| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,074 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,301 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 47,138,857 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 78,044,467 |
ارزیابی تأثیر نانو کیتوزان و NPK بر محتوای کاتچین‌های برگ سبز چای (رقم کاشف) از طریق آنالیز برخی پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی، فیزیولوژیکی و مولکولی | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 40، شماره 1، فروردین 1403، صفحه 79-103 اصل مقاله (1.02 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2023.363015.3348 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حسین عسکری* 1؛ امینه زینالی2؛ میترا پارسا3؛ منا کاشانچی4؛ رضا آزادی گنبد5؛ اقدس بنایی6؛ صنم صفائی‌چائی‌کار7؛ احسان کهنه8؛ علی سراجی9 | ||
| 1دانشیار گروه بیولوزی سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم زیستی و زیست‌فناوری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران ، ایران | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری ومربی پژوهش گروه پژوهشی بیوتکنولوژی صنعت و محیط، پژوهشکده علوم پایه کاربردی جهاد دانشگاهی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، | ||
| 3مربی پژوهش گروه پژوهشی بیوتکنولوژی محیط و صنعت، پژوهشکده علوم پایه کاربردی جهاد دانشگاهی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران | ||
| 4کارشناس آزمایشگاه، گروه پژوهشی بیوتکنولوژی صنعت و محیط، پژوهشکده علوم پایه کاربردی جهاد دانشگاهی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران. | ||
| 5رضا ازادی گنبد. پژوهشکده چای,موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی ، سازمان تحقیقات ، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی ، لاهیجان ، ایران | ||
| 6استادیار گروه پژوهشی نانو و بیوفیزیک، پژوهشکده علوم پایه کاربردی جهاد دانشگاهی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، | ||
| 7عضو هیات علمی پژوهشکده چای، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، لاهیجان، ایران آدرس: گیلان، لاهیجان، | ||
| 8عضو هیات علمی پژوهشکده چای، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، لاهیجان، ایران | ||
| 9استادیار گروه فناوری و مدیریت تولید پژوهشکده چای؛ موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی؛ سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی؛ لاهیجان، | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: امروزه استفاده از محرک‌ها به‌منظور افزایش رشد گیاهان و تولید متابولیت‌های ثانویه مورد توجه هستند. رشد کند و کیفیت پایین برگ سبز چای (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) در مناطق کشت چای در ایران، از مهمترین چالش‌های تولیدکنندگان چای است. محلول‌پاشی برگی کیتوزان و نانو کیتوزان (NC) در بسیاری از گیاهان باعث القای رشد و افزایش متابولیت‌های ثانویه شده و بر شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاهان اثر مثبت دارد. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر نانو کیتوزان بر برخی پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی و فیزیولوژیکی با و بدون تغذیه معدنی NPK و ارزیابی کیفیت برگ سبز چای از طریق مقایسه سطح بیان نسبی 3 آنزیم درگیر در مسیر فلاونوئیدها در گیاه چای رقم کاشف در شمال ایران بود. مواد و روش‌ها: بدین منظور از دو طرح استفاده شد: 4 غلظت متفاوت (0، 25، 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) از محلول نانو کیتوزان به همراه تغذیه معدنی (NPK) و 4 غلظت متفاوت (0، 25، 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) از محلول نانو کیتوزان بدون تغذیه معدنی تهیه شد. این دو آزمایش به‌صورت محلول‌پاشی پس از اولین چین بهاره دو بار با فاصله دو هفته‌ای در سال 1400 در مرکز تحقیقات چای لاهیجان (ایران) اجرا شد. 20 روز پس از محلول‌پاشی اولیه، نمونه‌برداری گیاهی انجام شد. نمونه‌های برگی از شاخساره جوان شامل جوانه و برگ اول و دوم برای آزمایش‌های متابولیکی و مولکولی و برگ سوم و چهارم برای آزمایش‌های فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی برداشت شد. بررسی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی شامل محتوای کلروفیل و محتوای نسبی آب (RWC)، ویژگی‌های بیوشیمیایی شامل محتوای پروتئین و آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی کاتالاز (CAT)، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (SOD) و پلی‌فنل اکسیداز (PPO) اندازه‌گیری شدند. همچنین، اندازه‌گیری ویژگی‌های متابولیکی شامل میزان ترکیب‌های فنلی تام از طریق روش فولین سیو کالتئو و تعیین میزان فلاونوئیدهای کاتچین، اپی‌گالوکاتچین (EGC) و گالوکاتچین (GC) با روش HPLC انجام شد. آنالیز مولکولی از طریق بررسی بیان نسبی 3 آنزیم کلیدی مسیر بیوسنتز فلاونوئیدها فلاونون 3 هیدروکسیلاز (F3H)، دی‌هیدروفلاونول 4 ردوکتاز (DFR) و لوکوآنتوسیانیدین ردوکتاز (LAR) انجام شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد مقدار پلی‌فنل کل در تیمارهای مورد بررسی افزایش معنی‌داری نسبت به شاهد (بدون NC و NPK) داشت. میزان کاتچین در تیمارهای مختلف، کاهش 4 تا 6 برابری داشت. محتوای اپی‌گالوکاتچین با افزایش غلظت نانو کیتوزان افزایشی بود. محتوای گالوکاتچین نیز تنها در غلظت mgL-1 100 نانو کیتوزان کمی روند افزایشی نشان داد. محتوای کلروفیل در تیمارهای با غلظت پایین نانو کیتوزان تفاوت معنی‌دار با روند کاهشی داشت؛ در حالی‌که در غلظت mgL-1 100 نانو کیتوزان تفاوت معنی‌دار با روند افزایشی مشاهده شد. البته، محتوای پروتئین در تیمارهای مختلف نانو کیتوزان تفاوت معنی‌داری نسبت به شاهد نشان نداد. فعالیت آنزیم SOD در تیمارهای مختلف نانو کیتوزان به استثنای تیمار mgL-1 50 NC+NPK تفاوت معنی‌دار آشکاری با روند افزایشی داشت. فعالیت آنزیم CAT نیز در تیمارهای مختلف با افزایش غلظت نانو کیتوزان افزایش یافت. فعالیت آنزیم PPO در تیمارهای با غلظت پایین نانو کیتوزان کاهش معنی‌داری نشان داد. محتوای نسبی آب برگ در تیمارهای مختلف، افزایش یافت. بیان نسبی آنزیم F3H، تنها در غلظت mgL-1 100 NC+NPK افزایش حدود 3 برابری نسبت به شاهد داشت و در سایر تیمارها بیان نسبی چندان معنی‌دار نبود. بیان نسبی DFR در تیمارهای مختلف NC+NPK افزایشی و بالاترین میزان بیان (4 برابر) در غلظت mgL-1 100 نانو کیتوزان مشاهده شد. بیان نسبی LAR در غلظت‌های mgL-1 0، 50 و 100 NC به همراه NPK نسبت به شاهد روند افزایشی داشت. بالاترین میزان بیان LAR در تیمار فاقد NC و همراه NPK با بیان حدود 5/2 برابری نسبت به شاهد مشاهده شد. نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از نانوذرات کیتوزان در غلظت‌های مختلف به همراه NPK منجر به افزایش تولید ترکیب‌های کاتچین شد که علاوه‌بر مقابله با تنش اکسیداتیو در کیفیت برگ سبز چای نقش مؤثر دارد. نانو کیتوزان می‌تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای مواد شیمیایی برای القای رشد و افزایش کیفیت برگ سبز در گیاه چای باشد و با توجه به زیست تخریب‌پذیر بودن آن میزان آلودگی محیط‌زیستی را کاهش دهد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| گیاه چای؛ Camellia sinensis؛ تغذیه معدنی؛ نانو کیتوزان؛ فلاونوئید؛ دی‌هیدروفلاونول 4 ردوکتاز؛ فلاونون 3 هیدروکسیلاز؛ لوکوآنتوسیانیدین ردوکتاز | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Evaluation of the effect of foliar application of nano-chitosan and mineral nutrition (NPK) on the catechins content in green tea (Kashef var.) leaves through analysis of some biochemical, physiological and molecular parameters | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hossein Askari1؛ Amineh Zeinali2؛ Mitra Parsa3؛ mona kashanchi4؛ Reza Azadi Gonbad5؛ Aghdas Banaei6؛ Sanam Safaei-Chaeikar7؛ Ehsan Kahneh8؛ Ali Seraji9 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology Department, Research Institute of Applied Science, ACECR, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, | ||
| 3Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology Department, Research Institute of Applied Science, ACECR, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, Po box: 198396411 | ||
| 43. Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology Department, Research Institute of Applied Science, ACECR, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, Po box: 198396411 | ||
| 5Assist. Professor, Tea Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Lahijan, Iran | ||
| 6Department of Nano and Biophysics, Research Institute of Applied Sciences , Academic Center of Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran | ||
| 7Tea Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, AREEO, Lahijan, Iran. | ||
| 8Tea Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, AREEO, Lahijan, Iran. | ||
| 9Assistant Professor of Tea Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, AREEO, Lahijan, Guilan, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and objectives: Elicitors are used more frequently to promote plant growth and secondary metabolites. One of the main challenges for tea producers is the slow growth and poor quality of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) in tea-growing regions of Iran. In many plants, foliar application of chitosan or nano-chitosan (NC) enhances secondary metabolite production. It has a positive impact on plants' physiological and biochemical indicators. This study investigated the impact of nano-chitosan on some biochemical and physiological parameters with and without mineral nutrition (NPK), as well as assessing the quality of green leaves by comparing the relative expression levels of three enzymes involved in the flavonoids pathway in the Kashef cv. tea plant in northern Iran. Methodology: For this, two scenarios were used: four different concentrations of nano chitosan solution (0, 25, 50, and 100 mgL-1) were prepared and combined with NPK (1%-1%-0.5%), and without NPK were prepared. At the Lahijan Tea Research Center in Iran, two experiments were conducted as foliar treatments applied twice at two-week intervals, after the first season's harvest in 2021. Twenty days following the initial foliar treatment, plant sampling was conducted to examine physiological, biochemical, metabolic, and molecular characteristics. The first and second leaves, as well as the buds, were gathered for metabolic and molecular testing. The third and fourth leaves were collected for physiological and biochemical analyses. Chlorophyll content and relative water content were measured in physiological experiments. Protein content and the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, and PPO were investigated biochemically. Additionally, metabolic properties were determined using the folin-sio-catheo method as well as HPLC to determine catechins, epigallocatechins, and gallocatechins. Molecular analysis was also performed by examining the relative expression of three critical enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, F3H, DFR, and LAR. Results: The results showed that utilizing NC along with NPK significantly increased the content of total polyphenols in tea compared to the control (without NC and NPK). All treatments reduced catechin content 4- to 6-fold. With an increase in NC concentration, epigallocatechin content increased. Gallocatechin content also revealed a slight increase in 100 mg.L-1 NC concentration. Chlorophyll content indicated a significant difference with a falling trend in treatments with low concentrations of NC; however, a significant difference with a growing trend was seen in treatments with 100 mgL-1 of nano chitosan. In comparison to the control, various NC treatments had similar protein content. Except for the 50 mg.L-1 NC+NPK treatment, there was an apparent significant difference in the SOD enzyme activity in each NC treatment, with a positive trend. With increasing NC concentrations, CAT enzyme activity also rose in various treatments. In treatments with insignificant NC concentrations, PPO enzyme activity significantly decreased. In different treatments, leaf water content rose. Only at a dose of 100 mg.L-1 NC+NPK did the relative expression of the F3H enzyme rise nearly three times compared to the control; in contrast, other treatments had no meaningful effect on relative expression. Different NC+NPK treatments raised DFR relative expression, and 100 mg.L-1 NC demonstrated the highest expression (4 times). Compared to the control, LAR relative expression increased at 0, 50, and 100 mg.L-1 NC and NPK. The treatment without NC and with NPK displayed the highest level of LAR expression, with an expression almost 2.5 times higher than the control. Conclusion: In Kashef cultivar tea plants, chitosan nanoparticles in various concentrations coupled with NPK increased the production of catechin compounds. This effectively reduced oxidative stress and enhanced green tea leaf quality. In addition to addressing oxidative stress, NC may play a practical role in green tea quality. Due to its biodegradable properties, nano chitosan can be used instead of chemicals to improve tea plants' green leaves quality and lower environmental pollution. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, NPK, nano chitosan, flavonoid, Dihydro flavonol 4 reductase, Flavonone 3 hyroxilasr, Leuoco anthocyanin reductase | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- Aebi, H., 1974. Catalase. 673-684, In: Bergmeyer, H.U. (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Academic press, 555p. - Ahmed, U., Rao, M.J., Qi, C., Xie, Q., Noushahi, H.A., Yaseen, M. and Zheng, B., 2021. Expression profiling of flavonoid biosynthesis genes and secondary metabolites accumulation in populus under drought stress. Molecules, 26(18): 5546-5553. - Al-Yasi, H., Attia, H., Alamer, K., Hassan, F., Ali, E., Elshazly, S. and Hessini, K., 2020. Impact of drought on growth, photosynthesis, osmotic adjustment, and cell wall elasticity in Damask rose. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 150: 133-139. - Ali, E.F., El-Shehawi, A.M., Ibrahim, O.H.M., Abdul-Hafeez, E.Y., Moussa, M.M. and Hassan, F.A.S., 2021. A vital role of chitosan nanoparticles in improvisation the drought stress tolerance in Catharanthus roseus (L.) through biochemical and gene expression modulation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 161: 166-175. - Alaghemand, A., Khaghani, Sh., Bihamta, M.R., Gomarian, M. and Ghorbanpour, M., 2019. Effect of chitosan and nano-chitosan on agronomic properties and omega-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids in some cultivars of Nigella sativa L. under drought stresscondition. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 7(4): 83-96. - Arnon, D.I., 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant physiology, 24(1): 1-15. - Askarian, M., Aminifard, M.H., Khayyat, M. and Jahani, M., 2020. Effects of Different Levels of NPK Fertilizer and Fulvic Acid on Morphogical Characteristics, Yield and Yield components of Basil as a Medicinal Plant (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agroecology, 11(4): 1375-1388. - Attaran Dowom, S., Karimian, Z., Mostafaei Dehnavi, M. and Samiei, L., 2022. Chitosan nanoparticles improve physiological and biochemical responses of Salvia abrotanoides (Kar.) under drought stress. BMC Plant Biology, 22(1): 364-377. - Attia, H., Al-Yasi, H., Alamer, K., Ali, E., Hassan, F., Elshazly, S. and Hessini, K,. 2020. Induced anti-oxidation efficiency and others by salt stress in Rosa damascena Miller. Scientia Horticulturae, 274: 109681. - Bakshi, P.S., Selvakumar, D., Kadirvelu, K. and Kumar, N.S., 2020. Chitosan as an environment friendly biomaterial–a review on recent modifications and applications. International journal of biological macromolecules, 150: 1072-1083. - Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I., 1971. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical biochemistry, 44(1): 276-287. - Behboudi, F., Tahmasebi Sarvestani, Z., Kassaee, M.Z., Modares Sanavi, S.A.M., Sorooshzadeh, A. and Ahmadi, S.B., 2018. Evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles effects on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under late season drought stress. Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology, 3(1): 22-39. - Bradford, M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical biochemistry, 72(1-2): 248-254. - Buller, D.B. and Aune, R.K., 1992. The effects of speech rate similarity on compliance: Application of communication accommodation theory. Western Journal of Communication (includes Communication Reports), 5: 37-53. - Castellarin, S.D., Pfeiffer, A., Sivilotti, P., Degan, M., Peterlunger, E. and Di Gaspero, G., 2007. Transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in ripening fruits of grapevine under seasonal water deficit. Plant, Cell & Environment, 30(11): 1381-1399. - Chandra, S., Chakraborty, N., Dasgupta, A., Sarkar, J., Panda, K. and Acharya, K., 2015. Chitosan nanoparticles: a positive modulator of innate immune responses in plants. Scientific Reports, 5(1): 15195-15207. - Chandra, S., Chakraborty, N., Panda, K. and Acharya, K., 2017. Chitosan-induced immunity in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze against blister blight disease is mediated by nitric-oxide. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 115: 298-307. - Chakraborty, M., Karun, A. and Mitra, A., 2009. Accumulation of phenylpropanoid derivatives in chitosan-induced cell suspension culture of Cocos nucifera. Journal of Plant Physiology, 166(1): 63-71. - Chen, M., Li, H., Zhang, W., Huang, L. and Zhu, J., 2022. Transcriptomic analysis of the differences in leaf color formation during stage transitions in Populus euramericana ‘Zhonghuahongye’. Agronomy, 12(10): 2396. - Cheruiyot, E.K., Mumera, L.M., Ngetich, W.K., Hassanali, A., Wachira, F. and Wanyoko, J.K., 2008. Shoot epicatechin and epigallocatechin contents respond to water stress in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 72(5): 1219-1226. - Davarynejad, G.H., Azizi, M. and Akheratee, M., 2009. Effect of foliar nutrition on quality, quantity and of alternate bearing of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 23(2): 1-10 - Divya, K. and Jisha, M., 2018. Nanoparticles preparation and applications. Environmental chemistry letters, 16: 101-112. - Dixon, R.A. and Paiva, N.L., 1995. Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. The plant cell, 7(7): 1085-1097. - Doares, S.H., Syrovets, T., Weiler, E.W. and Ryan, C.A., 1995. Oligogalacturonides and chitosan activate plant defensive genes through the octadecanoid pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92(10): 4095-4098. - Dzung, N.A., Khanh, V.T.P. and Dzung, T.T., 2011. Research on impact of chitosan oligomers on biophysical characteristics, growth, development and drought resistance of coffee. Carbohydrate polymers, 84(2): 751-755. - Emami Bistgani, Z., Siadat, S.A., Bakhshandeh, A., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. and Hashemi, M., 2017b. Morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits of (Thymus daenensis Celak in response to deficit irrigation and chitosan application. Acta Physiologiae plantarum, 39(10): 1-13. - Fatemi, F., Abdollahi, M.R., Mirzaie-Asl, A., Dastan, D. and Papadopoulou, K., 2020. Phytochemical, antioxidant, enzyme activity and antifungal properties of Satureja khuzistanica in vitro and in vivo explants stimulated by some chemical elicitors. Pharmaceutical biology, 58(1): 286-296. - Ferri, M., Tassoni, A., Franceschetti, M., Righetti, L., Naldrett, M.J. and Bagni, N., 2009. Chitosan treatment induces changes of protein expression profile and stilbene distribution in Vitis vinifera cell suspensions. Proteomics, 9(3): 610-624. - Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Malekpoor, F., Salimi, A. and Golparvar, A., 2017. Exogenous application of chitosan on biochemical and physiological characteristics, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two species of basil (Ocimum ciliatum and Ocimum basilicum) under reduced irrigation. Scientia Horticulture, 217: 114-122 - Gu, H., Wang, Y., Xie, H., Qiu, C., Zhang, S., Xiao, J. and Ding, Z., 2020. Drought stress triggers proteomic changes involving lignin, flavonoids and fatty acids in tea plants. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 15504. - Guo, F., Guo, Y., Wang, P., Wang, Y. and Ni, D., 2017. Transcriptional profiling of catechins biosynthesis genes during tea plant leaf development. Planta, 246: 1139-1152. - Hai, N.T.T., Thu, L.H., Nga, N.T.T., Hoa, T.T., Tuan, L.N.A., Van Phu, D. and Hien, N.Q., 2019. Preparation of chitooligosaccharide by hydrogen peroxide degradation of chitosan and its effect on soybean seed germination. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 27: 2098-2104. - Hassan, F. and Fetouh, M., 2019. Does moringa leaf extract have preservative effect improving the longevity and postharvest quality of gladiolus cut spikes. Scientia Horticulturae, 250: 287-293. - Halder, M., Sarkar, S. and Jha, S., 2019. Elicitation: A biotechnological tool for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in hairy root cultures. Engineering in life sciences, 19(12): 880-895. - Hidangmayum, A., Dwivedi, P., Katiyar, D. and Hemantaranjan, A., 2019. Application of chitosan on plant responses with special reference to abiotic stress. Physiology and molecular biology of plants, 25: 313-326. - Jeyaramraja, P.R., Pius, P.K., Raj Kumar, R. and Jayakumar, D., 2003. Soil moisture stress‐induced alterations in bioconstituents determining tea quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83(12): 1187-1191. - Jafari, S., Mousavi-Fard, S., Rezaei Nejad, A., Mumivand, H. and Sorkheh, K., 2022. Effects of chitosan and titanium dioxide (bulk and nano) foliar application on yield and biochemical responses of Silybum marianum (L. Gaertn.) ecotypes. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 38(3): 450-463. - Jiang, C.K., Ma, J.Q., Liu, Y.F., Chen, J.D., Ni, D.J. and Chen, L., 2020. Identification and distribution of a single nucleotide polymorphism responsible for the catechin content in tea plants. Horticulture research, 7: 24. - Kim, H.J., Chen, F., Wang, X. and Rajapakse, N.C., 2005. Effect of chitosan on the biological properties of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(9): 3696-3701. - Lei, Z., Mingyu, S., Xiao, W., Chao, L., Chunxiang, Q., Liang, C., Hao, H., Xiaoqing, L. and Fashui, H., 2008. Antioxidant stress is promoted by nano-anatase in spinach chloroplasts under UV-B radiation. Biological Trace Element Research, 121: 69-79. - Lenka, S.K., Katiyar, A., Chinnusamy, V. and Bansal, K.C., 2011. Comparative analysis of drought‐responsive transcriptome in Indica rice genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. Plant biotechnology journal, 9(3): 315-327. - Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Merewitz, E., Peng, Y., Ma, X. and Yan, Y., 2017. Metabolic pathways regulated by chitosan contributing to drought resistance in white clover. Journal of proteome research, 16(8): 3039-3052. - Li, R., He, J., Xie, H., Wang, W., Bose, S.K., Sun, Y., Hu, J. and Yin, H., 2019. Effects of chitosan nanoparticles on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International journal of biological macromolecules, 126: 91-100. - Lin, W., Hu, X., Zhang, W., Rogers, W.J. and Cai, W., 2005. Hydrogen peroxide mediates defence responses induced by chitosans of different molecular weights in rice. Journal of plant physiology, 162(8): 937-944. - Liu, M., Li, X., Liu, Y. and Cao, B., 2013. Regulation of flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in response to UV-B radiation and drought stress in the desert plant, Reaumuria soongorica. Plant physiology and biochemistry, 73: 161-167. - Liu, S.-C., Yao, M.-Z., Ma, C.-L., Jin, J.-Q., Ma, J.-Q., Li, C.-F. and Chen, L., 2015. Physiological changes and differential gene expression of tea plant under dehydration and rehydration conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 184: 129-141. - Livak, K.J. and Schmittgen, T.D., 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. methods, 25(4): 402-408. - Lv, Z., Zhang, C., Shao, C., Liu, B., Liu, E., Yuan, D., Zhou, Y. and Shen, C., 2021. Research progress on the response of tea catechins to drought stress. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(13): 5305-5313. - Ma, D., Sun, D., Wang, C., Li, Y. and Guo, T., 2014. Expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes and accumulation of flavonoid in wheat leaves in response to drought stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 80: 60-66. - Mazid, M., Khan, T.A. and Mohammad, F., 2011. Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants. Biology and medicine, 3(2): 232-249. - Naderi, S., Fakheri, B.A., Esmaeilzadeh, B.S. and Kamaladini, H., 2014. Increasing of phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene expression and phenylpropanoid compounds of basil (Ocimum basilicum) by chitosan. mdern genetics Journal, 9(3): 259-266. - Orlita, A., Sidwa‐Gorycka, M., Paszkiewicz, M., Malinski, E., Kumirska, J., Siedlecka, E.M., Łojkowska, E. and Stepnowski, P., 2008. Application of chitin and chitosan as elicitors of coumarins and furoquinolone alkaloids in Ruta graveolens L. (common rue). Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 51(2): 91-96. - Pongprayoon, W., Siringam, T., Panya, A. and Roytrakul, S., 2022. Application of chitosan in plant defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Applied Science and Engineering Progress, 15(1): 11-25 - Robert, E. and Farrell, J., 2017. RNA Methodologies A Laboratory Guide for Isolation and Characterization. Academic press, Netherlands, 693p. - Rakwal, R., Tamogami, S., Agrawal, G.K. and Iwahashi, H., 2002. Octadecanoid signaling component “burst” in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling leaves upon wounding by cut and treatment with fungal elicitor chitosan. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 295(5): 1041-1045. - Safikhan, S., Khoshbakht, K., Chaichi, M.R., Amini, A. and Motesharezadeh, B., 2018. Role of chitosan on the growth, physiological parameters and enzymatic activity of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) in a pot experiment. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 10: 49-58. - Saharan, V., Mehrotra, A., Khatik, R., Rawal, P., Sharma, S.S. and Pal, A., 2013. Synthesis of chitosan based nanoparticles and their in vitro evaluation against phytopathogenic fungi. International journal of biological macromolecules, 62: 677-683. - Saharan, V., Sharma, G., Yadav, M., Choudhary, M.K., Sharma, S.S., Pal, A. and Biswas, P., 2015. Synthesis and in vitro antifungal efficacy of Cu–chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic fungi of tomato. International journal of biological macromolecules, 75: 346-353. - Sen, S.K., Chouhan, D., Das, D., Ghosh, R. and Mandal, P., 2020. Improvisation of salinity stress response in mung bean through solid matrix priming with normal and nano-sized chitosan. International journal of biological macromolecules, 145: 108-123. - Senthilkumar, M., Amaresan, N. and Sankaranarayanan, A., 2021. Plant-Microbe Interactions. Springer, US., 700p. - Stodt, U.W., Blauth, N., Niemann, S., Stark, J., Pawar, V., Jayaraman, S. and Engelhardt, U.H., 2014. Investigation of processes in black tea manufacture through model fermentation (oxidation) experiments. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 62(31): 7854-7861. - Sharp, R.G., 2013. A review of the applications of chitin and its derivatives in agriculture to modify plant-microbial interactions and improve crop yields. Agronomy, 3(4): 757-793. - Shi, C.Y., Yang, H., Wei, C.L., Yu, O., Zhang, Z.Z., Jiang, C.J., Sun, J., Li, Y.Y., Chen, Q., Xia, T. and Wan, X.C., 2011. Deep sequencing of the Camellia sinensis transcriptome revealed candidate genes for major metabolic pathways of tea-specific compounds. BMC genomics, 12: 1-19. - Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventós, R.M., 1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299: 152-178. - Singh, S., 2023. Salicylic acid elicitation improves antioxidant activity of spinach leaves by increasing phenolic content and enzyme levels. Food Chemistry Advances, 2: 100156. - Srisornkompon, P., Pichyangkura, R. and Chadchawan, S., 2014. Chitosan increased phenolic compound contents in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves by pre-and post-treatments. Journal of Chitin and Chitosan Science, 2(2): 93-98. - Tovar, G.I., Briceño, S., Suarez, J., Flores, S. and González, G., 2020. Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera and chitosan and its evaluation on corn germination. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 14: 100350. - Vanti, G.L., Masaphy, S., Kurjogi, M., Chakrasali, S. and Nargund, V.B., 2020. Synthesis and application of chitosan-copper nanoparticles on damping off causing plant pathogenic fungi. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 156: 1387-1395. - Vasquez-Robinet, C., Mane, S.P., Ulanov, A.V., Watkinson, J.I., Stromberg, V.K., De Koeyer, D., Schafleitner, R., Willmot, D.B., Bonierbale, M., Bohnert, H.J. and Grene, R., 2008. Physiological and molecular adaptations to drought in Andean potato genotypes. Journal of experimental botany, 59(8): 2109-2123 - Zhang, H., Zhao, X., Yang, J., Yin, H., Wang, W., Lu, H. and Du, Y., 2011. Nitric oxide production and its functional link with OIPK in tobacco defense response elicited by chitooligosaccharide. Plant cell reports, 30: 1153-1162. - Zhang, B., Zheng, L.P., Yi Li, W. and Wen Wang, J., 2013. Stimulation of artemisinin production in Artemisia annua hairy roots by Ag-SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles. Current Nanoscience, 9(3): 363-370. - Zhang, X. and Shao, X., 2015. Characterisation of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase and the role in browning of loquat fruit. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 33(2): 109-117. - Zhang, L.-Q., Wei, K., Cheng, H., Wang, L.-Y. and Zhang, C.-C., 2016. Accumulation of catechins and expression of catechin synthetic genes in Camellia sinensis at different developmental stages. Botanical Studies, 57(1): 1-8. - Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Li, Y.P., Zhang, X.Q., Ma, X., Huang, L. K. and Peng, Y., 2018. Chitosan and spermine enhance drought resistance in white clover, associated with changes in endogenous phytohormones and polyamines, and antioxidant metabolism. Functional Plant Biology, 45(12): 1205-1222. - Zhang, Z., Song, C., Zhao, J., Xia, E., Wen, W., Zeng, L. and Benedito, V.A., 2023. Secondary metabolites and metabolism in tea plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1143022. - Zhao, J. and Dixon, R.A., 2010. The ‘ins’ and ‘outs’ of flavonoid transport. Trends in plant science, 15(2): 72-80. - Yadegari, M., 2022. Effects of NPK complete fertilizer, botamisol, and humic acid on morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil in three Thymus species under drought stress conditions, Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 38(2): 301-321. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 635 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 518 |
||