| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,081 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,377 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 48,026,861 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 78,932,040 |
بررسی اثرات بازدارندگی برخی پپتیدهای حشرات علیه باکتری Pseudomonas tolaasii عامل بیماری لکه قهوه‌ای قارچ سفید دکمه ای | ||
| مهار زیستی در گیاه‌پزشکی | ||
| دوره 11، شماره 1، شهریور 1402، صفحه 109-123 اصل مقاله (740.21 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/bcpp.2024.365978.368 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| افسانه مسلمی مهنی1؛ محمد رهنمائیان* 2؛ نادر حسن زاده3؛ حمید فروتن فر4 | ||
| 1-دانشجوی دکتری رشته بیماری شناسی گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2بخش شیمی دارویی، دانشکده داروسازی، دانشگاه فیلیپس، ماربورگ، آلمان. | ||
| 3دانشیار، گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 4استاد، مرکز تحقیقات علوم دارویی و فراورده های آرایشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| باکتری Pseudomonas tolaasii عامل بیماری لکه قهوه‌ای قارچ خوراکی از مهمترین عوامل محدود‌کننده تولید این محصول می‌‌باشد که تاثیر مستقیمی بر کاهش کیفیت محصول دارد. . باتوجه به عدم وجود راه حل مناسب در مدیریت این بیماری با کاربرد سموم شیمایی و آنتی بیوتیک‌ها ،که اثرات ناخواسته سمیت و مقاومت میکروبی را در پی دارند، تحقیقات گسترده‌ای در زمینه شناسایی ترکیبات ضد‌باکتری طبیعی و سازگار با سلامت محصول، درحال انجام است. در تحقیق حاضر نیز بدین منظور، پس از جداسازی و شناسایی گونه بیمارگر باکتری Pseudomonas tolaasii با روشهای معمول آزمایشگاهی، اثرات ضد‌باکتریایی ده پپتید حاصل از گونه‌های مختلف حشرات، نظیر پروانه سکروپیا، مورچه مرمیسیا، موریانه، زنبور عسل اروپایی، مگس میوه مدیترانه‌ای، مگس اسطبل و مگس گوشت، علیه این بیماری مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. مقادیر حداقل غلظت بازدارندگی از رشد به میزان 50% (MIC) مقادیر حداقل غلظت کشندگی (MBC)پپتیدهای مورد نظر علیه باکتری بیمارگر به روش تست الایزا به‌دست آمد. برای تایید نتایج MBC محتوی میکروپلیت‌ها مجدد کشت شدند. جهت ارزیابی شدت و کیفیت علایم بیماری در محیط آزمایشگاهی، سطح بلوک‌های قارچ با غلظت1mM از پپتیدهای موثر پوشانیده شد و سپس با سوسپانسیون باکتری حاوی 108 cfu/ml مایه زنی شدند. پپتیدها با توجه به نوع بروز علایم در شش گروه متفاوت (B0-B1-B2-B3-B--B5) قرار گرفتند. سطوح مختلف شدت بروز علایم بیماری، از شاخص بدون علامت (B0) تا شاخص علایم پوسیدگی قهوه‌ای همراه با نقاط فرورفته(B5) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. مقادیر MIC نشان داد که پپتیدهای Cecropin A(پروانه سکروپیا)، Scal-stomoxyn(مگس اسطبل)، Lser-Cecropin1(مگس گوشت) در غلظت‌های متفاوتی سبب کاهش رشد حداقل 50% جمعیت باکتری P. tolaasii شدند. کمترین مقدار MBC نیز در پپتید Cecropin A در غلظت µM 6.25 مشاهده شد. در نتایج بررسی کیفیت و شدت بروز علایم، پپتید Cecropin A در سطح B0، بطور کامل کلاهک قارچ را در شرایط آزمایشگاهی علیه باکتری P. tolaasiiمحافظت نمود و از بروز علایم بیماری جلوگیری کرد. پس از آن پپتید Scal-stomoxyn با ایجاد لکه‌های مختصر زرد رنگ در سطح شاخص B1 قرار گرفت و تا حدودی مانع پیشرفت علایم بیماری شد. پپتیدهای Spinigerin(موریانه)، Ceratotoxin (مگس میوه مدیترانه‌ای) ، Formaecin-1 (مورچه مرمسیا)،Metchnikowin1(مگس سرکه)، Apidaecin Ia(زنبور عسل اروپایی) و Metchnikowin- 2(مگس سرکه) نیز با ایجاد لکه‌های قهوه‌ای پوسیده در سطحB4 قرار گرفتند. شدیدترین سطح بروز علایم نیز در شاخص (B5) پوسیدگی قهوه‌ای همراه با نقاط فرورفته بر روی کلاهک قارچ بود که تنها در نمونه شاهد مثبت حاوی محیط کشت و باکتری مشاهده شد. تمامی آزمایشات در 3 تکرار انجام شد و آنالیز آماری با روش تجزیه واریانس و مقایسه میانگین‌های مقادیر MICو MBC به روش دانکن انجام شد. وفق نتایج این مطالعه، می‌توان از پپتیدهای ضد میکروبی با منشا حشرات به‌ویژه Cecropin ها‌در کاهش بیماری لکه قهوه‌ای قارچ سفید دکمه‌ای بهره برد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Pseudomonas tolaasii؛ قارچ خوراکی؛ پپتیدهای ضد‌میکروبی؛ Cecropin | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of some Antibacterial Peptides Against pseudomonas tolaasii the causal agent of brown blotch in White button mushroom | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Afsaneh Moslemi Mehni1؛ Mohammad Rahnamaeian2؛ Nader Hassanzadeh3؛ Hamid Forootan Far4 | ||
| 1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2School of Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 4Professor, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| One of the most important factors limiting the production of edible mushrooms is the brown spot disease caused by the bacteria Pseudomonas tolaasii, which has a direct effect on reducing the quality and commercial effect of product. Due to the lack of an effective solution to control of this disease and the impossibility of using chemical poisons and antibiotics because of their unvialling effect on product health and bacterial resistant, new research is being done to identify antibacterial compounds of natural origin. With this approach, in this research, the antibacterial effects of ten peptides obtained from insects like Cecropia moth, Mediterranean fruit fly, Stable fly, Termites, Western honey bee, Red bull ant, Common fruit fly, Common green bottle fly were investigated against this disease. The values of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 50% and the minimum lethal concentration (MBC) of the desired peptides against pathogenic bacteria were obtained by ELISA method. The MBC values of peptides were also determined by re–treating the contents of the microplates. Also, to determine of disease severity, the caps of mushrooms were covered by peptides(1Mm) befor inoculating with pathgenic bacteria (108 cfu/ml). Then, the severity of disease symptoms was evaluated with six standard scale levels ( B0–B1–B2–B3–B4–B5), where B0 indicates no infection and B5 showing brown and sunken symptoms (B5). MIC values of Cecropin A (Cecropia moth), Scal–stomoxyn (Stable fly), Lser–Cecropin1(Common green bottle fly) peptides in different concentrations were effective on the growth of P. tolaasii. The lowest amount of MBC was observed in Cecropin A peptide equal to 6.25 µM. Also, the results showed that Cecropin A peptide completely protected the mushroom cap at B0 level, and then Scal–stomoxyn peptide was placed at B1 index level with no occurrence or formation of pale–yellow spots. Peptides Spinigerin, Ceratotoxin (Mediterranean fruit fly), Formaecin–1(Red bull ant), Metchnikowin–1(Common fruit fly), Apidaecin Ia (Western honey bee) and Metchnikowin–2 (Common fruit fly) was also placed in B4 level infection by causing brown spots and decay. Brown rot symptoms with sunken spots on the mushroom cap were observed only in the positive control sample, which had the most severe quality level of symptoms (B5). The antimicrobial peptide Cecropin A completely inhibited P. tolaasii and the use of Scal–stomoxyn on the mushroom cap partially prevented the progress of the disease All experiments were performed in 3 replicates and the accuracy of MIC and MBC values was evaluated by comparing the means through analysis of variance. According to the results of this study, the capacity of insect antimicrobial peptides, especially Cecropins, can be used to control the brown spot of edible button mushrooms. . | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Antibacterial peptides, Mushroom, Pseudomonas tolaasii, Cecropin | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Alibakhshi, A., Nazarian Firouzabadi, F. & Ismaili, A. 2018. Expression and antimicrobial activity analysis of a Dermaseptin B1 antibacterial peptide in tobacco hairy roots, Journal of Plant Protection, 41(3): 87–97. magiran.com/p1903376.
Barbosa, P.P., Del Sarto, R.P., Silva, O.N., Franco, O.L. & Grossi–de–Sa, M.F. 2011. Antibacterial peptides from plants: what they are and how they probably work. Biochemistry Research International, 2011:250349. doi: 10.1155/2011/250349. Epub 2011 Mar 3. PMID: 21403856; PMCID: PMC3049328.
Cao, J., de la Fuente–Nunez, C., Ou, R.W., Torres, M.D.T., Pande, S. G., Sinskey A.J. & Lu, T.K. 2018. Yeast–based synthetic biology platform for antimicrobial peptide production. ACS Synthetic Biology, 7: 896–902. 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00396.
Cantore, P.L., Lazzaroni, S., Coraiola, M., Dalla, M., Cafarchia, C., Evidente A. & Iacobellis S. 2006. Biological Characterization of White Line–Inducing Principle (WLIP) Produced by Pseudomonas reactans NCPPB1311. Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions, 19: 1113–1120.
Cytry´nska, M. & Zdybicka–Barabas, A. 2015. Defense peptides: recent developments, Biomolecular Concepts, 6(4): 237–251.
Durell, S.R., Raghunathan, G. & Guy, H.R. 1992. Modeling the ion channel structure of cecropin. Biophysical Journal, 63: 1623–1631.
Esteves, E., Fogaca, A.C., Maldonado, R., Silva, F.D., Manso, P.P., PelajoMachado, M., Valle, D. & Daffre, S. 2009. Antimicrobial activity in the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus eggs: cellular localization and temporal expression of microplusin during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 33: 913–919
Farsi, M. & Pourianfar, H. 2011. Cultivation and breeding of the white button mushroom (2th ed). Jahad Daneshgahi Publications, Iran.
Gao. J.Na.H., Zhong, R., Yuan, M., Guo, J., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Wang, L. & Zhang, F. 2020. One step synthesis of antimicrobial peptide protected silver nanoparticles: The core–shell mutual enhancement of antibacterial activity. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 186:110704. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110704. Epub 2019 Dec 3. PMID: 31841775
Ghaffari, M., Mahdavi, O.M. & Baghbani, A.F. 2016. Antimicrobial activity and synergistic effect of Mentha pulegium L. essential oil and ciprofloxacin on Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections. Iranian Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(4): 31–39
Ghasem, I.S., Harighi, B., Mojarrab, M. & Azizi, A. 2021.Response of Pseudomonas tolaasii, the causal agent of mushroom brown blotch disease to the volatile compounds produced by endofungal bacteria. BioControl, 66: 421–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526–020–10071–6.
Godfrey, S.A., Harrow, S.A., Marshall, J.W. & Klena, J.D. 2001. Characterization by 16S rRNA sequence analysis of pseudomonads causing blotch disease of cultivated Agaricus bisporus. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 67(9):4316–23. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.9.4316–4323.2001. PMID: 11526038; PMCID: PMC93162.
Gomes, D., Santos, R.S., Soares, R., Reis, S., Carvalho, S., Rego, P.C., Peleteiro, M., Tavares, L. & Oliveira, M. 2020. Pexiganan in Combination with Nisin to Control Polymicrobial Diabetic Foot Infections. Antibiotics, 9(3): 128. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9030128. PMID: 32244862; PMCID: PMC7148459.
Guidotti, G., Brambilla, L. & Rossi, D. 2017. Cell–penetrating peptides: from basic research to clinics. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 38: 406–424. 10.1016/j.tips.2017.01.003
Hancock, R.E. 2001. Cationic peptides: effectors in innate immunity and novel antimicrobials. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 1(3): 156–64. doi: 10.1016/S1473–3099(01)00092–5. PMID: 11871492.
Hitchner, M.A., Santiago–Ortiz, L.E., Necelis, M.R., Shirley, D.J., Palmer, T.J., Tarnawsky, K.E., Vaden, T.D. & Caputo, G.A. 2019. Activity and characterization of a pH–sensitive antimicrobial peptide. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Biomembranes, 1861:182984. 10.1016/j.bbamem. 2019.05.006
Hoffmann, J.A., Hetru, C. & Reichhart, J.M. 1993. The humoral antibacterial response of Drosophila. FEBS Letter, 325: 63–66.
Holásková, E., Galuszka, P., Mičúchová, A., Šebela, M., Öz, M.T., Frébort, I. 2018. Molecular farming in barley: development of a novel production platform to produce human antimicrobial peptide LL–37. Biotechnolgy Journal, 13, 1700628. doi: 10.1002/biot.201700628
Huan, Y., Kong, Q., Mou, H. & Yi, H. 2020. Antimicrobial Peptides: Classification, Design, Application and Research Progress in Multiple Fields. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16(11): 582779. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.582779. PMID: 33178164; PMCID: PMC7596191.
Koehbach, J. & Craik, D.J. 2019. The vast structural diversity of antimicrobial peptides. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 40: 517–528. 10.1016/j.tips.2019.04.012
King, E.O., Ward, M.K. & Raney, D.E. 1954. Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescin. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 44: 301–307.
Kulkarni, M.M., Barbi, J., McMaster, W.R., Gallo, R.L., Satoskar, A.R. & McGwire, B.S. 2011. Mammalian antimicrobial peptide influences control of cutaneous Leishmania infection. Cellular Microbiology, 13: 913–923
Landon, C., Meudal, H., Boulanger, N., Bulet, P. & Vovelle, F. 2006. Solution structures of stomoxyn and spinigerin, two insect antimicrobial peptides with an alpha–helical conformation. Biopolymers, 5; 81(2): 92–103. doi: 10.1002/bip.20370. PMID: 16170803.
Lee, J. & Zhang, L. 2015. The hierarchy quorum sensing network in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Protein Cell, 6(1): 26–41. doi: 10.1007/s13238–014–0100–x. Epub 2014 Sep 25. PMID: 25249263; PMCID: PMC4286720.
Lei, J., Sun, L., Huang, S., Zhu, C., Li, P., He, J., Mackey, V., Coy, D.H. & He, Q. 2019. The antimicrobial peptides and their potential clinical applications. American Journal of Translational Research, 11: 3919–3931.
Lin, X. & Sun, D. 2019. Research advances in browning of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) affecting factors and controlling methods. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 90: 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.05.007Get rights and content
Liu, H., Chen, J., Xia, Z., An, M. & Wu, Y. 2020. Effects of ε–poly– l –lysine on vegetative growth, pathogenicity and gene expression of Alternaria alternata infecting Nicotiana tabacum. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 163: 147–153
Lo Cantore, P. & Iacobellis, N.S. 2004. First report of brown discoloration of Agaricus bisporus caused by Pseudomonas agarici in southern Italy. Phytopathology, 43: 35–38
Matsuyama, K. & Natori, S. 1990. Mode of action of sapecin, a novel antibacterial protein of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly). Journal of biochemistry (Tokyo), 108: 128–132
Memarpoor–Yazdi, M., Zare–Zardini, H. & Asoodeh, A. 2013. A Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Derived from the Insect Paederus dermatitis, Int J Pept Res Ther, 19: 99–108.
Merabishvili, M., Pirnay, J.P. & De Vos, D. 2018. Guidelines to Compose an Ideal Bacteriophage Cocktail. Pages 99–110 in: Bacteriophage Therapy Methods in Molecular Biology. J, Azeredo and S. Sillankorva, eds. Vol1693. Humana Press, New York.
Munsch, P., Johnstone, K. & Alatossava, T. 2002. Evidence for genotypic differences between the two siderovars of Pseudomonas tolaasii, cause of brown blotch disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Microbiological Research, 157(2): 93–102. doi: 10.1078/0944–5013–00141. PMID: 12002406.
Namazi, Z., Hasanzadeh, N. & Razmi, J. 2016. Kocuria sp. a potential antagonist of brown blotch caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 8(1): 159–166.
Negus, D., Moore, C., Baker, M., Raghunathan, D., Tyson, J. & Sockett, R.E. 2017. Predator versus pathogen: How does predatory Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus interface with the challenges of killing Gram–negative pathogens in a host setting? Annual Review of Microbiology, 71: 441–457.
Osdaghi, E., Martins, S.J., Sepulveda, L.R., Vieira, F.R. & Pecchia, J.A., Beyer D.M., Bell, T.H, Yang Y, Hockett K.L &. Bull, C.T. 2019. 100 Years Since Tolaas: Bacterial Blotch of Mushrooms in the 21st Century. Plant Disease, 103: 2714–2732. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS–03–19–0589–FE.
Rahnamaeian, M. & Vilcinskas, A. 2015. Short antimicrobial peptides as cosmetic ingredients to deter dermatological pathogens. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99:8847–8855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253–015–6926–1.
Rahimian, H. & Zarei, A. 1995. Bacterial brown blotch of cultivated mushroom in Mazandaran. Proc. 12th Plant Protection Congress, Karaj, Iran, P. 372
Samiei, A., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Alizadeh, B.B. & Mazaheri, T.M. 2019. Extraction, identification of chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of purple basil essential oil on food–born pathogenic bacteria and its comparison with vancomycin and gentamicin antibiotics. Food Science and Technology, 16(6): 347–356
Schaad, N.W., Jones, B.J. & Chun, W. 2001. Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria. 3rd ed. St. Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Society.
Shariari, F., Tanhaeian, A., Akhlaghi, M. & Nazifi, N. 2018. Comparison of antimicrobial activity of essential oils and plant extracts with recombinant peptide in controlling of some pathogens of cultivated white button mushrooms. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(4): 615–628. (In Persian with English summary).
Shai, Y. 1999. Mechanism of the binding, insertion and destabilization of phospholipid bilayer membranes by alpha–helical antimicrobial and cell non–selective membrane–lytic peptides. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 1462(1–2):55–70. doi: 10.1016/s0005–2736(99)00200–x. PMID: 10590302.
Shi, W., Li, C., Li, M., Zong, X., Han, D. & Chen, Y. 2016. Antimicrobial peptide melittin against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, the bacterial leaf blight pathogen in rice. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 100, 5059–5067. doi: 10.1007/s00253–016–7400–4
Soković, M. & van Griensven, L.J. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their components against the three major pathogens of the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 116: 211–224 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658–006–9053–0
Song, R., Wang, X., Jiao, L., Jiang, H., Yuan, S., Zhang, L., Shi Z, Fan, Z. & Meng, D. 2024. Epsilon–poly–L–lysine alleviates brown blotch disease of postharvest Agaricus bisporus mushrooms by directly inhibiting Pseudomonas tolaasii and inducing mushroom disease resistance. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 199: 105759.
Szymczak, P., Możejko, M., Grzegorzek, T., Jurczak, R. Bauer, M., Neubauer, D., Sikora, K., Michalski, M., Sroka, J., Setny, P., Kamysz, W. & Szczurek, E. 2023. Discovering highly potent antimicrobial peptides with deep generative model HydrAMP. Nature Communications, 14: 1453 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467–023–36994–z.
Taguchi, S., Mita, K., Ichinohe, K. & Hashimoto, S. 2009. Targeted engineering of the antibacterial peptide apidaecin, based on an in vivo monitoring assay system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75: 1460–1464.
Tajalipour, Sh., Hasanzadeh, N., Heydari, A. & Jolfaee, H. 2015. Study on the effect of certain metabolites produced by Pseudomonas tolaasii and associated bacteria on Agaricus bisporus. Research in Plant Pathology, 3(3): 43–56.
Tajalipour, Sh., Hasanzadeh, N., Heydari, A. & Jolfaee, H. 2016. Study on genetic diversity of Pseudomonas tolaasii and Pseudomonas reactans bacteria associated with mushroom brown blotch disease employing ERIC and BOX–PCR techniques. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, P: 43–56.
Tang, R., Tan, H., Dai, Y., Li, L., Huang, Y., Yao, H., Cai, Y. & Yu, G. 2023. Application of antimicrobial peptides in plant protection: making use of the overlooked merits. Front. Plant Sci. 14: 1139539. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139539
Vu, T.T., Kim, H., Tran, V.K., Vu, H.D., Hoang, T.X., Han, J.W., Choi, Y.H., Jang, K.S, Choi, G.J & Kim, J.C. 2017. Antibacterial activity of tannins isolated from Sapium baccatum extract and use for control of tomato bacterial wilt. PloS One 12, e181499. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181499
Wittebole, X., De Roock, S. & Opal, S.M. 2014. A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Virulence, 5: 226–235.
Wong, W.C. & Prece, T.F. 1979. Identification of Pseudomonas tolaasii the white line in agar and mushroom tissue blocks rapid pitting tests. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 47: 401–407.
Wong, W.C., Fletcher J.T., Unsworth B.A. & Preece, T.F. 1982. A note on ginger blotch, a new bacterial disease of the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 52(1): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2672.1982.tb04371.x
Wong, W.C. & Preece, T.F. 2008. Pseudomonas tolaasii in cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) crops: effects of sodium hypochlorite on the bacterium and on blotch disease severity. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 58. 259 – 267. 10.1111/j.1365–2672. 1985.tb01459. x.
Zhang, F., Cui, X., Fu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, Y., Sun Y., Wang, X., Li, Y., Liu, Q. & Chen, T. 2017. Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of the human milk–sourced peptide Casein201. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 485 698–704. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.108
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 252 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 192 |
||