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صحت‌سنجی استفاده از خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز برای برآورد فرسایش پاشمانی و سطحی | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 8، دوره 37، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 145، دی 1403، صفحه 119-134 اصل مقاله (1.82 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/wmrj.2024.364785.1573 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| رضا زارعی1؛ مصطفی آدمی2؛ عبدالواحد خالدی درویشان* 3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری آبخیزداری، گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری آبخیزداری، گروه احیا مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکدة کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکدة منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه و هدف فرسایش خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین مشکلات زیست‌محیطی، منابع‌طبیعی و کشاورزی در جهان به‌شمار می‌رود. پاشمان خاک اولین مرحله بعد از برخورد قطرات باران بر سطح خاک است که موجب نابودی خاکدانه‌ها، جدا شدن ذرات خاک و سرانجام باعث فرسایش پاشمانی می‌شود. پس از این فرآیند کاهش نفوذپذیری خاک، افزایش رواناب و در نتیجه فرسایش سطحی رخ خواهد داد. بنابراین، برآورد صحیح فرسایش پاشمانی و سطحی برای موفقیت اقدام‌های حفاظت خاک و مهار فرسایش و کاهش بحران‌های طبیعی ضروری است. در این راستا، روش‌های جدیدی با استفاده از عکس‌برداری و فنون پردازش تصویر برای برآورد فرسایش پاشمانی و سطحی ابداع‌شده است. هدف از این پژوهش صحت‌سنجی استفاده از خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز برای برآورد فرسایش پاشمانی و سطحی بود. مواد و روش‌ها ابتدا خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز با استفاده از ذرات پوکة معدنی و رنگ بتن زرد تهیه شد. سپس، خاک با بافت سیلتی-رسی-لومی از کناره‌های جادة مرزن‌آباد-کندلوس برداشت شد و خاکدانه‌های طبیعی و رنگی دست‌ساز با قطرهای 1/77، 2/89 و 4/05 میلی‌متر تفکیک شد. سپس، فرسایش سطحی در کرت‌های 20×40 سانتی‌‌متری اندازه‌گیری شد. همچنین، فرسایش پاشمانی با روش فنجان پاشمان در شدت بارندگی 60 میلی‌متر در ساعت با دوام 10 دقیقه و در سه تکرار اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج و بحث نتایج نشان داد که برای قطرهای 1/77، 2/89 و 4/05 میلی‌متر خاکدانه، میانگین پاشمان خالص به‌ترتیب 73/72، 38/73 و 20/68 گرم بر مترمربع بود و میانگین پاشمان کل نیز به ترتیب 192/61، 73/97 و 44/46 گرم بر مترمربع بود. این نتایج نشان داد با افزایش قطر خاکدانه‌ها میانگین پاشمان خالص و پاشمان کل کاهش یافت. افزون‌براین، ضریب‌های تبیین روابط خطی برآورد پاشمان خالص، پاشمان کل و فرسایش سطحی با استفاده از روش خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز به‌ترتیب 82،70 و 82% بود که بیانگر کارایی قابل قبول این روش است. همچنین، برای قطرهای 1/77، 2/89 و 4/05 میلی‌متر خاکدانه میانگین هدررفت خاک به‌ترتیب 94/69، 83/22 و 42/20 گرم بر مترمربع بود. به‌بیان دیگر، فرسایش سطحی با افزایش قطر خاکدانه‌های سطح خاک کاهش یافت. نتیجه‌گیری و پیشنهادها بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش می‌توان گفت با استفاده از خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز در زمان کوتاه‌تر می‌توان فرسایش پاشمانی و فرسایش سطحی را با دقت قابل‌قبول در مقیاس کرت برآورد کرد. از آنجایی‌که در این روش نمونه‌برداری از رواناب و رسوب کرت لازم نبود، هزینة انجام پژوهش‌های فرسایش و رسوب نیز کاهش یافت. همچنین، روش خاکدانه‌های رنگی دست‌ساز موجب دست‌خوردگی سطح خاک نشد و از نظر محیط زیستی نیز مشکلی ایجاد نکرد. ازاین‌رو، پیشنهاد می‌شود که برای برآورد غیرمستقیم فرسایش پاشمانی و فرسایش سطحی در پژوهش‌های میدانی و آزمایشگاهی از این روش استفاده شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| رسوب؛ رواناب؛ شبیه ساز باران؛ فرسایش ورقه‌ای؛ فنجان پاشمان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Validation of the Use of Synthetic Colour-Contrast Aggregates for Estimating Splash and Surface Erosion | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Reza Zarei1؛ Mostafa Adami2؛ Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan3 | ||
| 1Ph.D. Student, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran | ||
| 2Ph.D. Student, Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction and Goal Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental, natural resource and agricultural issues in the world. Soil splash is the initial stage following the impact of raindrops on the soil surface, leading to the breakdown of the soil aggregates and the detachment of soil particles, ultimately cousing splash erosion. This process is followed by a decrease in soil permibeality, an increase in runoff, and consequently, surface erosion. Therefore, the accurate estimation of splash and surface erosion is necessary for the success of soil conservation erosion control and reduction of natural hazards. In this regard, innovative methods have been developed that utilize photography and image processing techniques to estimate splash and surface erosion. The aim of this research was to validate the splash and surface erosion estimates using synthetic colour-contrast aggregates. Materials and Methods Synthetic colour-contrast aggregates were initially prepared using mineral pumice particles and yellow concrete colour. Then, soil with a silty-clay-loamy texture was sampled from the Marzanabad-Kandalus road bank, and natural and synthetic colour-contrast aggregates with diameters of 1.77, 2.89 and 4.05 mm were separated. Surface erosion was then measured in 20×40 cm plots. Additionally, splash erosion was measured using the splash cup method under a rainfall intensity of 60 mm hr-1 lasting 10 min in three repetitions. Results and Discussion The results showed that the average rates of net splash for different soil aggregate diameters of 1.77, 2.89 and 4.05 mm, were 73.72, 38.73 and 20.68 g m-2, respectively, and also the average rates of total splash were 192.61, 73.97, and 44.46 g m-2, respectively. These results indicate a decrease in the average amount of net and total splash with increasing in the soil aggregate diameter. The results showed that synthetic colour-contrast aggregates demonstrate an acceptable efficiency in measuring net splash, total splash and surface erosion with coefficients of determination of 82, 70 and 82%, respectively. The results also showed that the average soil loss for different soil aggregate diameters of 1.77, 2.89, and 4.05 mm, was 94.69, 83.22, and 42.20 g m-2, respectively. in other words, surface erosion decreased with an increase in the diameter of soil aggregates on the soil surface. Conclusion and Suggestions The results of this study indicate that using synthetic colour-contrast aggregates allows for a quicker and reasonably accurate estimation of splash and surface erosion at the plot scale. As this method does not require sampling runoff and sediment from the plot, it reduces the cost of erosion and sediment research. Additionally, the synthetic colour-contrast aggregates do not disturb the soil surface and are environmentally friendly. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method for indirect estimation of splash and surface erosion in field and laboratory studies. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Rainfall simulator, runoff, sediment, splash cup, surface erosion | ||
| مراجع | ||
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