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قارچ‌های آگاریک خوراکی، سمی، دارویی و دارای ارزش اقتصادی همزیست با راش شرقی | ||
| زیست شناسی خاک | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 26 مرداد 1404 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/sbj.2025.369850.281 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حامد آقاجانی* 1؛ سید محمد حجتی2؛ محمدعلی تاجیک قنبری3؛ محمدرضا پورمجیدیان2؛ علی برهانی4 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران | ||
| 2استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران | ||
| 4استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مازندران، ایستگاه تحقیقات جنگل و مرتع پاسند، بهشهر | ||
| چکیده | ||
| قارچ‌های اکتومیکوریز از لحاظ اقتصادی یکی از مهم‌ترین گروه قارچ‌های خاک به شمار می‌رود، علاوه بر پراکنش وسیع، بخش قابل توجهی از بیومس خاک را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند. نمونه‌‌برداری از ریز ریشه‌‌ها به عمق 10 سانتی‌‌متر جهت شناسایی قارچ اکتومیکوریز انجام شد و در آزمایشگاه قارچ‌شناسی از طریق استخراج دی‌ان‌ای ناحیه ITS nrDNA با استفاده از زوج آغازگر‌های ITS1F و ITS4B یا ITS4 تکثیر و توالی‌یابی شد و با نرم افزار Bio edit اصلاح و در NCBI مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند و قارچ‌های اکتومیکوریز به طریق مولکولی و استخراج DNA شناسایی شدند و خاصیت خوراکی، سمی، دارویی و دارای ارزش اقتصادی از طریق منابع معتبر انجام گرفت. نتایج مولکولی این پژوهش نشان داد که 15 گونه از قارچ‌های همزیست اکتومیکوریز شناسایی شدند که از 5 جنس Russula، Cortinarius، Inosperma، Lactarius و Hebeloma می‌باشند که جنس‌های Russula و Cortinarius بیشترین فراوانی را داشته‌اند. همچنین از این 15 گونه 6 گونه Russula chloroides، Russula delica، Russula brevipes، Russula faginea، Cortinarius collinitus و Lactarius subdulcis خاصیت خوراکی داشته‌اند که از میان دو گونهRussula delica وCortinarius collinitus علاوه بر ارزش خوراکی، دارای خواص دارویی و اقتصادی نیز می‌باشند. به‌علاوه قارچ Lactarius hepaticus دیگر گونه دارویی شناسایی شده بود که خاصیت دارویی آنتی‌اکسیدانی داشته است که در مجموع نتایج کلی نشان داد سه گونه Russula delica، Cortinarius collinitus وLactarius hepaticus دارای خواص دارویی مستند می‌باشند که دو گونه اول علاوه بر آن، ارزش خوراکی نیز دارند. سه گونه Inosperma adaequata، Cortinarius trivialis و Lactarius chrysorrheus خاصیت سمی داشته‌اند و نکته جالب، خاصیت مابقی قارچ‌ها ناشناخته‌اند. پیشنهاد می‌شود با توجه به پراکنش انواع قارچ‌های دارویی، استخراج انواع متابولیت‌ها از منابع بومی جنگل ایران با استفاده از شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان مورد توجه قرار بگیرد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| بیولوژی خاک؛ اکتومیکوریز؛ قارچ آگاریک؛ بوم شناسی؛ قارچ دارویی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Edible, poisonous, medicinal, and economically valuable agaric mushrooms symbiotic with oriental beech (Fagus oreintalis Lipsky) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hamed Aghajani1؛ Seyed Mohamamd Hojjati2؛ Mohammad Ali Tajick-Ghanbari3؛ Mohammad Reza Pourmajidian2؛ Ali Borhani4 | ||
| 1ssistant professor, Department of Forest Sciences and Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran | ||
| 2professor, Department of Forest Sciences and Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, I. R. Iran | ||
| 3Associate professor, Department of Plant protection, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, I. R. Iran | ||
| 4Faculty Member of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran, Passand Forest and Rangeland Research Station, Behshar, I. R. Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: The broadleaf Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran—dating back over a million years to the Tertiary period—are among the world's most ancient and ecologically significant forest ecosystems. Stretching approximately 800 km in length and 20–70 km in width along the southern Caspian Sea, these forests cover about 1.9 million hectares, from lowland plains up to elevations exceeding 2800 meters. oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), a dominant and climax species within this biome, plays a central role in ecological succession and forest dynamics. “Agaric fungi” refers to a group of mushroom-forming fungi characterized by having a cap (pileus) and gills (lamellae) on the underside of the cap, supported by a stalk (stipe). More broadly, “agaric” can also refer to any fungus with this distinctive fruiting body structure. A key contributor to this process is the group of soil organisms known as ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). These fungi are not only vital in facilitating nutrient cycling and enhancing tree productivity through symbiotic associations, but they also constitute a significant component of soil biomass. Preserving their diversity is critical for forest health and the success of reforestation initiatives. This study aimed to: (1) molecularly identify agaric ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with the fine roots of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) in the Sangedeh forest; (2) assess the edibility, poisonous, medicinal properties, and economic potential of the identified species using verified scientific resources; and (3) provide foundational data to support future ecological, conservation, and biotechnological research on these fungi. Materials and Methods: Following a preliminary field survey, an altitudinal gradient ranging from 1200 m to 2100 m was divided into three elevation classes (each spanning 300 m). Fifteen oriental beech trees were randomly selected within each class, totaling 45 sampled trees. Fine root samples (to 10 cm depth) were collected for ectomycorrhizal analysis. DNA was extracted from the ITS region (Internal Transcribed Spacer region) of nrDNA (ribosomal DNA) using ITS1F and ITS4B/ITS4 primers, amplified, and sequenced. The ITS region sits within the larger ribosomal RNA gene cluster, between the 18S and 28S rRNA genes. ITS is the most commonly used DNA barcode for identifying and classifying fungi at the species level. Sequence data were edited using Bioinformatics tools and analyzed via the NCBI database. Identification was based on ITS sequence comparison, and functional traits (edibility, poisonous or toxicity, medicinal and economic value) were determined through reliable references. Phylogenetic relationships were assessed using Maximum Likelihood, Similarity, and Neighbor-Joining algorithms. Bootstrap support (1000 replicates) was used to validate clades, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed as an outgroup. Results: A total of 15 ectomycorrhizal fungal species belonging to five genera (Russula, Cortinarius, Inosperma, Lactarius, and Hebeloma) were molecularly identified, with Russula and Cortinarius being the most prevalent. Of these, six species—Russula chloroides, R. delica, R. brevipes, R. faginea, Cortinarius collinitus, and Lactarius subdulcis—were edible. Notably, R. delica and C. collinitus were also recognized for their medicinal and economic significance. Lactarius hepaticus, another identified species, exhibited antioxidant medicinal properties. In total, three species (R. delica, C. collinitus, and L. hepaticus) were confirmed to possess medicinal value. Conversely, Inosperma adaequata, Cortinarius trivialis, and Lactarius chrysorrheus were found to be toxic or poisonous. The remaining species lacked documented functional properties. The ITS region sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree, revealing strong bootstrap support for groupings within Russula, with R. brevipes and R. delica showing the highest similarity, followed closely by R. chloroides. Among Cortinarius species, C. rigens clustered tightly with C. trivialis and C. collinitus. Conclusion: The mutualistic relationship between oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) and ectomycorrhizal fungi plays a crucial role in forest ecosystem succession, with several fungal species offering additional benefits through their edible and medicinal properties. This study highlights the ecological and biotechnological potential of native ectomycorrhizal fungi in Hyrcanian forests and underscores the importance of preserving microbial diversity. Future efforts should explore the extraction of bioactive compounds from these fungi and promote their application through partnerships with knowledge-based enterprises. The Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) can also affect the health and productivity of their host trees. ECM can be a powerful approach for achieving biodiversity conservation goals by integrating ecological considerations into resource management practices. Keywords: Soil biology, Ectomycorrhiza, Agaric mushroom, Ecology, Medicinal mushroom, ECM fungi | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Soil biology, Ectomycorrhiza, Agaric mushroom, Ecology, Medicinal mushroom | ||
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