| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,035 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,961 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 45,476,040 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 71,762,404 |
اثر عصاره Thymbra spicata L.، جلبک دریایی و بیوکودهای باکتریایی بر Thymus vulgaris L. تحت تنش شوری | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 41، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 124، تیر 1404، صفحه 266-292 اصل مقاله (1.51 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2025.366648.3466 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمد کریم شبلی1؛ مجید بگنظری* 2؛ میثم محمدی3؛ افسانه عزیزی4 | ||
| 1دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. | ||
| 3استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران | ||
| 4دانشجوی دکترای تخصصی، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: آویشن باغی (Thymus vulgaris L.) در بین گیاهان دارویی به دلیل استفاده در صنایع مختلف از جایگاه ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. شوری دومین عامل محیطی است که تولید محصولات کشاورزی را در بخش قابل توجهی از مناطق کشاورزی جهان و ایران محدود می‌‌کند. کودهای زیستی با تأمین عناصر ماکرو و میکرو، اسیدهای آمینه و هورمون‌های گیاهی باعث افزایش رشد و محافظت از گیاهان در برابر تنش می‌شوند. در این مطالعه، اثرهای عصاره آویشن زوفایی (Thymbra spicata L.) به همراه کودهای زیستی جلبک دریایی و کامل باکتریایی بر ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی، عملکرد اسانس و متابولیت‌های ثانویه گیاه دارویی آویشن باغی در شرایط تنش شوری بررسی شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی گیاهان دارویی دانشگاه ایلام طراحی و اجرا شد. فاکتور اول این آزمایش شامل تیمارهای عصاره آویشن زوفایی 10% (TS)، کود زیستی جلبک دریایی 1% (SB)، کود کامل باکتریایی 10% (BB) و تلفیق آنها و فاکتور دوم شامل سطوح مختلف شوری ]صفر (S0)، ۱۰۰ (S100) و ۲۰۰ (S200)[ میلی‌مولار کلرید سدیم بودند. در این پژوهش علاوه بر صفات مورفولوژیکی، محتوای نسبی آب، نشت الکترولیت، کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید و آنتوسیانین شاخساره، فنول کل، فلاونوئید، پروتئین کل، قند محلول، پرولین، مالون دی‌آلدهید، فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز و فنیل‌آلانین‌آمونیالیاز، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و محتوای اسانس مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. همچنین شناسایی اجزای تشکیل‌دهنده اسانس توسط GC و GC/MS انجام شد. داده‌های آزمایش پس از جمع‌آوری توسط نرم‌افزار آماری 9.3 SAS تجزیه آماری شد و برای مقایسه اختلاف بین میانگین‌ها از آزمون Duncan در سطح احتمال 5% استفاده و نتایج به‌صورت جدول و نمودار توسط Excel گزارش شد. نتایج: براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، با افزایش تنش شوری از میانگین شاخص‌های مورفولوژیکی، فیزیولوژی و بیوشیمیایی کاسته شد؛ اما کاربرد تیمارهای کودی اثر منفی تنش شوری را کاهش داد، به‌طوری‌که براساس مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها، در شرایط بدون تنش و اعمال تنش شوری بالاترین شاخص‌های مورفولوژیکی در تیمار تلفیقی TS+ SB+ BB ثبت گردید. همچنین این تیمار سبب افزایش محتوای نسبی آب، کلروفیل، کارتنوئید، آنتوسیانین، فنول کل، فلاونوئید، پروتئین کل، قند محلول و پرولین در تمامی سطوح تنش شد. صفات کارتنوئید، آنتوسیانین، فنول کل، فلاونوئید، پرولین، قند محلول، فعالیت آنزیم CAT، آنزیم PAL و آنتی‌اکسیدانی با افزایش سطح تنش افزایش یافتند. بالاترین فعالیت آنزیم PAL و آنتی‌اکسیدانی در دو سطح تنش S0 وS100 تحت تیمار TS ثبت و در تنش S200 تیمار تلفیقی TS+ SB+ BB بالاترین فعالیت را نشان داد. با افزایش تنش شوری، میزان نشت الکترولیت و محتوای مالون دی‌آلدهید افزایش یافت. در سه سطح تنش شوری، کاربرد تیمار تلفیقی TS+ SB+ BB میزان نشت الکترولیت و محتوای مالون دی‌آلدهید را کاهش داد. در این مطالعه در شرایط تنش S100 بالاترین محتوای اسانس ثبت گردید و کاربرد تیمار تلفیقی TS+ SB+ BB با افزایش محتوای اسانس، میزان تیمول را ۴۵% نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش داد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاصل از بررسی پارامترهای مورفوفیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی و تجزیه اسانس گیاه آویشن باغی نشان داد که تحت شرایط تنش شوری در میزان فعالیت فتوسنتزی و به دنبال آن کاهش وضعیت آب برگ و دیگر فاکتورهای رشدی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه کاهش معنی‌داری رخ داد. اثر متقابل تنش شوری و عصاره آویشن زوفایی و کودهای زیستی جلبک دریایی و کامل باکتریایی نشان داد که پارامترهای رشدی، فیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی، میزان و اجزای اسانس گیاهان تیمار شده نسبت به شاهد در شرایط تنش شوری بالا به میزان کمتری تحت تأثیر قرار گرفتند. در مجموع می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که استفاده از تیمار تلفیقی در شرایط تنش شوری، ضمن تعدیل اثر تنش می‌تواند گیاه را در شرایط تولید کمی و کیفی مطلوب‌تری نگه دارد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Thymus vulgaris L؛ اسانس؛ تیمول؛ فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی؛ تنش شوری؛ کارواکرول | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effects of Thymbra spicata L. extract, seaweed, and bacterial biofertilizers on Thymus vulgaris L. under salinity stress | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammed Karim Shebli1؛ Majid Bagnazari2؛ Meisam Mohammadi3؛ Afsaneh Azizi4 | ||
| 1M.Sc. graduated of Horticultural Sciences, Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. | ||
| 3Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran | ||
| 4Ilam UniversityPh.D. Research Scholar, Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives: Garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is prominent among medicinal plants due to its applications across various industries. Salinity is the second most significant environmental factor limiting agricultural productivity in many regions worldwide, including Iran. Biofertilizers, which supply macro- and micronutrients, amino acids, and plant hormones, can enhance plant growth and improve stress resistance. This study examined the effects of thyme extract (Thymbra spicata), seaweed, and a comprehensive bacterial biofertilizer on garden thyme's morphophysiological traits, biochemical characteristics, essential oil yield, and secondary metabolite production under salt stress conditions. Methodology: This research was designed and implemented as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, conducted in the medicinal plant research greenhouse of Ilam University. The first factor included treatments of 10% T. spicata extract (TS), 1% seaweed (SB), 10% complete bacterial biofertilizer (BB), and their combination (TS+SB+BB). The second factor involved three salinity levels: 0, 100, and 200 mM sodium chloride (S0, S100, and S200). In this study, in addition to morphological traits, the following parameters were measured: relative water content, electrolyte leakage, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of shoots, total phenol, flavonoid, total protein, soluble sugar, proline, malondialdehyde, the enzyme activities of catalase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, antioxidant activity, and essential oil content. Essential oil components were also identified using GC and GC/MS. After data collection, the results were analyzed statistically using SAS 9.3 software, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare means at a 5% probability level. The findings were presented in tables and graphs using Excel. Results: Based on the results, increasing salinity stress led to a decline in the average values of morphological, physiological, and biochemical indices of T. vulgaris. However, the application of biofertilizer treatments mitigated the adverse effects of salinity. According to the mean comparisons, under both non-stress and salinity stress conditions, the highest morphological indices were observed in the combined treatment of TS+SB+BB. This combined treatment also enhanced relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol, flavonoid, total protein, soluble sugar, and proline at all stress levels. In terms of carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol, flavonoid, proline, soluble sugar, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activities, and antioxidant properties, values generally increased with higher stress levels. The highest phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and antioxidant activity were recorded under both non-stress and moderate stress conditions with the TS treatment, while under high-stress conditions, the TS+SB+BB combination showed the greatest activity. Salinity stress also increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. However, at all three salinity levels, the application of the TS+SB+BB treatment significantly reduced electrolyte leakage and MDA content. In this study, the highest essential oil content was observed under moderate salinity stress (S100) in plants treated with the TS+SB+BB combination, which also increased thymol content by 45% compared to the control. Conclusion: The results of the morphophysiological and biochemical assessments, along with essential oil analysis of garden thyme, revealed a significant decline in photosynthetic activity under salt stress conditions. This reduction was accompanied by decreased leaf water status and a decline in various growth and biochemical parameters. The interaction between salinity stress and the TS+SB+BB biofertilizer treatment demonstrated that plants receiving the combined treatment experienced less reduction in growth, physiological, biochemical, and essential oil parameters under high salinity stress compared to untreated controls. Overall, it can be concluded that the combined biofertilizer treatment effectively mitigates the negative effects of salinity stress, supporting improved quantitative and qualitative performance of garden thyme under adverse conditions. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Thymus vulgaris L, essential oil, thymol, antioxidant activity, salinity stress, carvacrol | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- Abdelaal, K., AlKahtani, M., Attia, K., Hafez, Y., Király, L. and Künstler, A., 2021. The role of plant growth-promoting bacteria in alleviating the adverse effects of drought on plants. Biology, 10(6): 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10060520. - Abdelaziz, M.E., Abdelsattar, M., Abdeldaym, E.A., Atia, M.A., Mahmoud, A.W.M., Saad, M.M. and Hirt, H., 2019. Piriformospora indica alters Na+/K+ homeostasis, antioxidant enzymes and LeNHX1 expression of greenhouse tomato grown under salt stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 256:108532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.05.059. - Abou-Sreea, A.I., Azzam, C.R., Al-Taweel, S.K., Abdel-Aziz, R.M., Belal, H.E., Rady, M.M., Abdel-Kader, A.A.S., Majrashi, A. and Khaled, K.A.M., 2021. Natural biostimulant attenuates salinity stress effects in chili pepper by remodeling antioxidant, ion, and phytohormone balances, and augments gene expression. Plants, 10(11): 2316. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112316. - Agarwal, S. and Pandey, V., 2004. Antioxidant enzyme responses to NaCl stress in Cassia angustifolia. Biologia Plantarum, 48(4): 555-560. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOP.0000047152.07878.e7. - Ahmadi, S. H. and Ardekani, J.N., 2006. The effect of water salinity on growth and physiological stages of eight canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Irrigation Science, 25: 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-006-0030-3. - Akin, M., Oguz, D. and Saracoglu, H., 2010. Antibacterial activity of essential oil from Thymbra spicata var. spicata L. and Teucrium polium (Stapf Brig.). Interventions, 8(9): 53-58. - Akkol, E.K., Avcı, G., Küçükkurt, I., Keleş, H., Tamer, U., Ince, S. and Yesilada, E., 2009. Cholesterol-reducer, antioxidant and liver protective effects of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 126(2): 314-319. - Alara, O.R., Abdurahman, N.H. and Ukaegbu, C.I., 2021. Extraction of phenolic compounds: A review. Current Research in Food Science, 4: 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.03.011. - Álvarez-González, A., Uggetti, E., Serrano, L., Gorchs, G., Casas, M.E., Matamoros, V., Gonzalez-Flo, E. and Díez-Montero, R., 2023. The potential of wastewater-grown microalgae for agricultural purposes: Contaminants of emerging concern, heavy metals and pathogens assessment. Environmental Pollution, 324: 121399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121399. - Ambreetha, S., Chinnadurai, C., Marimuthu, P. and Balachandar, D., 2018. Plant-associated Bacillus modulates the expression of auxin-responsive genes of rice and modifies the root architecture. Rhizosphere, 5: 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.12.001. - Arnon, A.N., 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23(1): 112-121. https://doi.org - Ashour, M., Mabrouk, M.M., Ayoub, H.F., El-Feky, M.M., Zaki, S.Z., Hoseinifar, S. H., Rossi Jr, W., Van Doan, H., El-Haroun, E. and Goda, A. M. S., 2020. Effect of dietary seaweed extract supplementation on growth, feed utilization, hematological indices, and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32: 3467-3479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02178-1. - Ashraf, M., Mukhtar, N., Rehman, S. and Rha, E.S., 2004. Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant bishop’s weed (Ammi majus L.). Photosynthetica, 2(24): 543-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11099-005-0011-4. - Asrar, A.W.A. and Elhindi, K.M., 2011. Alleviation of drought stress of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 18(1): 93-98. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.06.007. - Atkinson, D., 1980. The distribution and effectiveness of the roots of tree crops. Horticultural Reviews, 2: 424-490. - Baranzehi, T., Gholamnezhad, J., Dehestani, M., Jafari, A. and Naserinasab, F., 2019. The evolution of activity and gene expression of some antioxidant enzymes and qualitative characters of orange fruits under cover treatments. Cell and Tissue Journal, 10(4): 226-242. https://doi.org/10.52547/JCT.10.4.226. - Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.A. and Teare, I.D., 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060. - Begum, M., Bordoloi, B.C., Singha, D.D. and Ojha, N.J., 2018. Role of seaweed extract on growth, yield, and quality of some agricultural crops: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 39(4): 321-326. https://doi.org/10.18805/AG.R-1838. - Behdad, M., Etemadi, N., Behdad, E. and Zeinali, H., 2013. Antifungal effects of three plant essential oils against Rhizopus stolonifer, the cause of soft rot on strawberry fruit. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 29(2): 399-411. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2013.2864. - Bernstein, N., Kravchik, M. and Dudai, N., 2010. Salinity‐induced changes in essential oil, pigments and salts accumulation in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) in relation to alterations of morphological development. Annals of Applied Biology, 156(2): 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2009.00376.x. - Bhattacharyya, P.N. and Jha, D.K., 2012. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): emergence in agriculture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 28: 1327-1350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0979-9. - Bradford, M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2): 248-254. - Briat, J.F., Curie, C. and Gaymard, F., 2007. Iron utilization and metabolism in plants. Current opinion in plant biology, 10(3): 276-282. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2007.04.003. - Caradonia, F., Ronga, D., Tava, A. and Francia, E., 2022. Plant biostimulants in sustainable potato production: an overview. Potato Research, 65(1): 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-021-09510-3. - Chai, T.T., Fadzillah, N.M., Kusnan, M. and Mahmood, M., 2005. Water stress-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant responses in micropropagated banana plantlets. Biologia Plantarum, 49: 153-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00000-005-3156-9. - Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C., 1955. Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Methods in Enzymology, 2: 764-775. - Chaudhry, S. and Sidhu, G.P.S., 2022. Climate change regulated abiotic stress mechanisms in plants: A comprehensive review. Plant Cell Reports, 41(1): 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02759-5. - De Souza, R., Meyer, J., Schoenfeld, R., da Costa, P.B. and Passaglia, L.M., 2015. Characterization of plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with rice cropped in iron-stressed soils. Annals of Microbiology, 65: 951-964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-014-0939-3. - Devi, N.L. and Mani, S., 2015. Effect of seaweed saps Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria on growth, yield and quality of rice. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(19): 1-6. https://doi.org/ 0.17485/ijst/2015/v8i19/47610. - Dharamvir, A., Kumar, N. and Kumar, M., 2018. Physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer Arietinum) genotypes to salinity stress. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7: 2380-2388. - Dou, Y., Tu, F., Wu, Y., Wang, X., Lu, G. and Zhao, L., 2021. Facile preparation of kaolin supported silver nanoparticles mediated by Thymbra Spicata extract and investigation of the anti-human lung cancer properties. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 25(9): 101303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101303. - Dubey, R.S., 2018. Photosynthesis in plants under stressful conditions. In Handbook of photosynthesis. CRC Press, 629-649. - Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Pourmorad, F. and Hafezi, S., 2008. Antioxidant activities of Iranian corn silk. Turkish Journal of Biology, 32(1): 43-49. - Elnahal, A.S., El-Saadony, M.T., Saad, A.M., Desoky, E.S.M., El-Tahan, A.M., Rady, M.M., AbuQamar, S.F. and El-Tarabily, K.A., 2022. The use of microbial inoculants for biological control, plant growth promotion, and sustainable agriculture: A review. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 162(4): 759-792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02393-7. - Featonby-Smith, B.C. and Van Staden, J., 1984. The effect of seaweed concentrate and fertilizer on growth and the endogenous cytokinin content of Phaseolus vulgaris. South African Journal of Botany, 3(6): 375-379. - Firoozeh, R., Khavarinejad, R., Najafi, F. and Saadatmand, S., 2019. Effects of gibberellin on contents of photosynthetic pigments, proline, phenol and flavonoid in savory plants (Satureja hortensis L.) under salt stress. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 31(4): 894-908. https://doi.org/ 20.1001.1.23832592.1397.31.4.12.4. - George, B., Kaur, C., Khurdiya, D.S. and Kapoor, H.C., 2004. Antioxidants in tomato (Lycopersium esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry, 84(1): 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00165-1. - Ghosh, D., Sen, S. and Mohapatra, S., 2017. Modulation of proline metabolic gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under water-stressed conditions by a drought-mitigating Pseudomonas putida strain. Annals of Microbiology, 67: 655-668. - Hancı, S., Sahin, S. and Yılmaz, L., 2003. Isolation of volatile oil from thyme (Thymbra spicata) by steam distillation. Food/Nahrung, 47(4): 252-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.200390059. - Heath, R.L. and Packer, L., 1968. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125(1): 189-198. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(68)90654-1. - Hniličková, H., Hnilička, F., Orsák, M. and Hejnák, V., 2019. Effect of salt stress on growth, electrolyte leakage, Na+ and K+ content in selected plant species. Plant, Soil and Environment, 65(2): 90-96. https://doi.org/10.17221/620/2018-PSE. - Holaday, A.S., Ritchie, S.W. and Nguyen, H.T., 1992. Effects of water deficit on gas-exchange parameters and ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase activation in wheat. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 32(4): 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(92)90053-5. - Hosseini, H., Mousavi Fard, S., Fatehi, F. and Qaderi, A., 2017. Changes in phytochemical and morpho-physilogical traits of thyme (Thymus Vulgaris Cv Varico 3) under different salinity levels. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 16(10): 22-33. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.2717204.2017.16.61.18.9. - Jiang, Y. and Huang, B., 2001. Drought and heat stress injury to two cool‐season turfgrasses in relation to antioxidant metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Crop Science, 41(2): 436-442. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.412436x. - Johari-Pireivatlou, M., 2010. Effect of soil water stress on yield and proline content of four wheat lines. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(1): 36-40. - Karray-Bouraoui, N., Rabhi, M., Neffati, M., Baldan, B., Ranieri, A., Marzouk, B., Lachaâl, M. and Smaoui, A., 2009. Salt effect on yield and composition of shoot essential oil and trichome morphology and density on leaves of Mentha pulegium. Industrial Crops and Products, 30(3): 338-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.06.003. - Khalil, M., Khalifeh, H., Baldini, F., Salis, A., Damonte, G., Daher, A., Voci, A. and Vergani, L., 2019. Antisteatotic and antioxidant activities of Thymbra spicata L. extracts in hepatic and endothelial cells as in vitro models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 239: 111919. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091778. - Kibria, M.G., Hossain, M., Murata, Y. and Hoque, M.A., 2017. Antioxidant defense mechanisms of salinity tolerance in rice genotypes. Rice Science, 24(3): 155-162. https://doi.org/10.4236/OJSS.2019.911013. - Kılıç, C.C., Anaç, D., Eryüce, N. and Kılıç, Ö.G., 2012. Effect of potassium and phosphorus fertilization on green herb yield and some quality traits of Thymus vulgaris L. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7: 6427-6431. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.795. - Kochert, G., 1978. Carbohydrate determination by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. In: Hellebust JA, Craigie JS (eds) Handbook of physiological methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 95-97. - Krizek, D.T., Britz, S.J. and Mirecki, R.M., 1998. Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV‐A and UV‐B radiation on growth of cv. New Red Fire lettuce. Physiologia Plantarum, 103(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030101.x. - Kumaran, A., 2006. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extract of Coleus aromaticus. Food Chemistry, 97(1): 109-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.032. - Liang, Z., Ma, Y., Xu, T., Cui, B., Liu, Y., Guo, Z. and Yang, D., 2013. Effects of abscisic acid, gibberellin, ethylene and their interactions on production of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge hairy roots. Plos one, 8(9): e72806. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072806. - Mahmoud, S.H., Salama, D.M., El-Tanahy, A.M. and Abd El-Samad, E.H., 2019. Utilization of seaweed (Sargassum vulgare) extract to enhance growth, yield and nutritional quality of red radish plants. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 64(2): 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2019.11.002. - Mamede, M., Cotas, J., Bahcevandziev, K. and Pereira, L., 2023. Seaweed polysaccharides in agriculture: a next step towards sustainability. Applied Sciences, 13(11): 6594. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116594. - Mihailović, M., Dinić, S., Arambašić Jovanović, J., Uskoković, A., Grdović, N. and Vidaković, M., 2021. The influence of plant extracts and phytoconstituents on antioxidant enzymes activity and gene expression in the prevention and treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis and diabetes complications. Antioxidants, 10(3), 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030480. - Mohanty, P., Singh, P.K., Chakraborty, D., Mishra, S. and Pattnaik, R., 2021. Insight into the role of PGPR in sustainable agriculture and environment. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5: 667150. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.667150. - Muetasam Jafr, S., Rahimi, A.R., Hashemi, M. and Rokhzadi, A., 2022. Influence of N, K, and Seaweed extract fertilization on biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and essential oil of Thymus vulgaris: optimization study by response surface methodology. Agronomy, 12(12): 3222. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123222. - Mukherjee, A. and Patel, J.S., 2020. Seaweed extract: biostimulator of plant defense and plant productivity. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17: 553-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02442-z. - Müller, C., Eisenbrand, G., Gradinger, M., Rath, T., Albert, F.W., Vienken, J., Singh, R., Farmer, P.B., Stockis, J. and Janzowski, C., 2004. Effects of hemodialysis, dialyser type and iron infusion on oxidative stress in uremic patients. Free Radical Research, 38(10): 1093-1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760400011452. - Naik, K., Mishra, S., Srichandan, H., Singh, P.K. and Sarangi, P.K., 2019. Plant growth promoting microbes: Potential link to sustainable agriculture and environment. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 21: 101326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101326. - Najafi Vafa, Z., Sohrabi, Y., Mirzaghaderi, G. and Heidari, G., 2022. Soil microorganisms and seaweed application with supplementary irrigation improved physiological traits and yield of two dryland wheat cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 855090. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.855090. - Najafi, S. and Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi, S., 2019. The effect of green algae (Ulva fasciata L.) extract on growth and physiological parameters of Sesamum indicum. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 8(33): 1-14. - Naseem, H. and Bano, A., 2014. Role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and their exopolysaccharide in drought tolerance of maize. Journal of Plant Interactions, 9: 689-701. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2014.902125. - Navari-Izzo, F., Pinzino, C., Quartacci, M.F., Sgherri, C.L.M. and Izzo, R., 1994. Intracellular membranes: kinetics of superoxide production and changes in thylakoids of resurrection plants upon dehydration and rehydration. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B: Biological Sciences, 102: 187-191. - Newman, E.I., 1966. A method of estimating the total length of the root in a sample. Journal of Applied Ecology, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.2307/2401670. - Noroozisharaf, A. and Kaviani, M., 2018. Effect of soil application of humic acid on nutrients uptake, essential oil and chemical compositions of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under greenhouse conditions. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24(3): 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-0510-y. - Omer, E.A., 1999. Response of wild Egyptian oregano to nitrogen fertilization in a sandy soil. Plant Nutrition, 22:103-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169909365610. - Pandjaitan, N., Howard, L.R., Morelock, T. and Gil, M.I., 2005. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of spinach as affected by genetics and maturation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(22): 8618-8623. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf052077i. - Parvin, K., Hasanuzzaman, M., Bhuyan, M.B., Nahar, K., Mohsin, S.M., and Fujita, M., 2019. Comparative physiological and biochemical changes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under salt stress and recovery: role of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Antioxidants, 8(9): 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090350. - Patel, K., 2018. Study of Physiological and molecular responses in wheat towards stress tolerance by the application of liquid seaweed fertilizer. Ph.D. thesis. Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Gujarat. - Preedy, V.R. (Ed.)., 2015. Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety. Academic Press, 625-631. - Rady, M.M. and ur Rehman, H., 2016. Supplementing organic biostimulants into growing media enhances growth and nutrient uptake of tomato transplants. Scientia Horticulturae, 203: 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.037. - Raja, B. and Vidya, R., 2023. Application of seaweed extracts to mitigate biotic and abiotic stress in plants. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-023-01313-9. - Ramya, S.S., Vijayanand, N. and Rathinavel, S., 2015. Foliar application of liquid biofertilizer of brown alga Stoechospermum marginatum on growth, biochemical and yield of Solanum melongena. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 4: 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-015-0096-0. - Rashid, U., Yasmin, H., Hassan, M.N., Naz, R., Nosheen, A., Sajjad, M., Ilyas, N., Keyani, R., Jabeen, Z., Mumtaz S., Alyemeni, M.N. and Ahmad, P., 2021. Drought-tolerant Bacillus megaterium isolated from semi-arid conditions induces systemic tolerance of wheat under drought conditions. Plant Cell Reports, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-020-02640-x. - Repke, R.A., Silva, D.M.R., dos Santos, J.C.C., and de Almeida Silva, M., 2022. Increased soybean tolerance to high-temperature through biostimulant based on Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract. Journal of Applied Phycology, 34(6): 3205-3218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02821-z. - Rosa, P.A.L., Galindo, F.S., Oliveira, C.E.D.S., Jalal, A., Mortinho, E.S., Fernandes, G.C., Rocha Marega, E.M., Buzetti, S. and Teixeira Filho, M.C.M., 2022. Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce phosphate fertilization requirement and enhance technological quality and yield of sugarcane. Microorganisms, 10(1): 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010192. - Roy, S.J., Negrão, S. and Tester, M., 2014. Salt resistant crop plants. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 26: 115-124. - Sabzi-Mehrabad, Z., Lotfi, R., Pessarakli, M. and Yarnia, M., 2018. Changes in essential oil accumulation of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in response to phosphate biological and chemical fertilizers. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(3): 348-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1385802. - Semida, W.M., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Hemida, K. and Rady, M.M., 2019. Natural bee-honey based biostimulants confer salt tolerance in onion via modulation of the antioxidant defence system. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 94(5): 632-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2019.1592711. - Shokouhi Far, Y., 2016. Application of algae in agriculture. In Second International Conference on Sustainable Development, Solutions and Challenges Focusing on Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism, Iran, 23-25 February: 3-4. - Singh, S. and Kapoor, K.K., 1999. Inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in a sandy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 28: 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050475. - Stirk, W.A. and van Staden, J., 2020. Potential of phytohormones as a strategy to improve microalgae productivity for biotechnological applications. Biotechnology Advances, 44: 107612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107612. - Stoilova, I., Krastanov, A., Stoyanova, A., Denev, P. and Gargova, S., 2007. Antioxidant activity of a ginger extract (Zingiber officinale). Food Chemistry, 102(3): 764-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.023. - Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E., 2006. Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates Publisher, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA, 690. - Taskova, R., Mitova, M., Najdenski, H., Tzvetkova, I. and Duddeck, H., 2002. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of Carthamus lanatus. Fitoterapia, 73(6): 540-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00184-3. - Tassoni, A., Durante, L. and Ferri, M., 2012. Combined elicitation of methyl-jasmonate and red light on stilbene and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Journal of Plant Physiology, 169(8): 775-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2012.01.017. - Thirumaran, G., Arumugam, M., Arumugam, R. and Anantharaman, P., 2009. Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer on growth and pigment concentration of Cyamopsis tetrogonolaba (L) Taub. American-Eurasian Journal of Agronomy, 2(2): 50-56. - Toyokuni, S., Tanaka, T., Kawaguchi, W., Lai Fang, N. R., Ozeki, M., Akatsuka, S., Hiai, H., Aruoma, O.I. and Bahorun, T., 2003. Effects of the phenolic contents of Mauritian endemic plant extracts on promoter activities of antioxidant enzymes. Free Radical Research, 37(11): 1215-1224. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760310001598150. - Vaičiulytė, V., Ložienė, K., Taraškevičius, R. and Butkienė, R., 2017. Variation of essential oil composition of Thymus pulegioides in relation to soil chemistry. Industrial Crops and Products, 95: 422-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.10.052. - Vojodi Mehrabani, L. and Valizadeh Kamran, R., 2019. The effects of soil cover and Stimplex (Ascophyllum nodosum extract) foliar application on antioxidant activity and some physiological characteristics of Coriandrum sativum L. Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding, 9(1): 33-45. https://doi.org/10.22034/jppb.2019.10100. - Wang, H., Liu, R., You, M.P., Barbetti, M.J. and Chen, Y., 2021. Pathogen biocontrol using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR): Role of bacterial diversity. Microorganisms, 9(9): 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091988. - Wang, T., Jonsdottir, R., and Ólafsdóttir, G., 2009. Total phenolic compounds, radical scavenging and metal chelation of extracts from Icelandic seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 116(1): 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.041. - Wu, D., Fu, R., Sun, Z. and Yu, Z., 2005. Low-density organic and carbon aerogels from the sol–gel polymerization of phenol with formaldehyde. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 351(10-11): 915-921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.04.003. - Zounemat Kermani, M. and Asadi, R. 2018. Effect of partial root zone drying on the quantitative traits of (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 32(1): 147-160. https://doi.org/10.22092/jwra.2018.116607. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 138 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 65 |
||