| تعداد نشریات | 286 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 84 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,005 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,638 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 44,514,061 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 30,308,165 |
تأثیر افزودنی مادة معدنی بنتونیت بر پایداری خاک‌دانه‌های سطحی | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 37، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 144، مهر 1403، صفحه 128-143 اصل مقاله (1.95 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/wmrj.2024.364343.1561 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| زینب براری شهیدانی1؛ لیلا غلامی* 2؛ عطااله کاویان3 | ||
| 1دانش آموختة کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابع‌طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ساری، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابع‌طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ساری، ایران | ||
| 3استاد گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابع‌طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ساری، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه و هدف خاک، پایه و اساس منابع زیستی و حیات روی کره زمین است. پایداری خاک از شـاخص های کلیدی است که به‌منظور ارزیابی عملکرد ساختمان خاک در برابر فرسایش خاک استفاده می شود. در واقع پایداری خاکدانه های بیانگر مقاومت ساختمان خاک در برابر نیروهای خارجی مانند برخورد قطرات باران و فرسایش پاشمانی است. انرژی قطرات باران، یکی از عامل‌های اصلی ازهم پاشیدگی خاکدانه های خاک در فرسایش آبی است. استفاده از افزودنی‌های گوناگون در سطح یا در داخل خاک با فرایند‌های گوناگونی شامل سله‌بندی سطحی، نفوذ، رواناب، تبخیر و سرانجام فرسایش خاک ارتباط نزدیکی دارد. با توجه به اهمیت پایداری خاکدانه ها در مهار فرسایش خاک، افزایش قطر ذرات در سطح خاک یکی از راه های جلوگیری از حرکت آنها به‌وسیلة عامل‌های فرسایشی است. بررسی پژوهش‌های پیشین نشان داد که افزودن مادة معدنی بنتونیت میتواند نقش مؤثری در تغییرات پایداری خاکدانه ها به‌ویژه در خاک های تخریب‌یافته داشته باشد. بنابراین هدف از این پژوهش استفاده از افزودنی بنتونیت بر تغییرات خاکدانه های سطحی خاک بود. مواد و روش‌ها در این پژوهش، مادة معدنی بنتونیت با اندازه‌های 30،15 و 45% پوشش سطحی خاک و در سه تکرار استفاده شد. ابتدا خاک جمع آوری شده از زمین‌های مرتعی تا ژرفای 20 سانتی متری به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شده در معرض هوای آزاد خشک شد و از الک چهار میلی متری عبورداده شد. سپس، خاک در فنجان های پاشمان ریخته‌شده و تحت شبیه ساز باران با شدت 90 میلی متر بر ساعت و مدت 10 دقیقه قرار گرفت. خاک سطحی قبل و بعد از شبیه سازی باران به ژرفای دو میلی متر و با اندازة 50 گرم از سطح فنجان‌های پاشمان جمع آوری شد و پایداری خاکدانه ها با استفاده از روش الک تر محاسبه شد. در این روش خاک باقی‌مانده روی هر الک با روش شستشو به داخل ظروف نشانه گذاری‌شده منتقل شد و به‌مدت 24 ساعت به‌حالت سکون رها شد. پس از تخلیة آب اضافی نمونه ها، رسوب باقی مانده به داخل ظروف مناسب با وزن مشخص منتقل شد. سرانجام به‌مدت 24 ساعت در کورة حرارتی با دمای c°105 خشک شد. در نهایت اثر کاربرد مادة معدنی بنتونیت بر متغیرهای دانه‌بندی و پایداری خاکدانه‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS محاسبه شد. نتایج و بحث با توجه به عملکرد حفاظتی و میانگین وزنی- قطر خاکدانه های خاک با استفاده از مادة معدنی بنتونیت با سه اندازة 15، 30 و 45% و بر اساس طبقه‌های قطری >500، 500-250، 250-125، 125-100، 100-53، 53-38 و <38 میکرومتر، نتایج نشان داد که به‌علت تأثیر مادة معدنی بنتونیت میانگین قطر خاکدانه ها به‌طور معنی‌داری تغییر کرد. میانگین جرم خاکدانه ها در قطرهای مزبور در تیمار شاهد به‌ترتیب 0/82، 1/88، 6/82، 3/37، 9/53، 4/62 و 20/36 گرم بود و با مادة معدنی بنتونیت با اندازه 15% به‌ترتیب 1/16، 2/63، 8/17، 4/46، 10/81، 4/02 و 17/68 گرم بود و با مادة معدنی بنتونیت با اندازه 30% به‌ترتیب 0/84، 2/42، 7/93، 4/32، 11/03، 3/46 و 17/38 گرم و با اندازه 45% پوشش سطحی 0/81، 1/96، 6/95، 3/53، 10/01، 3/51 و 19/31 گرم بود. نتایج آزمون GLM نشان داد که تأثیر مادة معدنی بنتونیت بر متغیرهای 10D، 10/D90D و جورشدگی در سطح 95% و بر متغیرهای 50D، 90D، 10D-90D، 25D-75D و چولگی در سطح 99% معنی دار بود. اما اثر بنتونیت بر متغیر 25D/75D و کشیدگی معنی دار نبود. همچنین با بررسی نتایج آزمون دانکن مشخص شد که مادة معدنی بنتونیت با اندازة 15 و 30% بر پایداری خاکدانه های خاک و افزایش میانگین قطر خاکدانه ها اثر بیشتری داشت. نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادها نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که مادة معدنی بنتونیت با ایجاد چسبندگی در سطح خاک آن را در برابر قطرات باران محافظت کرد و فرسایش خاک را کاهش داد. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش پیشنهاد می‌شود که ابتدا پژوهش های بیشتری با توجه به شرایط خاک و باران طبیعی انجام شود و سپس اندازه‌های بهینة بنتونیت در مدیریت فرسایش و رواناب مشخص شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| الک تر؛ حفاظت خاک و آب؛ ساختمان خاک؛ قطر خاکدانه؛ مادة معدنی غیرآلی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of Bentonite Mineral Conditioner on Soil Surface Aggregates Stability | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Zeynab Barari Shahidani1؛ Leila Gholami2؛ Ataollah Kavian3 | ||
| 1Master Graduated, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor and Corresponding Author, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Sari, Iran | ||
| 3Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Sari, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction and Goal Soil is the basis of biological resources and life on the earth. Soil stability is one of the key indicators that it used to performance evaluation of soil structure against soil erosion. In fact, the aggregates stability indicates the resistance of the soil structure against external forces such as the raindrops impact and splash erosion. The raindrops energy is one of the main factors in the disintegration of soil aggregates in water erosion. The usage of different conditioners on the surface or inside soil is closely related to various processes such as surface sealing, infiltration, runoff, evaporation and finally soil erosion. Considering the importance of the aggregates stability soil erosion control, increasing the particles diameter on the soil surface can be one of the ways to prevent their movement and by erosive factors. The literatures review showed that the bentonite conditioner as a mineral conditioner can play the effective role in stability changes of aggregates, especially in degraded soils. Therefore, the purpose of present research is to the usage of bentonite conditioner on the changes of soil surface aggregates. Materials and Methods In the present research, the conditioner of bentonite mineral used in amounts of 30, 15 and 45% of soil surface coverage and in three replications. At the first, collected soil from rangeland land to depth of 20 cm transferred to laboratory and was exposed to air-dry and passed through sieve of 4-mm. Then the soil was poured into the splash cups and placed under rainfall simulator with a rainfall intensity of 90 mm h-1 and a duration of 10 min. Surface soil before and after application of rainfall simulator was collected with depth of 2-mm with amount of about 50 g of the surface of splash cups and the aggregates stability was calculated using the method of wet sieve. In the method of wet sieve, the remaining soil on each sieve was drained into marked containers using washing method and then and was put to rest for 24 h. After draining the excess water of samples, the remaining sediment was transferred the appropriate containers with specific weight. Finally dried for 24 h at oven with temperature of 105˚C. Finally, the application effect of the bentonite conditioner on the variables of aggregation and aggregates stability was calculated using SPSS software. Results and Discussion According to the conservation function and the average diameter of the soil aggregates using bentonite conditioner in three values of 15, 30 and 45 percent and based on diameter classes >500, 250-500, 125-250, 100-125, 100- 53, 38-53 and <38 micrometer, the results showed that the average diameter of soil aggregates significantly changed under the effect of bentonite conditioner. The average mass of the aggregates in the control treatment was with rates of 0.82, 1.88, 6.82, 3.37, 9.53, 4.62 and 20.36 g respectively, in the mentioned diameters, and with bentonite conditioner in the amount of 15% was with rates of 1.16, 2.63, 8.17, 4.46, 10.81, 4.02 and 17.68 g, respectively. Also, in the conditioner with the amount of 30%, this variable was the rates of 0.84, 2.42, 93. 7, 4.32, 11.03, 3.46 and 17.38 g and in the amount of 45% was the amounts of 0.81, 1.96, 6.95, 3.53, 10.01, 3.51 and 31 It was 19 g, respectively. The results of GLM test showed that the effect of bentonite conditioner on the variables D10, D10/ D90 and sorting was significant in level of 95% and on the variables D50, D90, D90- D10, D75- D25 and skewness was significant in level of 99%. But the bentonite effect was not significant on the variable D75/ D25 and kurtosis. Also, the results of Duncan test showed that the bentonite conditioner with rates of 15 and 30% had the better effects on the stability of soil aggregates and increasing the average aggregates diameter. Conclusion and Suggestions The obtained results from this research showed that bentonite conditioner can act as a protector against the raindrops and reducing soil erosion with creating adhesion on the soil surface. According to the results of the present research, it is suggested that the first, the more researches be conducted due to the soil conditions and natural rainfall and then the optimal values of bentonite be determined by erosion management and runoff. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Aggregate diameter, inorganic conditioner, soil and water conservation, soil structure, wet sieve | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Ayoubi A, Feizi Z, Mosaddeghi MR, Besaltpour AA. 2018. Investigating the application of biochar, bentonite clay and polyvinyl acetate polymer on some mechanical properties of sand deposits. Agricultural Engineering, 41(2): 83-97. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22055/agen.2018.24749.1405 Bameri M, khormali F, kheirabadi H. 2021. Effect of bentonite clay and slope on sediment concentration and some hydraulic characteristics flow in the loess soil. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Soil Science and Agricultural Mechanization, (Scientific Journal of Agriculture): 44(2):159-174. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22055/agen.2021.30253.1499 Barthes BG, KouoaKouoa E, Larre-Larrouy MC, Razafimbelo TM, de Luca EF, Azontonde A, Neves CS, de Freitas PL, Feller CL. 2008. Texture and sesquioxide effects on water stable aggregates and organic matter in some tropical soils. Geoderma, 143(1-2):14-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.10.003 Benkova M, Filcheva E, Raytchev T, Sokolowska Z, Hajnos M. 2005. Impact of different ameliorants on humus state in acid soil polluted with heavy metals. 46-58. In: Raytchev, T., G. Józefaciuk., Z, Sokołowska and M. Hajnos (Eds), Physicochemical management of acid soils polluted with heavy metals. ALF-GRAF, Lublin, Poland. Bouslihim Y, Rochdi A, Paaza NEA. 2021. Machine learning approaches for the prediction of soil aggregatestability. Heliyon, 7(3): p. e06480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06480 Bronick CJ, Lal R. 2005. Manuring and rotation effects on soil organic carbon concentration for different aggregate size fractions on two soils in northeastern Ohio, USA. Soil Tillage. Research, 81(2): 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.09.011 De Vente J, poesen J, Verstraeten G, Van Rompaey A, Govers G. 2008. Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in spain. Global and Planetary Change, 60(34): 393-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.05.002 Gholami L, Banasik K, Sadeghi SHR, Khaledi Darvishan AV, Hejduk L. 2014. Effectiveness of straw mulch on infiltration, splash erosion, runoff and sediment in laboratory conditions. Journal of Water and Land Development, 22(1): 51–60. https://doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2014-0022 Gholami L, Haghjoo Z, Kavian A. 2017a. Effect of polyvinyle acetate polymer on soil surface resistance variations. Watershed Management Research, 31(4): 84-93. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/WMEJ.2018.121533.1108 Gholami L, Khaledi Darvishan A, Kavian A. 2017b. Role of woodchips on runoff components control at plot scale. Watershed Engineering and Management, 10(3): 357-387. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/IJWMSE.2018.117342 Gholami L, Tafaghodi M, Abbasi M, Daroudi M, Kazemi Oskuee R. 2019. Preparation of superparamagnetic iron oxide/doxorubicin loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a promising glioblastoma theranostic tool. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234(2):1547-1559. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27019. Epub 2018 Aug 26 Gholami L, Sadeghi SHR, Homai M. 2013. The effect of straw and rice stubble on the onset and coefficient of runoff caused by rain. Iranian Water Research, 8(2): 33-40. (In Persian). Guo L, Shen J, Li B, Li Q, Wang C, Guan Y, Tang X. 2020. Impacts of agricultural land use change on soil aggregate stability and physical protection of organic C. Science of the Total Environment, 707: 136049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136049 Gyssels G, Poesen J, Bochet E, Li Y. 2005. Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: A review. Water-Soil-Vegetation Nexus and Climate Change, Chapter 12. 345-372. Haghjoo Z, Gholami L, Kavian A, Mosavi R. 2016. Evaluation of the application time of polyvinyl acetate on soil spraying. The third national congress of development and promotion of agricultural engineering and soil science of Iran. 24 Agust 2016. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian). Haghjoo Z, Gholami L, Kavian A, Mosavi SR. 2019. Changes study of soil splash and stability of soil aggregates using polyvinyl acetate, 13 (47): 52-62. (In Persian). Herrick JE, Whitford WG, de Soyza AG, van Zee JW, Havstad KM, Seybold CA, Walton M. 2001. Field soil aggregate stability kit for soil quality and rangeland health evaluations. Catena, 44(1): 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00173-9 Huang J, Wu P, Xining Z. 2013. Effects of rainfall intensity, underlying surface and slope gradient on soil infiltration under simulated rainfall experiments. Catena, 104(4): 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.10.013 Ji BY, Zhao CP, Yue WU, Wei HAN, Song JQ, Wen-bo B. 2022. Effects of different concentrations of super-absorbent polymer on soil structure and hydro-physical properties following continuous wetting and drying cycles. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21(11): 3368-3381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.065 Kay BD, Angers DA. 2000. Soil Structure, in: Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press, E. M. Sumner, Ed., USA: F.I., Boca Raton A229–A264. Karimi N, Gholami L, Kavian A. 2019. Protective role of Biochar in different soil moisture for prevent soil loss in laboratory conditions. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 23 (3): 223-235. (In Persian). Kemper WD, Rosenau RC. 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution, in: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Klute, A., Ed. pp. 425-442. Khaledi Darvishan A, Sharifi Moghadam E. 2016. Effects of aggregate diameter on soil splash under laboratorial conditions. Iran-Watershed Management Science and Engineering, 10(32): 33-38. (In Persian). Khazaee A, Mosaddeghi MR, Mahboubi AA. 2007. Structural stability assessment using wet sieving method and its relations with some intrinsic properties in 21 soil series from Hamadan Province. Water, Soil and Plants in Agriculture, 9(1): 171-182. (In Persian). Khorram Jah F. 2014. A review of bentonite types and their applications in various industries, especially the drilling industry. The first national conference of new techniques in oil industry laboratory equipment and materials. 5 October 2014, Tehran, Iran. 5pp. (In Persian). Mohabbati N, Gholami L, Kavian A, Shokrian F. 2022. Effect of compost and Zeolite at various time periods on amount of soil splash. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 28(4): 207- 224. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22069/JWSC.2022.19579.3503 Mohammadian Khorasani S, Homaee M, Pazira E. 2015. Evaluating soil aggregate stability using classical methods and fractal models. Water and soil protection, 4(3): 39-51. (In Persian). Molai Renani M, Bashri H, Basiri M, Mossadeghi M. 2013. Evaluation of the stability of soil structure by sieve method in some pasture places of Isfahan Province. Agricultural Sciences and Techniques and Natural Resources, Water and Soil Sciences, 18(70): 131-121. (In Persian). Moradi N, Emami H. 2017. The effect of nanoparticles of Aluminum oxide and Silicon oxide on soil structural stability indices. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 23(5): 253-265. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22069/JWFST.2017.10568.2499 Morgan RPC. 2009. Soil erosion and conservation. 3rd edition. Publishing John Wiley and Sons. 320 p. Movahedan M, Abbasi N, Keramati M. 2011. Experimental investigation of polyvinyl acetate polymer application for wind erosion control of soils. Journal of Water and Soil. 25(3): 606-616. (In Persian). Movahedan M, Abbasi N, Keramati M. 2012. Effect study of Polyvenial Acetat on sustainability of dry aggregates. Ianian Journal of Soil Research. 27(1): 71-83. (In Persian). Nimmo J R, Perkins K S. 2002. Aggregate stability and size distribution, In: Dane, J.H., and Topp, G.C. (eds). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4- Physical Methods: Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America. pp. 317-328. Poesen J, Lavee H. 1994. Rock fragments in top soils: Significance and processes. Catena, 23(1): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(94)90050-7 Samie F, Yaghmaeian N, Abrishamkesh S, Maslahatjou A. 2022. Impact of land use change on erodibility and soil quality indicators (Case study: Sidasht, Guilan Province). Agricultural Engineering, 45(1): 57-78. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22055/agen.2022.39858.1630 Skaggs TH, Arya LM, Shouse PJ, Mohanty BP. 2001. Estimating particle size distribution from limited soil texture data. Soil Science Society American Journal, 65(4): 1038-1044. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.6541038x Sutherland RA, Wan Y, Ziegler AD, Lee CT, El-Swaifv SA. 1996. Splash and wash dynamics: An experimental investigation using an Oxisol. Geoderma. 69(1-2): 85-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(95)00053-4 Refahi HGH. 2007. Water erosion and conservation. Tehran, Tehran University Press. 671 p. (In Persian). Vaezi AR, Rahmati S, Bayat H. 2018. Evaluating the susceptibility of aggregate sizes to in Terrill erosion based on aggregate stability indices. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 25(2): 169-185. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22069/JWSC.2018.12419.2705 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 307 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 149 |
||