| Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic disease resulting from the presence of the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a species of tapeworm. CE is generally treated with surgery, especially when the cysts are large and in the heart or brain. Several chemical agents are used during surgery to reduce complications, including hypertonic saline solution, cetrimide-C, and silver nitrate. The plant known as Taraxacum officinale has been utilized for its medicinal properties since the 10th century, demonstrating a longstanding tradition of therapeutic application. This study aimed to conduct phytochemical screening, evaluate protoscolicidal activity, and investigate the mechanisms of action of T. officinale ethanolic extract (TOE) against hydatid cyst protoscoleces (PSCs). The metabolites of T. officinalis were extracted using ethanol, and qualitative phytochemical analyses were conducted to detect total steroid glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, sterols, and terpenoids. Various concentrations of TOE (50-800 mg/mL) were prepared for treating PSCs. The eosin exclusion experiment assessed the viability of protoscoleces. PSCs were treated with TOE, and the Caspase 3-like activity assay kit was used to measure the induction of apoptosis. The TOE was most effective at 800 mg/ml concentration, killing all PSCs within 60 minutes. The apoptotic enzyme activity of caspase-3 was 11.4 to 35.7%. In the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of PSCs treated with TOE for 60 minutes, deformities were evident in the tegument and rostellum. The study provides valuable information about the scolicidal properties of TOE. Based on the study's results, it may be proposed that TOE has a significant lethal effect when applied to the protoscoleces of hydatid cysts. |
- Agudelo Higuita NI, Brunetti E, McCloskey CJJocm. Cystic echinococcosis. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54(3):518-23.
- Larrieu E, Gavidia CM, Lightowlers MWJZ, health p. Control of cystic echinococcosis: Background and prospects. Zoonoses Public Health 2019;66(8):889-99.
- Velasco-Tirado V, Alonso-Sardón M, Lopez-Bernus A, Romero-Alegría Á, Burguillo FJ, Muro A, et al. Medical treatment of cystic echinococcosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2018;18(1):1-19.
- Barnes TS, Deplazes P, Gottstein B, Jenkins DJ, Mathis A, Siles-Lucas M, Torgerson PR, Ziadinov I, Heath DD. Challenges for diagnosis and control of cystic hydatid disease. Acta tropica. 2012;123(1):1-7.
- Grauso L, Emrick S, de Falco B, Lanzotti V, Bonanomi G. Common dandelion: a review of its botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles. Phytochem Rev 2019;18(4):1115-32.
- Guo H, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Wang H, Chen G, Guo M. Physicochemical, structural, and biological properties of polysaccharides from dandelion. Molecules 2019;24(8):1485.
- González-Castejón M, Visioli F, Rodriguez-Casado AJNr. Diverse biological activities of dandelion. Nutr Rev 2012;70(9):534-47.
- Alyousif MS, Al-Abodi HR, Almohammed H, Alanazi AD, Mahmoudvand H, Shalamzari MH, Salimikia I. Chemical composition, apoptotic activity, and antiparasitic effects of Ferula macrecolea essential oil against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Molecules. 2021; 26(4):888.
- Yang HC, Xing ZK, Shao H, Tan XW, Wang EQ, Liao Y, Chen HJ, Wu XW, Chen XL, Zhang SJ. The expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis-related molecules in echinococcosis related liver injury. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 248:111455.
- Gul R, Jan SU, Faridullah S, Sherani S, Jahan N. Research Article Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Alkaloids, and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Plant Extracts from Ephedra intermedia Indigenous to Balochistan. Sci World J.2017.
- Arora EK, Sharma V, Khurana A, Manchanda A, Sahani DK, Abraham S, et al. Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant potential of ethanol extract of Allium cepa and ultra‑high homoeopathic dilutions available in the market: A comparative study. Indian J Res Homoeopathy 2017; 11(2):88.
- Sen S, De B, Devanna N, Chakraborty RJCjonm. Total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the leaves of Meyna spinosa Roxb., an Indian medicinal plant. Chin J Nat Med 2013;11(2):149-57.
- Barros IBd, Daniel JFdS, Pinto JP, Rezende MI, Braz Filho R, Ferreira DTJBAoB, et al. Phytochemical and antifungal activity of anthraquinones and root and leaf extracts of Coccoloba mollis on phytopathogens. Braz Arch Biol Technol 2011;54:535-41.
- Rahman A, Sitepu IR, Tang S-Y, Hashidoko YJB, biotechnology,, biochemistry. Salkowski’s reagent test as a primary screening index for functionalities of rhizobacteria isolated from wild dipterocarp saplings growing naturally on medium-strongly acidic tropical peat soil. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010;74(11):2202-8.
- Abdel-Rahman T, Hussein A-S, Beshir S, Hamed AR, Ali E, El-Tanany SSJOAMJoMS. Antimicrobial activity of terpenoids extracted from Annona muricata seeds and its endophytic Aspergillus niger strain SH3 either singly or in combination. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019;7(19):3127.
- Moazeni M, Alipour-Chaharmahali M-RJEp. Echinococcus granulosus: in vitro effectiveness of warm water on protoscolices. Exp Parasitol 2011;127(1):14-7.
- Di Napoli A, Zucchetti P. A comprehensive review of the benefits of Taraxacum officinale on human health. Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 2021;45(1):1-7.
- Díaz GJ, Hernández GT, Zamilpa A, Pérez CM, Bribiesca JE, Mendo OH, Arroyo HS, Cortazar MG, de Gives PM. In vitro assessment of Argemone mexicana, Taraxacum officinale, Ruta chalepensis and Tagetes filifolia against Haemonchus contortus nematode eggs and infective (L3) larvae. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2017;109:162-8.
- Atwa MT, Abd-Elrazek AM, Salem NI. Dandelion (taraxacum officinale) improves the therapeutic efficiency of praziquantel in experimental schistosomiasis. Acta Parasitologica. 2022;67(2):773-83.
- Schütz K, Carle R, Schieber A. Taraxacum—a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006;107(3):313-23.
- Mead JR, McNair N. Antiparasitic activity of flavonoids and isoflavones against Cryptosporidium parvum and Encephalitozoon intestinalis. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2006;259(1):153-7.
- Górniak I, Bartoszewski R, Króliczewski J. Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochemistry reviews. 2019;18:241-72.
- Quarleri J, Cevallos C, Delpino MV. Apoptosis in infectious diseases as a mechanism of immune evasion and survival. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. 2021;125:1-24.
|
