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تأثیر سامانههای خاکورزی و قطع آبیاری در مراحل مختلف رشد گندم نان بر عملکرد دانه و ویژگیهای خاک در استان فارس | ||
| تحقیقات سامانهها و مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی | ||
| دوره 25، شماره 89، فروردین 1403، صفحه 49-68 اصل مقاله (1.85 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/amsr.2025.368082.1509 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| شکوفه ساریخانی خرمی* 1؛ صادق افضلی نیا2؛ سید عبدالرضا کاظمینی3 | ||
| 1استادیار بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی؛ مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران | ||
| 2استاد بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران. | ||
| 3استاد بخش تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| خاکورزی حفاظتی با حفظ منابع آب و خاک، برای رسیدن به کشاورزی پایدار دارای اهمیت است. این پژوهش در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی و بهصورت کرتهای خرد شده در سه تکرار در کرتهای ثابت در سالهای زراعی 1399-1396 اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی سه روش خاکورزی مرسوم، کمخاکورزی و بیخاکورزی و فاکتور فرعی چهار تیمار قطع آبیاری در مراحل گرده افشانی، شیری شدن دانة گندم و خمیریشدن دانة گندم سیروان و آبیاری کامل به عنوان شاهد بود. در سراسر فصل رشد و پس از برداشت، صفتهای روز تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، وزن هزاردانه، عملکرد دانه و ویژگیهای خاک شامل جرم مخصوص ظاهری، سرعت نفوذ آب، میزان کربن آلی و نیترات خاک اندازهگیری شد. نتایج بررسی نشان داد که بین سامانههای خاکورزی از نظر وزن مخصوص ظاهری و سرعت نفوذ آب به خاک اختلاف معنیداری وجود دارد. در سامانة کمخاکورزی کمترین جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک در هر دو عمق 10-0 و 20-10 سانتیمتر، و بیشترین سرعت نفوذ آب به خاک برابر با 15/1 میلیمتر بر دقیقه دیده شد. عملکرد دانة گندم در سامانههای کمخاکورزی و بیخاکورزی نسبت به خاکورزی مرسوم بهترتیب 14 و 4/20 درصد کمتر بود، ولی شخمهای عمیق و حفظنشدن بقایای گیاهی در سطح خاک در سامانه خاکورزی مرسوم به کاهش میزان کربن آلی خاک 2/6 و 13 درصد، در مقایسه با سامانههای کمخاکورزی و بیخاکورزی انجامید. با توجه به اینکه تعداد روز تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دانة گندم در تیمار آبیاری کامل با تیمار اعمال قطع آبیاری در مرحله خمیریشدن دانه اختلاف معنیدار نداشت، نتیجهگیری شد که میتوان در شرایط محدودیت آب، بدون کاهش معنیدار در دورۀ رشد و عملکرد، آبیاری را در مرحلـة انتهای پرشدن دانه قطع کرد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| بیخاکورزی؛ تنش رطوبتی؛ جرم مخصوص ظاهری؛ کمخاکورزی؛ گندم؛ ماده آلی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Tillage systems effect and irrigation cutting at different bread wheat growth stages on grain yield and soil properties in Fars province | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Shokoofeh Sarikhani Khorami1؛ Sadegh Afzalinia2؛ Seyed Abdolreza Kazemeini3 | ||
| 1Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Agricultural Engineering Research, Fars Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran. | ||
| 3Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Implementing conservation tillage is important system to achieve sustainable agriculture by conserving water and soil resources. Experimental treatments were three-tillage practices—conventional tillage (CT), Minimum tillage (MT), and no tillage (NT)—and irrigation cutting at pollination, milky and seed dough developmental stages along with full irrigation were randomized in the main and subplots, respectively in a randomized complete block design arranged as split-plot with three replications. Wheat, Sirvan cultivar was sown in permanent plots during 2017–2020. Several agronomic traits including day to physical maturity, harvest index, thousand grain weight, and grain yield were measured during growing season and after harvest. The physical and chemical soil properties including soil bulk density, water infiltration, organic carbon, and nitrate content were also measured. Results showed that soil bulk density and water infiltiration were affected by tillage systems. MT system had lower soil bulk density at both soil layer (0-10 and 10-20 cm), and higher water infiltration (1.15 mm/min). Wheat grain yield under MT and NT systems was 14 and 20.4 % lower than CT system. Deep plowing and removing crop residue in CT system led to decrease soil organic matter by 6.2 and 13 % as compared to MT and NT, respectively. According to days to physiological maturity, and wheat grain yield was not significantly different between irrigation cutting of dough stage and full irrigation treatments, irrigation can be stopped at the end of grain filling without significant reduction in wheat growth duration, and grain yield under water limitation. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Bulk density, Tillage, Cutting irrigation, Wheat, Organic matter | ||
| مراجع | ||
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