوفه طی چندین سال متوالی از ملزومات اساسی است. مطلوب است که طی دوره پایش، ترسالی، سال نرمال از نظر بارندگی و خشکسالی اتفاق بیفتد. اگرچه به این موضوع باید اشاره کرد که طی پنج سال اندازهگیری پوشش گیاهی، دورههای مختلف ترسالی، سال نرمال ازنظر بارندگی و خشکسالی در منطقه روی داده است، اما با هدف دستیابی به نتایج معتبر و مستند بیشتر، تداوم آماربرداری ضروریست. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| ارزیابی مراتع؛ استان مازندران؛ پایش؛ سایت پلور؛ مدیریت مراتع | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigating changes in vegetation and soil of grasslands in semi-humid areas of Mazandaran province in exclosure and grazed areas during five years (2017-2021) - Polour site | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hasan Ghelichnia1؛ Alireza Eftekhari2 | ||
| 1Associate Prof, Forest and Rangeland Research Department. Mazandaran Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO,Sari,Iran | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Rangeland Research Department. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehtan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| ABSTRACT Background and objective The monitoring and evaluation of rangelands provides the necessary information for the basic planning of rangeland management and as a result prevents the destruction of rangelands and water and soil conservation. The goals of this research are to prepare a continuous database of vegetation and soil indicators in rangelands and monitor their changes, determine the relationship between vegetation indicators and climatic factors, determine the trend and intensity of changes in different managements, and provide information for calculating long-term capacity of rangelands. Methodology For this study, the Polour site was selected in the rangelands of Baladeh region in Mazandaran province and was evaluated and monitored for 5 years. In order to evaluate the indicators of vegetation cover, 3 transects of 100 meters were placed at a distance of 50 meters from each other. Vegetation and soil factors were measured.Vegetation factors included canopy cover, density and production of plant species, litter, rangeland condition and trend. Soil factors include pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, soil bulk density and soil texture. 10 plots 1m2 were placed along each transect and a total of 30 plots in exclosure and grazed areas. The canopy cover of any plant species with the method of measuring the canopy surface, the density by counting the number of species, the production by cutting and weighing, and the percentage of stone and gravel cover, litter,the and the bare soil were also measured in the plots. Statistical analyses were done in Minitab16 software. Results The results of analysis of variance have shown that there is a significant difference between most of the vegetation factors in different years. There is a significant difference between all the investigated vegetation variables in exclosure and grazed areas. There is no significant difference between most of the investigated soil factors in different years, except for the organic matter under the plant. There is a significant difference between the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon and organic matter in exclosure and grazed areas. The comparison of the averages of vegetation cover in different years shows that the highest average percentage of the total cover was related to exclosure area. The highest average value was related to the years 2020, 2021, 2018 and 2019, respectively, and the lowest was related to the year 2017. The correlation between the coverage percentage of the exclosure area with the total production, the percentage of nitrogen and organic matter under and outside the plant, electrical conductivity under the plant and the amount of rainfall in the growing season is significant. In the grazed area, there is a significant correlation between the coverage percentage of the exclosure area with total production, organic matter under and outside the plan t, and rainfall during the growing season. Correlation between the total production in the grazed area with the percentage of total coverage, the percentage of nitrogen and organic matter under and outside the plant, electrical conductivity under the plant and the amount of rainfall in the growing season is significant. Conclusion There is a significant difference between the fexclosure and grazed areas in terms of some soil factors. There is a significant difference between the indicators of vegetation cover during the studied years. The highest amount of coverage and production in both exclosure and grazed areas was in 2021 and the lowest in 2017. The results of the correlation test showed that total rainfall, autumn and winter rainfall, and growing season rainfall had the highest correlation in the canopy cover and plant production. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Monitoring, Evaluation of rangelands, Rangeland management, Mazandaran province, Polour site | ||
| مراجع | ||
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