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Different pistachio cultivars impair hemocyte frequencies in diapausing and nondiapausing larvae of pistachio seed chalcid, Megastigmus pistaciae (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) | ||
| Journal of Entomological Society of Iran | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 43، شماره 4، بهمن 2023، صفحه 345-358 اصل مقاله (1011.77 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Paper, English | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.61186/jesi.43.4.3 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Maryam Ajamhassani* ؛ Zahra Ebrahimi Zadeh؛ Fatemeh Abdos؛ Bijan Ahangi Rashti | ||
| Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Cellular immunity with the activity of hemocytes is one of the important phases of innate immunity in insects. The role of hemocytes is key in dealing with the stresses and contaminations introduced to the insect hemolymph. These cells react by changing their number, shape, and type during stress. Identifying hemocytes and their diversity is the first step in immunological studies. Humoral defense usually starts with a little delay after cellular immunity, which is associated with the activity of phenol oxidase and antimicrobial peptides. The present study was conducted to investigate the immunology of diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of Megastigmus pistaciae fed on different varieties of pistachio. The pistachio seed chalcid, M. pistaciae, has been one of the key and destructive pests of pistachio in recent years. After collecting infected fruits and transferring them to the laboratory, hemolymph of larvae was extracted and hemocytes were identified after staining with Giemsa solution. Four types of hemocytes were seen in the hemolymph of larvae: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes and oenocytoids. The morphometric sizes of the cells were determined by light microscopy. Differential hemocyte count in hemolymph of larvae, pupae, and adult was determined. The frequency of granulocytes in the larvae was the highest (more than 35±2.4%) and higher than the frequency of granulocytes in pupa and adult. In the study of changes of blood cells in diapausing and non-diapausing larvae feeding on different cultivars, results showed that the hemocyte density of non-diapause larvae that fed on all cultivars was significantly higher than the number of diapause larval hemocytes. In addition, the total hemocyte count, granulocytes, oenocytoids, and prohemocytes in larvae which fed on Kaleghochi and Shapasand cultivars was higher than similar cases on larvae fed on Khanjari, Akbari and Nokhodi cultivars. Changes in phenol oxidase activity in different treatments were similar to changes in blood cells. On the other hand, the activity of this enzyme was higher in non-diapausing larvae than diapausing larvae and more than on larvae that fed on Kaleghochi and Shapasand cultivars as compared with other cultivars. Identification of hemocytes and their changes in diapausing and nondiapausing of pistachio seed chalcid, M. pistaciae, by feeding on different pistachio cultivars, is done for the first time and could be the basis for further studies to identify the immunological characteristics of this pest. It seems that diapause and type of the diet can determine the immune response of the insects against the entomopathogens. Additional research in this field can be effective in the microbial control methods of this pest. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Insects immunity؛ cellular defense؛ humoral defense؛ feeding؛ diapause؛ blood cell | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| تغییرات تراکم سلولهای خونی در لاروهای دیاپوزی و غیر دیاپوزی زنبور مغزخوار طلایی پسته Megastigmus pistaciae (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) با تغذیه از ارقام مختلف پسته | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| مریم عجم حسنی؛ زهرا ابراهیمی زاده؛ فاطمه عبدوس؛ بیژن آهنگی رشتی | ||
| گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| ایمنی سلولی همراه با فعالیت سلولهای خونی، یکی از جنبههای مهم ایمنی ذاتی در حشرات است. نقش هموسیتها در مقابله با تنشها و آلودگیهای وارد شده به همولنف، کلیدی است. آنها با تغییر در تعداد، شکل و تیپ در مقابل تنشها واکنش نشان میدهند و شناسایی این سلولها و تنوع آنها اولین مرحله از مطالعات ایمنی شناسی محسوب میشود. دفاع هیومرال معمولا با اندکی تاخیر نسبت به دفاع سلولی و با فعالیت آنزیم فنل اکسیداز و پپتیدهای ضدمیکروبی همراه است. تحقیق حاضر به بررسی ویژگیهای ایمنی شناسی لاروهای دیاپوزی و غیردیاپوزی لاروهای زنبور مغزخوار طلایی پسته با تغذیه از رقمهای مختلف پسته میپردازد. زنبور Megastigmus pistaciae یکی از آفات مهم و مخرب پسته در سالهای اخیر است. بعد از جمعآوری میوه های آلوده و انتقال آنها به آزمایشگاه، همولنف لاروها استخراج شد و هموسیتها بعد از رنگ آمیزی با گیمسا شناسایی شدند. چهار نوع سلول خونی در همولنف شناسایی شد: پروهموسیتها، پلاسماتوسیتها، گرانولوسیتها و اونوسیتوئیدها. اندازه مرفومتریک هموسیتها با استفاده از میکروسکوپ نوری تعیین شد. شمارش تفرقی هموسیتها در همولنف لارو، شفیره و حشرات کامل انجام شد. فراوانی گرانولوسیتها در لاروها (بیشتر از 4/2 ±35 %) و بالاتر از فراوانی گرانولوسیتها در شفیره و بالغین به دست آمد. در مطالعه تغییرات سلولهای خونی در لاروهای دیاپوزی و غیردیاپوزی با تغذیه از رقمهای مختلف پسته، نتایج نشان داد که تراکم هموسیتها در لاروهای غیر دیاپوزی تغذیه کرده از تمام رقمها به طور معنی داری بیشتر از لاروهای دیاپوزی بود. به علاوه، تعداد کل سلولهای خونی، گرانولوسیتها، اونوسیتوئیدها و پروهموسیتها در لاروهای تغذیه کرده از رقمهای پسته کلهقوچی و شاپسند، بیشتر از موارد مشابه در لاروهای تغذیه کرده از رقمهای خنجری، اکبری و نخودی بود. نتایج مربوط به تغییرات آنزیم فنل اکسیداز مشابه نتایج مربوط به تغییرات هموسیتها بود. به عبارت دیگر، فعالیت این آنزیم در لاروهای غیر دیاپوزی بیشتر از لاروهای دیاپوزی و در لاروهای تغذیه کرده از ارقام کله قوچی و شاپسند بیشتر از لاروهای تغذیه کرده از سایر ارقام بود. شناسایی هموسیتها و تغییرات آنها در لاروهای دیاپوزی و غیردیاپوزی زنبور مغزخوار طلایی پسته با تغذیه از رقمهای پسته برای اولین بار انجام شده است و میتواند زمینهساز مطالعات بعدی ایمنیشناسی این حشره باشد. به نظر میرسد دیاپوز و نوع رژیم غذایی میتواند به نوعی تعیین کننده واکنش ایمنی حشره در مقابل بیمارگرها باشد. تحقیقات تکمیلی در این زمینه می تواند در روشهای کنترل میکروبی این آفت موثر باشد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| ایمنی حشرات, دﻓﺎع ﺳﻠﻮلی, دﻓﺎع پلاسمایی, ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ, دیاپوز, ﺳﻠﻮلﺧﻮنی | ||
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