Background and Objectives: Cotton fibers, seeds, and stalks are widely used in the textile industry, food and feed products, and paper making. Salinity stress is a significant factor affecting the natural growth and development of cotton, limiting the cultivation of this strategic crop worldwide.
Materials and Methods: To investigate the effect of salinity stress on the population density of important cotton-sucking pests in salinity-tolerant cultivars, a two-year study was conducted using a completely randomized block design. Six salinity-tolerant cotton cultivars (Sahel, Sepid, Sinduz, 43200, Chokurova, and Siland) were evaluated with four replications in Golestan province. Each treatment or cultivar was planted in four plots, each plot consisting of 10 rows, each 11 meters long, with a row spacing of 0.8 meters and plant spacing of 0.2 meters. Data were collected on yield characteristics and population densities of key cotton-sucking pests, including thrips, whitefly, and cotton aphid. The treatments were then compared.
Results: The data analysis showed no statistically significant differences among cultivars in terms of yield traits and cotton thrips pest population density. However, there were statistically significant differences in terms of cotton aphid and cotton boll weevil population densities per leaf at the 0.05% and 0.01% levels. Using Duncan's method, the comparison of aphid and whitefly population densities was significant at the 5% level. The highest population densities of thrips, aphids, and cotton boll weevils were observed in the Chokurova cultivar with an average of 0.5 per plant, the Sinduz cultivar with an average of 7.9 per leaf, and the Sinduz cultivar with an average of 2.6 per leaf, respectively. Conversely, the lowest population densities of cotton thrips, aphids, and whiteflies were found in the Sepid cultivar, with averages of 0.38 per plant, 4.5 per leaf, and 1.2 per leaf, respectively.
Conclusions: Among the salinity-tolerant cultivars selected in this experiment, the Sinduz variety attracted the highest number of pests. However, the Sepid variety demonstrated good growth and yield, high quality, and tolerance to sucking insects. These results suggest that the Sepid variety is a promising candidate for developing and managing cotton cultivation in saline areas.
|
- Abdelraheem, A., Esmaeili, N., O’Connell, M., and Zhang, J. (2019). Progress and perspective on drought and salt stress tolerance in cotton. Industr. Crops Product. 130, 118–129. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.070.
- Abro, S., Rizwan, M., Deho, Z. A., Abro, S. A., and Sial, M. A. (2022). Identification of heat tolerant cotton lines showing genetic variation in cell membrane thermostability, stomata, and trichome size and its effect on yield and fiber quality traits. Front. Plant Sci. 12:804315. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.804315.
- Anschutz U, Becker D, Shabala S (2014) Going beyond nutrition: regulation of potassium homoeostasis as a common denominator of plant adaptive responses to environment. J Plant Physiol 171:670–687.
- Arora S (2017) Diagnostic properties and constraints of salt-affected soils. In: Arora S, Singh AK, Singh YP (eds) Bioremediation of salt affected soils: an Indian perspective. Springer, pp 41–52.
- Brattsten LB (1988) Enzymic adaptations in leaf-feeding insects to host-plant allelochemicals. J Chem Ecol 14(10):1919–1939. doi: 10.1007/BF01013486 PMID: 24277103.
- Celorio-Mancera Mde L, Ahn SJ, Vogel H, Heckel DG (2011) Transcriptional responses underlying the hormetic and detrimental effects of the plant secondary metabolite gossypol on the generalist herbivore Helicoverpa armigera. BMC Genomics 12:575. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-575 PMID: 22111916.
- Du L, Ge F, Zhu S, Parajulee MN (2004) Effect of cotton cultivar on development and reproduction of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its predator Propylaea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J Econ Entomol 97(4):1278–1283. PMID: 15384338.
- Fahad, S., Chen, Y., Saud, S., Wang, K., Xiong, D., Chen, C., et al. (2013). Ultraviolet radiation effect on photosynthetic pigments, biochemical attributes, antioxidant enzyme activity and hormonal contents of wheat. J. Food Agri. Environ. 11, 1635–1641.
- Gao F, Zhu SR, Sun YC, Du L, Parajulee M, Kang L, et al. (2008) Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and cotton cultivar on tri-trophic interaction of Gossypium hirsutum, Aphis gossyppii, and Propylaea japonica. Environ Entomol 37(1):29–37. PMID: 18348793.
- Guo JY, Wu G, Wan FH (2013) Effects of high-gossypol cotton on the development and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MEAM1 cryptic species. J Econ Entomol 106(3):1379–1385. PMID: 23865205.
- Hagenbucher S, Olson DM, Ruberson JR, Wackers FL, Romeis J (2013) Resistance Mechanisms Against Arthropod Herbivores in Cotton and Their Interactions with Natural Enemies. Criti Rev Plant Sci 32:458–482.
- Hagenbucher S, Wackers FL, Wettstein FE, Olson DM, Ruberson JR, Romeis J (2013) Pest trade-offs in technology: reduced damage by caterpillars in Bt cotton benefits aphids. Proc Biol Sci 280 (1758):20130042. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0042 PMID: 23486438.
- Ignacio Castellanos FJE-G (1997) Plant secondary metabolite diversity as a resistance trait against insects: a test with Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and seed secondary metabolites. Biochem Systemat Ecol 25(7):591–602.
- Iqbal, A., Dong, Q., Wang, X., Gui, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., et al. (2020a). High nitrogen enhance drought tolerance in cotton through antioxidant enzymatic activities. Nitr. Metab. Osmotic Adjust. Plants 9:178. doi: 10.3390/plants9020178.
- Jamil A, Riaz S, Ashraf M, Foolad M (2011) Gene expression profiling of plants under salt stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci 30:435–458.
- Khan, M. A., Wahid, A., Ahmad, M., Tahir, M. T., Ahmed, M., Ahmad, S., et al. (2020). “World cotton production and consumption: An overview,” in Cotton Production Uses, eds S. Ahmad and M. Hasanuzzaman (Singapore: Springer), 1–7. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-1472-2_1.
- Mauney JR, Stewart JM (1986) Cotton Physiology: The cotton foundation: Memphis. Tennessee,U.S. A.
- Ma H, Zhao M, Wang HY, Wang ZM, Wang Q, Dong HZ (2014) Comparative incidence of cotton spider mites on transgenic Bt versus conventional cotton in relation to contents of secondary metabolites. Arthropod- Plant Interact 8:1–7.
- Mao YB, Cai WJ, Wang JW, Hong GJ, Tao XY, Wang LJ, et al. (2007) Silencing a cotton bollworm P450 monooxygenase gene by plant-mediated RNAi impairs larval tolerance of gossypol. Nat Biotechnol. 25(11):1307–13. PMID: 17982444.
- Naranjo, S, E,. and H. M. Flint. 1995. Spatial distribution of adult Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Alyerodidae) in cotton development and validation of Fixed-Precision sampling plans for estimating population density. Environ. Entoml. 24:261-270.
- Orth RG, Head G, M. M (2007) Determining larval host plant use by a polyphagous lepidopteran through analysis of adult moths for plant secondary metabolites. J Chem Ecol 33(6):1131–1148. PMID: 17492366
- Pei, Y., Zhu, Y., Jia, Y., Ge, X., Li, X., Li, F., et al. (2020). Molecular evidence for the involvement of cotton GhGLP2, in enhanced resistance to Verticillium and Fusarium wilts and oxidative stress. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–15. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68943-x.
- Qi Wang, A. Egrinya Eneji, Xiangqiang Kong, Kaiyun Wang, Hezhong Dong. 2015. Salt Stress Effects on Secondary Metabolites of Cotton in Relation to Gene Expression Responsible for Aphid Development. PLOS ONE. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0129541.
- Romeis J, Shelton A M, G. K (2008) Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs. Springer, New York 159–194.
- Saddiqe Z, Javeria S, Khalid H, Farooq A (2016) Effect of salt stress on growth and antioxidant enzymes in two cultivars of maize (Zea mays l.). Pak J Bot 48:1361–1370.
- Stewart J, Oosterhuis DM, Heitholt JJ, R MJ (2009) Physiology of Cotton: Springer Science+Business Media.
- Stipanovic R, Lopez JJ, Dowd MK, Puckhaber LS, Duke SE. (2006) Effect of racemic and (+)- and (-)-gossypol on the survival and development of Helicoverpa zea larvae. J Chem Eco 32(5):959–968. PMID: 16739016.
- Sumaira A, Rashida P, Sobia C, Ghazala Y, Mehmood MA (2011) Role of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in resistance to cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) disease. African J Biotech 10(79):18137– 18141.
- Sun, F., Chen, Q., Chen, Q., Jiang, M., Gao, W., and Qu, Y. (2021). Screening of key drought tolerance indices for cotton at the flowering and boll setting stage using the dimension reduction method. Front. Plant Sci. 12:619926. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.619926.
- Theis Nina, Lerdau M (2003) The evolution of function in plant secondary metabolites. Inter J Plant Sci 164:93–102.
- Wang X, Howell CP, Chen F, Yin J, Jiang Y (2009) Gossypol—a polyphenolic compound from cotton plant. Adv Food Nutr Res 58:215–263. doi: 10.1016/S1043-4526(09)58006-0 PMID: 19878861.
- Wink M (2003) Evolution of secondary metabolites from an ecological and molecular phylogenetic perspective. Phytochem 64(1):3–19.
- Yi F, Zou C, Hu Q, Hu M (2012) The joint action of destruxins and botanical insecticides (rotenone, azadirachtin and paeonolum) against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Molecules 17(6):7533– 7542. doi: 10.3390/molecules17067533 PMID: 22710827.
- Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Gong, Z., and Zhu, J. K. (2022). Abiotic stress responses in plants. Nat. Rev. Genet. 23, 104–119. doi: 10.1038/s41576-021-00 413-0.
- Zhang, L., Ma, H., Chen, T., Pen, J., Yu, S., and Zhao, X. (2014). Morphological and physiological responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants to salinity. PLoS One 9, e112807. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112807.
- Zhang, Z., Zhu, L., and Li, D. (2021). In situ root phenotypes of cotton seedlings under phosphorus stress revealed through rhizopot. Front. Plant Sci. 12:716691. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.716691.
- Shah Saud and Lichen Wang. 2022. Mechanism of cotton resistance to abiotic stress, and recent research advances in the osmoregulation related genes. Review Plant Science 2022. DOI:10.3389/fpls.2022.972635.
|
