Biological control of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in kiwifruit using probiotic bacteria | ||
| مهار زیستی در گیاهپزشکی | ||
| Volume 11, Issue 1, August 2023, Pages 35-47 PDF (585.75 K) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/bcpp.2024.364564.358 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Salar Jamali* 1; seyyede negin mirghasemi2; Azam Taheri3; Pezhman Khodaygan4 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture. University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. | ||
| 2Ph.D. Student, , Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture. University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. | ||
| 3Instructor, Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture. University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. | ||
| 4. Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection. Vali–E–Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most damaging nematodes among plant parasitic nematodes and cause significant damage to agricultural products. Probiotic bacteria, by having a direct effect on the pathogen, inducing plant resistance and stimulating plant growth, have shown high efficiency in controlling plant diseases. In this study, three species probiotic bacteria Pseudomonas chlororaphis RO1, Bacillus subtilis RO9, and Bacillus subtilis RO8 were used to control root–knot nematodes under laboratory, greenhouse, and kiwifruit orchard conditions. The nematode infection indices including gall number, egg mass number per gram of root, population of juveniles and eggs per gram of root, number of second–stage juveniles per 100 grams of soil, and the reproduction factor were evaluated. In the laboratory conditions, this investigation was carried out in a completely randomized design with 11 treatments and three replicates for each stage, while the field experiment was conducted in complete randomized blocks with four treatments and three replicates in a kiwifruit orchard located in the Pashaki region of Siahkal and the population of nematodes in the soil and roots was investigated before applying the treatments and also at the end of the research. The results showed that all treatments were successful in controlling nematode infection indices and significantly differed from the control treatment. So, they caused the reduction of nematode infection indices in all the investigated indicators. In the laboratory conditions, bacteria Bacillus subtilis RO9 showed the highest impact, with an increase in larval mortality rate (48.8%) compared to the control. Additionally, in the greenhouse conditions, the reapplication of, B. subtilis RO9 and P. chlororaphis RO1 bacteria led to a significant decrease in the number of galls, egg mass, and population of second–stage juveniles in the soil, as well as the population of eggs and juveniles in the roots. The field experiment results indicated that after Rugby nematicide, the B. subtilis RO9 bacteria (41.2%) was more effective than the P. chlororaphis RO1 bacteria (31.1%) in reducing ‘eggs and juveniles’ population in the roots. P. chlororaphis RO1 bacteria had the best effect in reducing the population of second–stage juveniles in the soil and the number of galls in the root (32.3%, 47.3%), after Rugby nematicide. Both bacterial strains showed very favorable performance in reducing the reproduction factor with (0.64 and 0.7), with little difference compared to the chemical nematicide Rugby (0.41). In different stages of the experiment (laboratory and greenhouse), the combined treatment (simultaneous application of both bacteria RO1 and RO9) was not significantly effective in nematode disease indices compared to the individual application of these bacteria. Therefore, the results indicated that the use of probiotic bacteria P. chlororaphis RO1 and B. subtilis RO9 at two times can control the nematode and it is worthwhile to investigate the effect of bacteria on nematode damage and plant performance indicators. . | ||
| Keywords | ||
| probiotic; Bacillus subtilis; Pseudomonas chlororaphis; biological indices; root–knot nematode | ||
| References | ||
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