اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات282
تعداد نشریات سازمان80
تعداد شماره‌ها3,219
تعداد مقالات35,690
تعداد مشاهده مقاله53,563,305
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله92,843,455
Ammarellou, Ali, Mozaffarian, Valiallah. (1401). Growing, flowering and seeding characteristics of two forest violas (Viola caspia and Viola sintenisii) Compared to Viola tricolor under controlled conditions. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 13(1), 113-121. doi: 10.22034/jmpb.2023.361063.1521
Ali Ammarellou; Valiallah Mozaffarian. "Growing, flowering and seeding characteristics of two forest violas (Viola caspia and Viola sintenisii) Compared to Viola tricolor under controlled conditions". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 13, 1, 1401, 113-121. doi: 10.22034/jmpb.2023.361063.1521
Ammarellou, Ali, Mozaffarian, Valiallah. (1401). 'Growing, flowering and seeding characteristics of two forest violas (Viola caspia and Viola sintenisii) Compared to Viola tricolor under controlled conditions', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 13(1), pp. 113-121. doi: 10.22034/jmpb.2023.361063.1521
Ammarellou, Ali, Mozaffarian, Valiallah. Growing, flowering and seeding characteristics of two forest violas (Viola caspia and Viola sintenisii) Compared to Viola tricolor under controlled conditions. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1401; 13(1): 113-121. doi: 10.22034/jmpb.2023.361063.1521

Growing, flowering and seeding characteristics of two forest violas (Viola caspia and Viola sintenisii) Compared to Viola tricolor under controlled conditions

Journal of Medicinal plants and By-products
دوره 13، شماره 1، خرداد 2024، صفحه 113-121    اصل مقاله (2.03 M)
نوع مقاله: Research Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jmpb.2023.361063.1521
نویسندگان
Ali Ammarellou* 1؛ Valiallah Mozaffarian2
1Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
2Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده
Forests, along with their great advantages in environmental sustainability, are suitable and exclusive habitats for important plant species, including violets. Viola is an important forest plant in terms of recognizing flowering systems diversities, ornamental and medicinal importance. Medicinal violets are generally wild and natural. Cultivation and industrialization of drug production process from these medicinal plants, it is necessary to review and re-research them in controlled conditions. In this study, morphological differences, plant growth and developmental behavior especially flower buds production were studied in three different species of Viola: Viola caspia, Viola sintenisii and Viola tricolor (under greenhouse and field conditions). All greenhouse and field experiments were performed in a completely randomized design (CRD) and randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, respectively. The species with a purple flowers (V. sintenisii) blooms about fifteen days earlier than a white flower violet (V. caspia) in spring season. Compared to these two species, the tricolor species blossoms two months earlier. Appearance and morphological tolerance to winter cold was the highest in V. tricolor and then in V. sintenisii was second.  The V. caspia tolerance to winter cold was lowest. Flower buds in the blue species (V. sintenisii) are formed in the first node located on the meristem and form a flower shoot up to a height of 11 cm. In white flowers (V. caspia) and ornamental violet (V. tricolor), unlike the first species, flower buds form on higher internodes, which are about 5 cm higher than the original node. The color of the underground stem in V. sintenisii and V. caspia was white and brown respectively. The type of flower produced in V. sintenisii and V. tricolor were chasmogam at all blooming time, but in the V. caspia it is of the type of cleistogam, semi-chasmogam and chasmogam. The size and shape of the fruits formed on all three studied species are different, which is round in V. sintenisii and elliptical in V. caspia and V. tricolor. The V. sintenisii grow in a sleeping and rosette state and tend to hang in pots, however the V. caspia and V. tricolor are completely vertical and non - rosette. The amount of violet scent (olfactory test) was the highest in V. sintenisii and then second in V. caspia but ornamental violet (V. tricolor) had no odor. Because the most of medicinal spices of viola are wild, it is challenging for compare of their different species for morphological and physiological characteristics as well as produce a standardized product with a high content of specialized metabolites (SM).  To overcome this great challenge, this study focused on the evaluation of growing, flowering and seeding characteristics of 3 forest violas under controlled conditions. This information will be so important for their domestication, cultivation, mass propagation and plant breeding programs.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Forests؛ Viola Species؛ Diversity؛ Flowering؛ Seed Sitting
مراجع
  1. Ballard H.E., Sytsma K.J., Kowal R.R. 1999. Shrinking the violets: phylogenetic relationships of infrageneric groups in Viola (Violaceae) based on internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences. Syst Bot. 23: 439-458.
  2. Yockteng R., Ballard H.E., Mansion G., Dajoz I., Nadot S. 2003. Relationships among pansies (Viola section Melanium) investigated using ITS and ISSR markers. Plant Sys Evo. 241: 153-170.
  3. Abolghasemi S., Naderi R., Fattahi Moghadam M.R. 2020. Evaluation of genetic diversity in Iranian Violet (Viola spp) populations using morphological and RAPD molecular markers. J Genet Resour 6(2): 157-171. doi: 10.22080/jgr.2020.18739.1190
  4. Ammarellou A., ̇Zabicka J., Słomka A., Bohdanowicz J., Marcussen T., Kuta E. 2021. Seasonal and Simultaneous Cleistogamy in Rostrate Violets (Viola, subsect. Rostratae, Violaceae). Plants, 10, 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants10102147.
  5. Tutin T.G., Heywood V.H., Burges N.A., Valentine D.H., Walters S.M.., Webb D.A. 1964. Flora Europaea. Vol. 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Flora Europaea. Vol. 1. Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae.
  6. Mozafarian V. 1996. A dictionary of Iranian plant names. Tehran: Farhang Moaser, 396.
  7. Marcussen T, Borgen L. 2011. Species delimitation in the Ponto-Caucasian Viola sieheana complex, based on evidence from allozymes, morphology, ploidy levels, and crossing experiments. Plant Syst Evol 291: 183-196.
  8. Marcussen T., Nordal I. 1997. Viola suavis, a new spice in the Nordic Flora, with analysis of the relation to other species in the subsection Viola (Vioalceae). Nordic J Bot 18: 221-237.
  9. Sprengel C.K. 1793. Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen. Berlin: Vieweg sen. Reprint 1972, Lehre: J Cramer & HK Swann, Codicote, New York: Wheldon & Wesley. [Google Scholar].
  10. Freitas L, Sazima M. 2003. Floral biology and pollination mechanisms in two Viola species--from nectar to pollen flowers? Ann Bot. Feb;91(3):311-7. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcg025. PMID: 12547683; PMCID: PMC4244963.
  11. Knuth P. 1904. Handbuch der Blütenbiologie, v. III. p. 1. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann. [Google Scholar].
  12. Beattie AT. 1969a Studies in the pollination ecology of Viola 1. The pollen‐content of stigmatic cavities. Watsonia 7: 142-156.
  13. Beattie T. 1969b The floral biology of three species of Viola New Phytologist 68: 1187–1201. [Google Scholar]
  14. Beattie A.T. 1971. Pollination mechanisms in Viola New Phytologist 70: 343–360.
  15. Marcussen T., Ballard H.E., Danihelka J., Flores A.R., Nicola M.V., Watson J.M. 2022. A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae). Plants. 11, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172224.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 684
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,051


counter
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب