| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,053 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,121 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 46,674,920 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 77,678,291 |
اثر دیآمونیوم فسفات و نانورس بر دیرسوز کنند‌گی و ویژگیهای مقاومتی کاغذ حاصل ازخمیر سودای باگاس | ||
| تحقیقات علوم چوب و کاغذ ایران | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 40، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 92، مهر 1404، صفحه 203-224 اصل مقاله (1.58 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijwpr.2025.368847.1800 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سلیمان ظاهری* 1؛ علی قاسمیان2؛ محمد رضا دهقانی فیروز آبادی3؛ قاسم اسدپور4 | ||
| 1دانش‌آموخته دکتری مهندسی چوب و فراورده‌های سلولزی_ صنایع سلولزی، گروه علوم و مهندسی کاغذ، دانشکده مهندسی چوب و کاغذ، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران | ||
| 2استاد، گروه علوم و مهندسی کاغذ، دانشکده مهندسی چوب و کاغذ، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی کاغذ، دانشکده مهندسی چوب و کاغذ، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران | ||
| 4دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی کاغذ، دانشکده مهندسی چوب و کاغذ، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: کاغذ سلولزی یک منبع مهم تجدیدپذیر است و از سلولز، همیسلولزها و لیگنین تشکیل شده است. به دلیل مزایای آن در سبکوزن، انعطاف‌پذیری، کمهزینه و دوستدار محیط‌زیست بودن استفاده می‌شود. بااین‌حال، کاغذ سلولزی بهطور ذاتی قابل‌اشتعال و سوختن است. در نتیجه، اصلاح کاغذ با مواد کندسوزکننده آلی برای کاهش مقدار بلایای آتش‌سوزی و گسترش دامنه کاربرد کاغذ سلولزی قابل‌توجه است. این مطالعه به بررسی تأثیر دیآمونیوم فسفات و نانو رس به همراه نشاسته کاتیونی بر ویژگیهای کاغذ تولید شده از خمیر سودا باگاس پرداخته است. مواد و روش‌ها: برای این منظور، کاغذ حاصل ازخمیرسودای باگاس کارخانه پارس با وزن پایه g/m2120 و ضخامت میانگین mm0.185 تهیه شد. سپس محلول‌های مختلف پوشش دهی با دیآمونیوم فسفات و یا نانو رس با غلظت های 10، 20 و30 درصدو و 10درصد نشاسته کاتیونی تهیه شدند. برای پوشش دادن کاغذ از 25 میلی لیتر از هر کدام از محلول ها استفاده شد. عملیات پوشش‌دهی با استفاده از دستگاه Auto Bar Coater انجام شد و نمونه‌ها در آون با دمای 65-60 درجه سانتی‌گراد به مدت 10 دقیقه خشک شدند. پس از خشک‌شدن، نمونه‌ها به مدت 2 روز در دمای محیط قرار گرفتند. آزمون‌های مختلفی مانند مقاومت به نفوذ مایعات (آزمون Cobb)، ضخامت، زاویه تماس، مقاومت به کشش، مقاومت به ترکیدن و مقاومت به پاره شدن بر روی نمونه‌ها انجام شد. همچنین ویژگیهای آتش کاغذ شامل: پایداری حرارتی و سوختن و اشتعالپذیری عمودی نیز بررسی شد. نتایج حاصل از هر مرحله، آنالیز آماری شده و مورد بحث و نتیجهگیری قرار گرفت. نتایج: پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که پوشش‌دهی با دیآمونیوم فسفات و نانو رس در حضور نشاسته کاتیونی، موجب بهبود قابل توجه خواص مکانیکی، کاهش نفوذپذیری آب، و افزایش مقاومت در برابر شعله شد به‌ویژه، استفاده از دیآمونیوم فسفات در غلظت ۳۰ درصد، بازده زغال را به 165/48 درصد رساند که معادل افزایش ۱۳۳ درصدی نسبت به نمونه شاهد و ۱۱۱ درصدی نسبت به نانو رس بود. همچنین، پوشش‌های دارای نانورس نیز عملکرد مناسبی در کاهش اشتعالپذیری نشان دادند، اگرچه اثربخشی دی آمونیوم فسفات در غلظت‌های بالا چشمگیرتر بود. این نتایج تأیید می‌کند که اصلاح کاغذ حاصل از خمیر سودای باگاس با این ترکیب، امکان تولید کاغذ با خواص بازدارندگی شعله بالا و ایجاد رفتار خود خاموش شونده گی، بازده زغال مطلوب و بدون انتشار مواد مضری مانند هالوژن یا فرمالدئید را فراهم می‌سازد. نتیجهگیری: استفاده از دیآمونیوم فسفات و نانو رس در حضور نشاسته کاتیونی به‌عنوان مواد پوششی می‌تواند ویژگیهای فیزیکی و مقاومتی کاغذ باگاس را بهبود ببخشد و آن را برای کاربردهای مختلف مقاوم به شعله مناسب‌تر سازد. بهطور کلی کاغذهای پوششداده شده با دیآمونیوم فسفات در مقایسه با نانورس، ویژگیهای نسبتا بهتری را نشان دادند. لذا نتایج پژوهش حاضر تأیید می‌کند که با این اصلاح می‌توان کاغذ حاصل از خمیر کاغذ سودای باگاس را با ویژگیهای مقاومت به آتش بسیار خوب، بازده بالای بازدارندگی شعله و بدون انتشار هالوژن یا فرمالدئید تولید کرد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| پوشش‌دهی؛ کندسوزی؛ خمیر سودای باگاس | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of Diammonium Phosphate and Nanoclay on the Flame Retardancy and Strength Properties of Paper Made from Bagasse Soda Pulp | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Soleiman Zaheri1؛ Ali Ghasemian2؛ Mohammadreza Dehghani Firouzabadi3؛ Ghasem Asadpur4 | ||
| 1دانش‌آموخته دکتری مهندسی چوب وPh.D. Graduate in Wood and Cellulosic Products Engineering – Cellulosic Industries, Department of Paper Science and Engineering, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran | ||
| 2Professor, Dept. of Paper Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran | ||
| 3Associate Prof., Dept. of Paper Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran | ||
| 4Associate Prof., Dept. of , Paper Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and Objective: Cellulose-based paper is an important renewable resource composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Due to its advantages, such as lightweight, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness, it is widely used. However, paper is inherently flammable. Therefore, modifying paper with organic flame retardants is significant for reducing fire hazards and expanding the range of applications for cellulose-based paper. This study investigates the effect of diammonium phosphate and nanoclay combined with cationic starch on the properties of paper produced from soda bagasse pulp. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, paper was prepared from soda bagasse pulp obtained from Pars Paper Factory with a basis weight of 120 g/m² and an average thickness of 0.185 mm. A coating solution containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of either diammonium phosphate or nanoclay and 10% of cationic starch (totally 6 solutions) were prepared. Then, the paper was coated with 25 milliliters of each solution. The coating process was performed using an Auto Bar Coater, and the samples were dried in an oven at 60–65°C for 10 minutes. After drying, the samples were kept at room temperature for two days. Various tests were conducted, including liquid penetration resistance (Cobb test), thickness, contact angle, tensile strength, bursting strength, and tearing resistance. Additionally, fire-related properties such as thermal stability, burning behavior, and vertical flammability were examined. Results: Coating paper with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and montmorillonite nanoclay in the presence of cationic starch improved the paper's hydrophobic properties and flame resistance. However, overall, the DAP-coated papers demonstrated better performance compared to those coated with nanoclay. This superiority is due to the formation of uniform layers and the blockage of surface pores, which prevents water penetration and increases hydrophobicity compared to nanoclay-coated and control samples. The use of DAP at an optimal concentration of 20% increased tensile strength but led to a reduction in tear and burst strength. At higher concentrations, this coating played more effective role in enhancing the mechanical properties of the paper. Increasing the concentration of diammonium phosphate to 30% significantly increased the char yield, indicating improved thermal resistance of the paper. Both coating materials reduced the thermal decomposition temperature and increased the char yield, acting as barriers to prevent further combustion. In vertical flammability tests, DAP-coated papers at higher concentrations exhibited shorter ignition times and lower char lengths, displaying self-extinguishing behavior. The results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the flame-retardant performance in the condensed phase. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the samples showed that the treated samples had the highest char residue percentage compared to the control sample. The flame propagation pattern analysis also indicated improved fire resistance properties in the treated samples compared to the untreated ones. Additionally, all strength properties (such as tensile strength, burst strength, and tear strength) improved in the treated samples. Overall, this study demonstrated that coating with either diammonium phosphate or nanoclay in the presence of cationic starch significantly improves the physical and flame resistance properties of bagasse paper. Notably, using DAP at a 30% concentration increased the char yield to 48.165%, equivalent to a 133% increase compared to the control sample and a 111% increase compared to nanoclay. These findings confirm that modifying paper made from bagasse soda pulp with this combination enables the production of paper with high flame-retardant properties, favorable char yield, and no emission of harmful substances such as halogens or formaldehyde. Conclusion: Overall, using diammonium phosphate and nanoclay in the presence of cationic starch as a coating material can improve the physical and mechanical properties of bagasse paper, making it more suitable for flame-resistant applications. Thus, these treated paper sheets can be used as fire-resistant paper-based materials. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Coating, Flame Retardancy, Bagasse Soda Pulp | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
-ASTM, 2020. Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry. ASTM E1131-20.
-Ashley, R.H., Matthew, R., Gillian, G.A. and Elsie, E.E., 2013. Clays and tetracyclines: composite formulation and antibacterial properties’, in XV International Clay Conference.
-Basak, S., Samanta, K.K., Chattopadhyay, S.K. and Narkar, R., 2015. Thermally stable cellulosic paper made using banana pseudostem sap: a wasted by-product’, Cellulose, 22, pp. 2767–2776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0662-7
-Božič, M., Liu, P., Mathew, A.P. and Kokol, V., 2014. Enzymatic phosphorylation of cellulose nanofibers to new highly-ions adsorbing, flame-retardant and hydroxyapatite-growth induced natural nanoparticles’, Cellulose, 21, pp. 2713–2726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0281-8
-Browne, F., 1958. Theories of the combustion of wood and its control’, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Report, 2136, pp. 1–72.
-Castvan, S., Lazarevic, D., Stojanovic, P., Ivkovic, Z., Petrovic, R. and Kovic, J., 2015. Improvement of the mechanical properties of paper by starch coatings modified with sepiolite nanoparticles’, Starch, 67, pp. 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201400171
-Davies, P.J., Horrocks, A.R. and Alderson, A., 2005. The sensitization of thermal decomposition of ammonium polyphosphate’, Thermochimica Acta, 432(1–2), pp. 73–82.
-Di Blasi, C., Branca, C. and Galgano, A., 2007. Effects of diammonium phosphate on the yields and composition of products from wood pyrolysis’, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 46, pp. 430–438. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0612616
-Ding, Y., Huang, K., Li, W., Du, K., Lu, Y. and Zhang, T., 2020. Thermal interaction analysis of isolated hemicellulose and cellulose by kinetic parameters during biomass pyrolysis’, Energy, 195, p. 117010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117010
-Dong, L.Y. and Zhu, Y.J., 2017. A new kind of fireproof flexible inorganic nanocomposite paper and its application to the protection layer in flame-retardant fiber-optic cables’, Chemistry – A European Journal, 23, pp. 4597–4604. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ chem.201604552
-Fu, Q., Medina, L., Li, Y., Carosio, F., Hajian, A. and Berglund, L.A., 2014. Nanostructured wood hybrids for fire-retardancy prepared by clay impregnation into the cell wall’, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9, pp. 36154–36163. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/acsami.7b10008
-Gholamian, H. and Javed, A., 2021. Investigating the effect of clay nanoparticles and different coatings on increasing the thermal properties and fire resistance of wood’, Color Science and Technology, 15(3), pp. 165–176.
-Guazzotti, V., Limbo, S., Piergiovanni, L., Fengler, R., Fiedler, D. and Gruber, L., 2015. A study into the potential barrier properties against mineral oils of starch-based coatings on paperboard for food packaging’, Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 3, pp. 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2014.09.003
-Howell, B.A., Lienhart, G.W., Livingstone, V.J. and Aulakh, D., 2014. 1-Dopyl-1,2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethene: A flame retardant hardener for epoxy resin’, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 175, p. 109110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109110
-Jia, Y.L., Lu, Y. and Zhang, G.X., 2017. Facile synthesis of an eco-friendly nitrogen-phosphorus ammonium salt to enhance the durability and flame retardancy of cotton’, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5, pp. 9970–9981. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta01106g
-Kazuaki, N., Megumi, A. and Takayuki, T., 2018. Lignocellulose nanofibers prepared by ionic liquid pretreatment and subsequent mechanical nanofibrillation of bagasse powder: application to esterified bagasse/polypropylene composites’, Carbohydrate Polymers, 182, pp. 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.003
-Kollman, F.F.P. and Côté, W.A., 1968. Principles of wood science and technology: solid wood. Allen & Unwin.
-Laoutid, F., Bonnaud, L., Alexandre, M., Lopez-Cuesta, J.M. and Dubois, P., 2009. New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials: From fundamentals to nanocomposites’, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 63(3), pp. 100–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2008.09.002
-Mark, R.E. Jr., Habeger, C.C., Borch, J., Lyne, M.B. and Decker, M., 2002. Handbook of physical testing of paper. 1st edn. pp. 562–873. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482290103
-Mortazavi, F., Resalati, H., Rasouli, S. and Asadpour, G., 2021. Investigation of industrial paper coating with recycled kaolin’, Journal of Color Science and Technology, 15(2), pp. 117–129.
-Narchin, P. and Afra, E., 2014. Characteristics, operation mechanism, and applications of clay’, Quarterly Journal of Scientific-Promotional of Nanoworld, (35), p. 4.
-Oliveira, P., Conceição, S., Santos, N.F., Velho, J. and Ferreira, P., 2004. The influence of rheological modifiers on coated papers: A comparison between CMC and MHPC’, in Proceedings of III CIADICYP Congress, Madrid/Cordoba, Spain, pp. 354–359.
-Pan, H., Song, L., Ma, L., Pan, Y., Liew, K.M. and Hu, Y., 2014. Layer-by-layer assembled thin films based on fully biobased polysaccharides: Chitosan and phosphorylated cellulose for flame-retardant cotton fabric’, Cellulose, 21(5), pp. 2995–3006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0276-5
-Papaspyrides, C.D. and Kiliaris, P., 2014. Polymer green flame retardants. Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53808-6.05001-0
-Roohani, M., Habibi, Y., Belgacem, N.M., Ebrahim, G., Karimi, A.N. and Dufresne, A., 2008. Cellulose whiskers reinforced polyvinyl alcohol copolymers nanocomposites’, European Polymer Journal, 44(8), pp. 2489–2498. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j. eurpolymj.2008.05.024
-Sharifi, N. and Taghavinia, N., 2009. Silver nano-islands on glass fibers using heat segregation method’, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 113, pp. 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys. 2008.07.026
-Shen, J. and Qian, X., 2012. Use of mineral pigments in fabrication of superhydrophobically engineered cellulosic paper’, BioResources, 7(4), pp. 4495–4498. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.4.4495-4498.
-Silva, T.C.F., Habibi, Y., Colodette, J.L., Elder, T. and Lucia, L.A., 2012. A fundamental investigation of the microarchitecture and mechanical properties of tempo-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)-based aerogels’, Cellulose, 19(6), pp. 1945–1956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9761-x
-Song, Z., Xiao, H. and Zhao, Y., 2014. Hydrophobic-modified nano-cellulose fiber/PLA biodegradable composites for lowering water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of paper’, Carbohydrate Polymers, 111, pp. 442–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol. 2014.04.049
-TAPPI (2013) ‘Standard conditioning and testing atmospheres for paperboard pulp handsheets and related products’, TAPPI Test Methods, T 402 sp-08.
-Tavakoli, M., Ghasemian, A., Dehghani-Firouzabadi, M.R. and Mazela, B., 2021 Cellulose and its nano-derivatives as a water-repellent and fire-resistant surface: A review’, Materials, 15(1), p. 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010082
-Tutus, A., Cicekler, M. and Deniz, I., 2012 ‘Using of burnt red pine wood for pulp and paper production’, KSU Journal of Engineering Science, pp. 90–95. (In Turkish, abstract in English).
-Weil, E.D. and Levchik, S.V., 2015. Flame retardants for plastics and textiles: Practical applications. Germany: Hanser, pp. 303–333. https://doi.org/10. 3139/9781569905791.fm
-Xiao, Z., Xu, J., Mai, C., Militz, H., Wang, Q. and Xie, Y., 2016. Combustion behavior of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood treated with a dispersion of aluminum oxychloride-modified silica’, Holzforschung, 70, pp. 1165–1173. https://doi.org/ 10.1515/hf-2016-0062
-Xie, J., Xu, J., Cheng, Z., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Chen, T., Yang, R. and Sheng, J., 2020. Facile synthesis of fluorine-free cellulosic paper with excellent oil and grease resistance’, Cellulose, 27, pp. 7009–7022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03248-w.
-Younis, A.A., Mohamed, S.A.A., El-Samahy, M.A. and Abdel Kader, A.H., 2021. Novel fire-retardant bagasse papers using talc/cyclodiphosphazane and nanocellulose as packaging materials’, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 30, pp. 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2020.12.005
-Zaheri, S. and Asadpur, G., 2019. Feasibility study of using different types of bio-polymer coatings on paper packaging materials’, Packaging Science and Art, 10(38), pp. 18–27. (In Persian)
-Zhang, T., Wu, M., Kuga, S., Ewulonu, C.M. and Huang, Y., 2020. Cellulose nanofibril-based flame retardant and its application to paper’, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(27), pp. 10222–10229. https://doi.org/10. 1021/ acssusch emeng.0c02892
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 116 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 18 |
||