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علیزاده علی آبادی, علی. (1404). علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 23(1), 158-179. doi: 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665
علی علیزاده علی آبادی. "علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 23, 1, 1404, 158-179. doi: 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665
علیزاده علی آبادی, علی. (1404). 'علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 23(1), pp. 158-179. doi: 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665
علیزاده علی آبادی, علی. علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1404; 23(1): 158-179. doi: 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665

علل بروز آفات نوپدید در گیاهان و راهبرد‌های مقابله با آنها

تحقیقات حمایت و حفاظت جنگلها و مراتع ایران
مقاله 10، دوره 23، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 45، فروردین 1404، صفحه 158-179    اصل مقاله (1.24 M)
نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی مروری
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.368645.1665
نویسنده
علی علیزاده علی آبادی*
نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات بیماری‌های گیاهی، موسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
سابقه و هدف: درک علل پیدایش آفات نوظهور برای جلوگیری و کنترل آنها بسیار مهم است. برخی از عوامل مؤثر در بروز آفات نوپدید عبارتند از:
ورود طبیعی: برخی آفات و بیمارگرها از طریق عوامل طبیعی مانند باد، جریان‌های آبی یا پرندگان و سایر موجودات زنده به مناطق جدید منتقل می‌شوند. تغییرات محیطی و اکولوژیکی نیز می‌توانند موجب گسترش طبیعی این عوامل شوند.
ورود تصادفی یا سهوی: با توجه به افزایش تبادلات بین‌المللی، انتقال ناخواسته آفات و بیمارگرها به همراه کالاهای مختلف، به‌ویژه محصولات کشاورزی، سهل‌تر شده است. بذر، قلمه، پیوندک، نهال و سایر اندام‌های تکثیری، وسایل حمل‌ونقل مانند کامیون‌ها، کشتی‌ها و هواپیماها می‌توانند ناقل یا حامل این آفات باشند.
ورود تعمدی: برخی از آفات و بیمارگرها به‌منظور خرابکاری به‌صورت عمدی وارد کشور یا منطقه‌ای خاص می‌شوند. این نوع ورود می‌تواند در قالب جنگ بیولوژیک، تروریسم بیولوژیک و جنایت بیولوژیک رخ دهد که تهدیدی جدی برای امنیت غذایی و اقتصادی کشورها محسوب می‌شود.
تغییرات اقلیمی: دگرگونی‌های آب‌وهوایی، مانند افزایش دما، تغییر الگوهای بارندگی و خشک‌سالی، شرایط را برای گسترش برخی آفات مساعد می‌کند. این تغییرات موجب توسعه زیستگاه‌های مناسب برای برخی گونه‌های خسارت‌زا می‌شود که پیش‌تر در آن مناطق قابلیت رشد نداشتند.
فعالیت‌های انسانی و جهانی‌سازی: گسترش تجارت جهانی، حمل‌ونقل و شیوه‌های جدید کشاورزی نیز در پراکنش آفات نقش مهمی دارند. شهرنشینی و تخریب زیستگاه‌های طبیعی نیز از عواملی هستند که می‌توانند منجر به افزایش آفات شوند.
شکست مقاومت و هیبریداسیون: کاهش مقاومت گیاهان در برابر آفات و ایجاد گونه‌های جدید از طریق ترکیب ژنتیکی، می‌تواند منجر به ظهور آفات جدید شود. تغییرات ژنتیکی در آفات و بیمارگرها نیز می‌تواند موجب افزایش قدرت تهاجمی آنها شود.
مهندسی ژنتیک: ایجاد واریته‌های جدید گیاهی ممکن است موجب رشد و تکثیر برخی آفات شود که پیش‌تر کنترل‌شده بوده‌اند. دست‌کاری‌های ژنتیکی بدون ارزیابی اثرهای زیست‌محیطی، ممکن است خطر افزایش آسیب‌پذیری گیاهان را در برابر برخی آفات ایجاد کند.
تعدادی از راهکارهای مهم برای پیشگیری و کنترل آفات نوپدید به شرح زیر است:
شناسایی و مستندسازی آفات موجود: ایجاد بانک اطلاعاتی جامع از آفات، بیمارگرها و علف‌های هرز موجود در کشور، گام نخست در مدیریت این چالش است. داده‌های دقیق و به‌روز می‌توانند در پیشگیری و مقابله با این آفات کمک شایانی بکنند.
پایش و مراقبت مستمر: رصد دائمی مزارع، باغ‌ها و عرصه‌های طبیعی از طریق نمونه‌برداری و گزارش‌گیری منظم از وضعیت آفات، در تشخیص و کنترل به‌موقع آنها نقش اساسی دارد. برنامه‌های مراقبتی باید با استفاده از فناوری‌های نوین مانند سنجش از راه دور و داده‌های ماهواره‌ای انجام شوند.
کنترل مرزی و بازرسی محموله‌ها: اجرای دقیق مقررات قرنطینه‌ای برای ورود محصولات کشاورزی و سایر کالاهای وارداتی که می‌توانند ناقل آفات باشند، ضروریست. این موضوع مستلزم همکاری مستمر میان دستگاه‌های اجرایی و بهره‌گیری از فناوری‌های پیشرفته در بازرسی و پایش محموله‌هاست.
واکنش سریع و مدیریت بحران: در صورت شناسایی یک آفت نوپدید، نهادهای اجرایی باید با اتخاذ تدابیر بهداشتی مناسب، به حذف و امحای آن بپردازند. اجرای سریع اقدامات کنترلی و قرنطینه‌ای در مراحل ابتدایی ظهور آفات می‌تواند از گسترش آنها جلوگیری کند.
استفاده از راهکارهای مدیریت یکپارچه: شامل استفاده از گونه‌های مقاوم، تغییر شیوه‌های زراعی، کنترل بیولوژیک و در صورت لزوم، مداخلات شیمیایی کنترل‌شده است. به‌کارگیری ترکیبی از این روش‌ها می‌تواند تأثیر بیشتری در کنترل پایدار آفات داشته باشد.
افزایش همکاری‌های بین‌المللی: تبادل اطلاعات بین کشورها در‌مورد آفات نوظهور، نقش مهمی در کنترل و پیشگیری از شیوع آنها دارد. همکاری‌های علمی و استفاده از فناوری‌های نوین مانند هوش مصنوعی و یادگیری ماشین می‌تواند در شناسایی الگوهای شیوع آفات و ارائه راهکارهای مؤثر مفید باشد.
نتیجه‌گیری: با نگاهی به وضعیت آفات نوپدید در کشور می‌توان دریافت، یکی از مهمترین عوامل بروز این آفات، ورود تصادفی آنها از طریق محموله‌های کشاورزی و صنعتی بوده است. بنابراین، قانونمندتر شدن واردات محصولات کشاورزی و اجرای دقیق‌تر مقررات بهداشت نباتی و قرنطینه گیاهی، می‌تواند خطر ورود این آفات را کاهش دهد. در‌عین‌حال، مدیریت کارآمد و به‌کارگیری راهکارهای پیشگیرانه و کنترلی، از‌جمله پایش مستمر، تشخیص سریع و واکنش به‌موقع، می‌تواند تأثیر بسزایی در کاهش خسارت‌های ناشی از این آفات داشته باشد. همچنین، همکاری‌های بین‌المللی در زمینه اشتراک‌گذاری اطلاعات و تجربیات، گامی مؤثر برای تضمین امنیت غذایی جهانی محسوب می‌شود. توسعه فناوری‌های جدید و افزایش آگاهی کشاورزان و مسئولان نیز از عوامل کلیدی در مدیریت پایدار آفات نوپدید خواهد بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
آفات نوظهور؛ تغییر اقلیم؛ پیشگیری؛ مدیریت تلفیقی آفات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Emerging plant pests causes and their management strategies
نویسندگان [English]
Ali Alizadeh Aliabadi
Corresponding Author, Associate professor, Plant Pathology Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and Objective: Understanding the causes of emerging plant pests is critically important for their prevention and control. Some of the factors contributing to the occurrence of emerging pests are as follows:
Natural introduction: Some pests and pathogens are transported to new areas by natural factors such as wind, water currents, birds, or other living organisms. Ecological and environmental changes can also facilitate the natural spread of these agents.
Accidental or unintentional introduction: With the increase in international trade, the unwanted transfer of pests and pathogens along with various goods, especially agricultural products, has become easier. Seeds, scions, seedlings, and other reproductive organs, as well as transport means such as trucks, ships, and airplanes, can act as vectors or carriers for these pests.
Intentional introduction: Some pests and pathogens are deliberately introduced into a country or region for sabotage purposes. Such introductions can occur as biowarfare, bioterrorism, or biocrime, posing a serious threat to food security and national economies.
Climate change: Climatic changes, including increases in temperature, alterations in rainfall patterns, and drought, create favorable conditions for the spread of certain pests. These changes allow the development of suitable habitats for some damaging species that were previously unable to establish in those areas.
Human activities and globalization: The expansion of global trade, transportation, and new agricultural practices also plays an important role in the spread of pests. Urbanization and the destruction of natural habitats are additional factors that can lead to an increase in pest populations.
Resistance breakdown and hybridization: Reduction of plant resistance against pests and the emergence of new species through genetic recombination can lead to the appearance of new pests. Genetic changes in pests and pathogens may also increase their aggressiveness.
Genetic engineering: The creation of new plant varieties may facilitate the growth and reproduction of pests that were previously controlled. Genetic manipulations without assessing environmental impacts may increase plant vulnerability to certain pests.
Some important strategies for preventing and managing emerging pests are as follows:
Identification and documentation of existing pests: Establishing a comprehensive database of pests, pathogens, and weeds in the country is the first step in managing this challenge. Accurate and up-to-date information can greatly assist in preventing and controlling these pests.
Continuous monitoring and surveillance: Ongoing monitoring of farms, orchards, and natural areas through regular sampling and reporting of pest status is crucial for timely detection and control. Surveillance programs should employ modern technologies, including remote sensing and satellite data.
Border control and inspection of shipments: Strict enforcement of quarantine regulations for imported agricultural products and other goods that may act as pest vectors is essential. This requires continuous cooperation among regulatory authorities and the use of advanced inspection and monitoring technologies.
Rapid response and crisis management: When an emerging pest is detected, authorities should implement appropriate measures to eliminate and eradicate it. Rapid application of control and quarantine measures during the early stages of pest emergence can prevent their further spread.
Use of integrated management strategies: These include the use of resistant varieties, modification of agricultural practices, biological control, and, when necessary, controlled chemical interventions. Combining these approaches can result in more effective and sustainable pest management.
Increasing international cooperation: Sharing information among countries about emerging pests plays a crucial role in controlling and preventing their spread. Scientific collaboration and the application of modern technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning can be effective in identifying pest outbreak patterns and providing suitable management solutions.
Conclusion: The current status of emerging pests in the country indicates that one of the most significant factors in their occurrence is accidental entry through agricultural and industrial shipments. Therefore, regulating the import of agricultural products and strictly implementing phytosanitary and plant quarantine measures can reduce the risk of pest introduction. Simultaneously, effective management and the application of preventive and control strategies—including continuous monitoring, rapid detection, and timely response—can significantly reduce the damage caused by these pests. International cooperation for information and experience sharing is also an effective step toward ensuring global food security. The development of new technologies and raising awareness among farmers and authorities will be key factors in the sustainable management of emerging pests.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Emerging pests, climate change, prevention, integrated pest management
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