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ارزیابی عملکرد میوه و روغن ارقام زیتون در مناطق جنوبی و غربی ایران | ||
| نهال و بذر | ||
| دوره 40، شماره 1، فروردین 1403، صفحه 95-73 اصل مقاله (684.88 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/spj.2025.367624.1387 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| فریدون عجم گرد* 1؛ محمدرضا تسلیم پور2؛ ابوالمحسن حاجی امیری3؛ علی اصغر زینانلو4؛ رحمت اله غلامی5 | ||
| 1استادیار، بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی صفی آباد، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، دزفول، ایران. | ||
| 2مربی، بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران. | ||
| 3استادیار، بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه ایران. | ||
| 4دانشیار، پژوهشکده میوه های معتدله و سردسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| 5دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| عملکرد پایین میوه و روغن مهمترین چالش تولید زیتون در مناطق جنوبی وغرب ایران است. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی و انتخاب ارقام سازگار و پرمحصول زیتون، در استانهای فارس (کازرون) خوزستان (باغملک) و کرمانشاه (ریجاب) انجام شد. بدین منظور در هر استان در سال 1392 باغ سازگاری در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با ده رقم، سه تکرار و چهار درخت از هر رقم احداث و ارزیابی صفات رویشی و زایشی در سالهای 1401 و 1402 انجام شد. رقمها شامل آمیگدالولیا، آوان، تخمکبکی، دکل، دوستی، دهقان، شیراز،کنسروالیا، کیوپ و ماوی بودند. نتایج کازرون نشان داد، رقم کیوپ بالاترین عملکرد میوه (22 کیلوگرم) و بالاترین عملکرد روغن (3 کیلوگرم) در هر درخت را داشت. نتایج باغملک نشان داد، ارقام کیوپ و کنسروالیا به ترتیب با عملکرد 30 و 25 کیلوگرم میوه و 2/9کیلوگرم روغن به ترتیب بالاترین عملکرد میوه و روغن در هر درخت را داشتند. در ریجاب ارقام شیراز، دکل، تخم کبکی، کیوپ و کنسروالیا به ترتیب بالاترین عملکرد میوه و روغن را داشتند. همچنین روغن در ماده تر ارقام زیتون در ریجاب 1/5تا 2/2 درصد بیشتر از کازرون و باغملک بود و رقم آوان ۲۵ تا 29 درصد روغن در ماده تر داشت. ارزیابی کلی ارقام زیتون در مناطق کازرون، باغملک و ریجاب نشان داد، سه رقم کیوپ، کنسروالیا و ماوی در هر سه منطقه از سازگاری مطلوب و عملکرد میوه و روغن بالا برخوردار بودند. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| زیتون؛ صفات رویشی؛ درصد روغن؛ درصد روغن در ماده تر؛ درصد روغن در ماده خشک | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluation of Fruit and Oil Yield of Olive Cultivars in Southern and Western Regions of Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| F. Ajamgard1؛ M. R. Taslimpour2؛ A. Hajiamiri3؛ A. A. Zeinanloo4؛ R. Gholami5 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Field and Horticultural Crops Research Department, Safiabad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Dezful, Iran. | ||
| 2Researcher, Field and Horticultural Crops Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran. | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Field and Horticultural Crops Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Kermanshah, Iran. | ||
| 4Associate Professor, Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| 5Associate Professor, Field and Horticultural Crops Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Kermanshah, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Low fruit and oil yield are the most important challenges of olive production in the southern and western regions of Iran. For identifying and selecting high-yielding olive cultivars adapted to the environmental conditions of these regions, this research was carried-out in Fars (Kazeroun), Khuzestan (Baghmalek), and Kermanshah (Reejab) provinces. For this purpose, in each province in 2013, an orchard was established with 10 olive cultivars, four trees of each cultivar, using randomized complete block design with three replications. The vegetative and reproductive traits were measured and estimated in 2022 and 2023. The 10 olive cultivars included: Mavi, Keup, Avan, Tokhm Kabki, Dosty, Shiraz, Dehghan, Dakal, Amygdalolia and Konservolia. The results showed that in Kazeroun cv. Keup had the highest fruit yield (22 kg tree-1) and oil yield (3 kg tree-1). In Baghmelek cv. Keup and cv. Konservolia had the highest fruit yield (30 and 25 kg tree-1, respectively), and oil yield (2.9 kg tree-1). In Reejab, cv. Shiraz, cv. Dakal, cv. Tokhm Kabki, cv. Keup and cv. Konservolia had the highest fruit yield, respectively. Also, oil content in fresh matter of the olive cultivars in Reejab was 1.5 to 2.2 percent higher than in Kazeroun and Baghmalek. Keywords: Olive, vegetative traits, oil content, oil content in fresh matter, oil content in dry matter. Introduction Low fruit and oil yields are the most important challenges for olive production in the southern and western regions of Iran. Warm weather, dry air and high evaporation in the southern regions of Iran including; Fars, Khuzestan and Kermanshah provinces, cause a decrease the quantity and quality of olive fruit and oil yileds. High temperature stress reduces flower formation and proportion of perfect flowers (Zeinanloo et al., 2015), photosynthesis and assimilation (Nissim et al., 2020), oil accumulation (Zeinanloo et al., 2015; Conde et al., 2008), and fruit and oil quality (Khaleghi et al., 2015). Cv. Koroneiki has high fruit yield and oil content in the north of Iran. Its oleic acid content is more than 70 percent, however, it has very low fruit yield and oil content (less than 6%) in the southern part of Iran, and its oleic acid content is reduced to less than 40 percent (Ajamgard and Zeinanloo, 2013). Therefore, it is very important to select adapted olive cultivars with high fruit yield and oil content for the establishment of new olive orchards in these regions. This research was carried-out to select adapted olive cultivars with high fruit yield and oil content for Fars, Khuzestan and Kermanshah provinces. Materials and Methods To identify and select adapted and high-yielding olive cultivars for the southern and western regions of Iran, this research was carried-out in the provinces of Fars (Kazeroun), Khuzestan (Baghmalek), and Kermanshah (Reejab) provinces. For this purpose, in each province in 2013, an orchard was established with 10 olive cultivars, four trees of each cultivar, using randomized complete block design with three replications. The vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated in 2022 and 2023. The 10 olive cultivars included: Mavi, Keup, Avan, Tokhm Kabki, Dosty, Shiraz, Dehghan, Dakal, Amygdalolia and Konservolia. The distance between the trees was 6 × 6 meters. In Reejab, terracing was created due to the slope and rocky nature of the land, and agricultural soil was used to fill the holes during planting. The soil texture in Baghmalek and Kazeroun was clay-loam with the depth of agricultural soil of more than one meter. The trees were irrigated using drip irrigation system with four drippers of four liters hour-1. Olive trees were pruned in the second year after planting. Fertilizers applied based on soil test and trees requirements was carried out according to the results of the soil test. Vegetative and reproductive traits including; tree height, trunk-cross sectional area, annual growth of branch, flower number in cluster, perfect flower percentage in cluster, fruit weight, fruit yield tree-1, fruit flesh percentage, oil content of fruit, oil content in fresh matter, oil content in dry matter and oil yield trees-1, were measured and estimated. Results and Discussion The results showed that in Kazeroun cv. Keup had the highest fruit yield (22 kg tree-1) and oil yield (3 kg tree-1). In Baghmelek cv. Keup and cv. Konservolia had the highest fruit yield (30 and 25 kg tree-1, respectively), and oil yield (2.9 kg tree-1). In Baghmalek, cv. Avan had the highest oil content in fresh and dry matter of fruit. In Reejab, the average size of the trees was 47% smaller than Baghmalek and 23% smaller than Kazeroun. In Reejab, stones of fruit were smaller and the percentage of fruit flesh was higher than the other two regions. Also, in Reejab, cv. Shiraz, Dakal, Tokhm Kabki, cv. Keup and cv. Konservolia had higher fruit yield than other cultivars, respectively. The oil content in fresh matter of olive cultivars in Reejab was 1.5 to 2.2% higher than in Kazeroun and Baghmalek. Cv. Avan, in Reejab, reached a record of 29 percent of oil content in fresh matter. Zeinanloo et al. (2015) reported that cv. Koroneiki had high fruit yield and oil content in the north of Iran. However, this cultivar had very low fruit yield and oil content (less than 6%) in the southern part of Iran (Ajamgard and Zeinanloo, 2013). According to the results of this research, selection of adapted olive cultivars with high fruit yield and oil content for Fars, Khuzestan and Kermanshah provinces is very important. References Ajamgard, F. and Shafiei, Z. A. 2007. Collection and evaluation of olive (Olea europaea L.) germplasm of Khuzestan province. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technolog, 7(4), pp.229-242. Conde, C., Delrot, S. and Gerós, H. 2008. Physiological, biochemical and molecular changes occurring during olive development and ripening. Journal of plant physiology, 165(15), pp.1545-1562. https://DOI.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2008.04.018 Nissim, Y., Shloberg, M., Biton, I., Many, Y., Doron-Faigenboim, A. and Zemach, M. 2020. High temperature environment reduces olive oil yield and quality. PLoS One, 15(4), pp.1-24. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231956 Zeinanloo, A. A., Arji, I., Taslimpour, M., Ramazani Malak Roodi, M. and Azimi, M. 2015. Effect of cultivar and climatic conditions on olive (Olea europaea L.) oil fatty acid composition. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 46(2), pp.233-242. DOI: 10.22059/IJHS.2015. 54619 | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Olive, vegetative traits, oil content, oil content in fresh matter, oil content in dry matter | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Ajamgard, F. and Shafiei, Z. A. 2007. Collection and evaluation of olive
Ajamgard, F. and Zeinanloo, A. A. 2013. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative yield of olive cultivars in north of Khuzestan province. Seed and Plant Journal, 29(3), pp.567-579.
Ajani, A., Soleimani, A., Zeinanloo, A. A. and Seifi, E. 2021. The evaluation of physiological and biochemical traits of olive trees cvs. Zard and Direh under heat stress. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 51(4), pp.785-795. DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2019.282976.1659
Conde, C., Delrot, S. and Gerós, H. 2008. Physiological, biochemical and molecular changes occurring during olive development and ripening. Journal of plant physiology, 165(15), pp.1545-1562. https://DOI.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2008.04.018
Gholami, R. A., Sarikhani, H. and Arji, I. 2017. Effects of deficit irrigation on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality in three olive oil cultivars. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 48(1), pp.191-201. DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2017.134943.861
Gholami A. R., Hashempour A., Arji, I. and Hadjiamiri, A. 2021. Growth, physiological and biochemical response of six commercial olive cultivars to kaolin foliar application in warm conditions. Plant Process and Function, 10(45): pp.15-26. DOR: 20.1001.1.23222727.1400.10.45.20.8
Gholami, R., Arji, I. and Fahadi Hoveizeh, N. 2023. Dry matter and oil accumulation in fruit of some olive promising genotypes under Sarpol-e Zahab environmental conditions in Iran. Seed and Plant Journal, 39 (1), pp.51-66. DOI: 10.22092/spj.2023.363433.1321
Gholmohammadi, M., Sofalian, O., Taheri, M., Ghanbari, A. and Rasoli, V. 2020. Evaluation of response to drought stress in some of promising Iranian and foreign olive cultivars using yield-based indices. Journal of Plant Production Research, 27(1), pp.107-127. DOI: 10.22069/jopp.2020.15904.2424
Khaleghi, E., Arzani, K., Moallemi, N. and Barzegar, M. 2015. The efficacy of kaolin particle film on oil quality indices of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) cv. ‘Zard’ grown under warm and semi-arid region of Iran. Journal of Food chemistry, 166(1), pp.35-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.006
Mohammadi, H., Zeinanloo, A. and Roshan, A. 2008. Modeling the thermal adaptability of the olive (Olea europaea L.) in Iran. The Journal of Physical Geography Research. 63(1), pp.37-51.
Nissim, Y., Shloberg, M., Biton, I., Many, Y., Doron-Faigenboim, A. and Zemach, M. 2020. High temperature environment reduces olive oil yield and quality. PLoS One, 15(4), pp.1-24. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231956
Shiri, Y., Zahedi, B. and Ehteshamnia, A. 2018. Effect of cultivar and location on yield, morphological and biochemical characteristics of some olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars in the Lorestan province. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 48(4), pp.723-732. DOI: 10.22059/ijhs.2018.130326.829
Taslimpour, M. R., Zeinanloo, A. A. and Aslmoshtaghi, E. 2016. Evaluating the performance of eleven olive cultivars in Fars province of Iran. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 3(1), pp.1-8. DOI: 10.22059/ijhst.2016.58153
Zeinanloo, A. A., Roshan, A. A. and Mirzaei, H. 2009. Investigation of adaptability to olive (Olea europaea L.) growing region of Iran according to chilling requirement. Olivae, 111, pp.19-26. Zeinanloo, A. A., Arji, I., Taslimpour, M., Ramazani Malak Roodi, M. and Azimi, M. 2015. Effect of cultivar and climatic conditions on olive (Olea europaea L.) oil fatty acid composition. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 46(2), pp.233-242. DOI: 10.22059/IJHS.2015. 54619
Zeinanloo, A. A. 2022. Evaluation of pomological characteristics, fruit and oil yield of fifty-five foreign and native olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars in Tarom region in Iran. Seed and Plant Journal, 38(3), pp.305-322. DOI: 10.22092/spj.2023.361973.1304 | ||
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