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Field morphological identification of the most important Acrididae nymphs of cereal crops in Iran | ||
| Journal of Entomological Society of Iran | ||
| دوره 44، شماره 2، خرداد 2024، صفحه 117-128 اصل مقاله (1.27 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Paper, English | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.61186/jesi.44.2.1 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Mohsen Mofidi-Neyestanak* ؛ Abolfazl Hajiesmaeilian | ||
| Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran 19395-1454, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| The order Orthoptera, including locusts, grasshoppers, mole crickets, crickets and bushcrickets, are generally herbivores. With large-scale and single-crop agriculture development, some locusts and grasshoppers appeared as pests and sometimes caused famine and crisis. The plateau of Iran is the origin of many cereal cultivars. Since some morphological characters, particularly the male internal genitalia in nymphs do not differentiate enough for confident diagnosis; the classical morphological identification of grasshoppers is largely based on the characteristics of adults. However, identifying the nymphs is very important in the field from the economic point of view, because most crop loss is due to the nymphal damage. Although accurate molecular determination is possible even in the egg stage, this technique is costly and specialized. Thus, providing cheaper and simpler approaches have rational perspectives. Our studies showed that some morphological features in nymphs could be practised at a genus-level field identification, none of the important grasshoppers related to wheat cultivation in Iran has apterism, and only the macroscopic characteristics of nymphs of two ages before maturity provide the necessary accuracy for field identification. Therefore, from 2019 through 2021, morphological characteristics of developing organs that could be informative for taxonomy in the late-stage nymphs were investigated in 362 nymphs belonging to 22 genera of 8 subfamilies out of 2 families. As a result, some 35 most conservative characters and 79 character-states were extracted. Afterwards, an illustrated key for field genus identification was prepared based on a sort of data. Education and extension of these filed identification outputs can avoid wasting time and money and lessen pollution of the environment with hazardous chemical agricultural pesticides before any control operation. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Field diagnosis؛ identification key؛ immature؛ locusts and grasshoppers؛ taxonomy | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| تشخیص میدانی مهمترین ملخهای شاخککوتاه غلات ایران بر مبنای شکلشناسی پورهها | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| محسن مفیدی نیستانک؛ ابوالفضل حاجی اسمعیلیان | ||
| بخش تحقیقات رده بندی حشرات، مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی ایران، سازمان تحقیقات، ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، تهران 19395-1454، ایران | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| راستبالان شامل ملخهای بومی و مهاجر شاخککوتاه و شاخکبلند، جیرجیرکها و آبدزدکها عموماً حشراتی گیاهخوار هستند. با توسعۀ کشاورزی کلان و تک زراعی، برخی از ملخهای بومی و مهاجر شاخککوتاه به صورت آفت باعث قحطی و بحران شدهاند. فلات ایران خاستگاه بسیاری از ارقام غلات است. از آنجایی که برخی از ویژگیهای شکلشناسی، به ویژه اندام زادآوری داخلی نر، هنوز در پورهها به اندازۀ کافی برای تشخیص و تفکیک علمی متمایز نشدهاند، عمدتاً شناسایی شکلشناسی ملخها بر ویژگیهای حشرات بالغ استوار است. در عین حال، شناسایی پورهها در شرایط مزرعه از نظر اقتصادی بسیار حائز اهمیت است، زیرا آنها بیشترین خسارت را به محصول وارد میکنند. تشخیص دقیق هویت علمی گونهها به روش مولکولی، حتی در مرحلۀ تخم نیز امکانپذیر است، اما این تکنیک بسیار گران و تخصصی است. بنابراین ارائۀ روشهایی ارزانتر و سادهتر، عقلانی به نظر میرسد. بررسیهای ما نشان داد که اولاً در شناسایی صحرایی، از برخی ویژگیهای شکلشناسی پورهها میتوان در سطح جنس استفاده کرد، ثانیاً هیچ یک از ملخهای شاخککوتاه مهم در زراعت گندم در ایران حالت بیبالی ندارند و ثالثاً ویژگیهای شکلشناسی ماکروسکوپی پورههای دو سن قبل از بلوغ، دقت لازم برای این سطح از تشخیص صحرایی را فراهم میآورند. بنابراین، طی سالهای 1398 تا 1401 خورشیدی، ویژگیهای شکلشناسی اندامهایی که میتوانستند برای ردهبندی پورههای قبل از بلوغ مفید و پایدار باشند، در 362 پوره متعلق به 22 جنس از 8 زیرخانواده و 2 خانواده بررسی شدند. در نتیجه 35 ویژگی شکلشناسی ثابتتر و 79 حالت ویژگی استخراج شد. سپس بر اساس گزیدهای از این ویژگیها، کلید مصوری برای شناسایی صحرایی پورهها در سطح جنس تهیه شد. آموزش و گسترش بروندادهای تحقیق حاضر میتواند قبل از هر گونه عملیات کنترل، مانع اتلاف وقت و هزینه و همچنین آلودگی محیط زیست با سموم شیمیایی خطرناک کشاورزی شود. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| شخیص مزرعهای, کلید شناسایی, نابالغ, ملخ شاخککوتاه, ردهبندی | ||
| مراجع | ||
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