- Amini, M., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Namiranian, M. and Amini, R., 2009. Investigation on increment of Fagus orientalis Lipsky using time series analysis. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 17(3): 404-421 (In Persian with English summary).
- Faraji, F., Eshaghi Rad, J., Parhizkar, P. and Manthey, M., 2021. Quantitative charachteristics of regeneration in natural and harvested made canopy gaps in different elevations in oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) forests. Journal of Forest Research and Development, 6(4): 661-678 (In Persian with English summary).
- Feldmann, E., Drößler, L., Hauck, M., Kucbel, S., Pichler, V. and Leuschner, C., 2018. Canopy gap dynamics and tree understory release in a virgin beech forest, Slovakian Carpathians. Forest Ecology and Management, 415-416: 38-46.
- Gustafsson, L., Baker, S.C., Bauhus, J., Beese, W.J., Brodie, A., Kouki, J., … and Franklin, J.F., 2012. Retention forestry to maintain multifunctional forests: a world perspective. Bioscience, 62(7): 633-645.
- Huth, F. and Wagner, S., 2006. Gap structure and establishment of Silver birch regeneration (Betula pendula Roth.) in Norway spruce stands (Picea abies L. Karst.). Forest Ecology and Management, 229: 314-324.
- Mohammadi, L., Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R., Etemad, V. and Sefidi, K., 2014. Quantitative charachteristics of regeneration in natural and tree fall canopy gaps in the mixed beech stands, Northern Iran (Case Study: Namkhaneh district, Kheyrud Forest). Iranian Journal of Forest, 6(4): 457-570 (In Persian with English summary).
-
Mohammadi, L.,
Mohadjer, M.R.M., Etemad, V., Sefidi, K. and
Nasiri, N., 2020. Natural Regeneration within natural and man-made canopy gaps in Caspian natural beech (
Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) forest, northern Iran
. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 39(1): 61-75.
- Moslehi, M., Habashi, H. and Rahmani, R., 2017. Seasonal changes of soil organic carbon pool in the managed and unmanaged beech-hornbeam stands. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 25(2): 286-297 (In Persian with English summary).
- Nasiri, N., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Etemad, V., Sefidi, K., Mohammadi, L. and Gharehaghaji, M., 2018. Natural regeneration of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) trees in canopy gaps and under closed canopy in a forest in northern Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 29: 1075-1081.
- Orman, O., Wrzesiński, P., Dobrowolska, D. and Szewczyk, J., 2021. Regeneration growth and crown architecture of European beech and silver fir depend on gap characteristics and light gradient in the mixed montane old-growth stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 482: 118866.
- Parhizkar, P., Hassani, M., Ghorbani, H., Karimidoust, A., Maghsoudlu, K., Babatabar Malekshah, R., ... and Mousavi, R., 2020. Investigation on gap characteristics in the managed and intact oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests, Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 28(3): 217-230 (In Persian with English summary).
- Parhizkar, P., Sadeghzadeh Hallaj, M.H. and Hassani, M., 2022a. Managed vs. unmanaged Fagus orientalis Lipsky forests: structure and diversity of natural regeneration in northern Iran. Journal of Forest Science, 68(8): 318-328.
- Parhizkar, P., Sadeghzadeh Hallaj, M.H. and Hassani, M., 2022b. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of regeneration in Shafarood managed and unmanaged beech forests. Journal of Forest Research and Development, 8(4): 343-354.
- Parhizkar, P., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Mataji, A., Nyland, R.D. and Namiranian, M., 2011. Silvicultural characteristics of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis lipsky) regeneration under different RLI and positions within gaps. Forestry, 84: 177-185.
- Petritan, A.M., Nuske, R.S., Petritan, I.C. and Tudose, N.C., 2013. Gap disturbance patterns in an old-growth sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.)–European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest remnant in the Carpathian Mountains, Romania. Forest Ecology and Management, 308: 67-75.
- Petritan, A.M., von Lüpke, B. and Petritan, I.C., 2009. Influence of light availability on growth, leaf morphology and plant architecture of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) saplings. European Journal of Forest Research, 128: 61-74.
- Pommerening, A., 2002. Approaches to quantifying forest structures. Forestry, 75(3): 305-324.
- Pretzsch, H. and Schütze, G., 2005. Crown allometry and growing space efficiency of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in pure and mixed stands. Plant Biology, 7: 628-639.
- Raymond, P., Royo, A.A., Prévost, M. and Dumais, D., 2018. Assessing the single-tree and small group selection cutting system as intermediate disturbance to promote regeneration and diversity in temperate mixedwood stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 430: 21-32.
- Rozenbergar, D. and Diaci, J., 2014. Architecture of
Fagus sylvatica regeneration improves over time in mixed old-growth and managed forests.
Forest Ecology and Management, 318: 334-340.
- Sagheb Talebi, Kh., Sajedi, T. and Pourhashemi, M., 2014. Forests of Iran: A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 152p.
- Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 1995. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica L.) growing under various site conditions with emphasis on light. Ph.D. thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, 219p (In German with English summary).
- Schall, P., Schulze, E.D., Fischer, M., Ayasse, M. and Ammer, C., 2018. Relations between forest management, stand structure and productivity across different types of Central European forests.
Basic and Applied Ecology 32: 39-52
- Schliemann, S.A. and Bockheim J.G., 2011. Methods for studying treefall gaps: a review. Forest Ecology and Management, 261: 1143-1151.
- Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., Mosandl, R. and Copenhaever, C.A., 2011. Canopy gaps and regeneration in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands, northern Iran. Forest Ecology and Management, 262: 1094-1099.
- Stancioiu, P.T. and O’Hara, K.L., 2006a. Morphological plasticity of regeneration subject to different levels of canopy cover in mixed-species, multiaged forests of the Romanian Carpathians. Trees, 20: 196-209.
- Stancioiu, P.T. and O’Hara, K.L., 2006b. Regeneration growth in different light environments of mixed species, multiaged, mountainous forests of Romania. European Journal of Forest Research, 125: 151-162.
- Wagner, S., 1999. Őkologische Untersuchungen zur Initialphase der Naturverjüngung in Eschen-Buchen-Mischbeständen. Schriften Forstl Fakultät Univ. Göttingen, Nieders. Forstl, Sauerländer, J D, 265p (In German with English summary).
- Weber, T.A., Hart, J.L., Schweitzer, C.J. and Dey, D.C., 2014. Influence of gap-scale disturbance on developmental and successional pathways in Quercus-Pinus stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 331: 60-70.