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Biology and damage of Asian walnut moth, Garella musculana (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), a major insect pest of Juglans regia in Kashmir Himalaya | ||
| Journal of Entomological Society of Iran | ||
| دوره 43، شماره 2، شهریور 2023، صفحه 123-134 اصل مقاله (1.05 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Paper, English | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.61186/jesi.43.2.4 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Sajad Ahmad Khan* 1؛ Inayat Ullah Lone1؛ Saddam Hussain Malik1؛ Sanjay Bhatia2؛ Deen Mohad Bhat* 3 | ||
| 1Insect Diversity and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri-185234, J&K, India | ||
| 2Department of Zoology, University of Jammu-180006, J&K India | ||
| 3Department of Zoology, Govt Womens College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Over past two decades, Garella musculana (Erschoff, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) has surged as a prominent pest in Eurasia infesting Juglans regia. Its caterpillar causes an extensive damage to young fruits and shoots of natural and cultivated varieties of J. regia. The larval instars were seen feeding on nuts from May to August. In August, they start leaving nuts for pupation to continue life cycle next year. The pupation took place inside the loose bark or crevices of walnut trees in white cocoons. In this study life cycle and extent of damage was studied. The larva goes through five growth stages (instars) and lasts for about 67.1±2.26 days. It overwinters in the pupal stage in a white dense cocoon and then emerges in spring as adult when environment becomes favourable. The mean generation time was 297.5±4.45 days. It is univoltine in nature and its larva consumes young walnut pericarp resulting in deformed nuts and there early fall leading to substantial yield loses. The deposition of excrement by larva of G. musculana on the outer green thick layer (husk) degrades its quality and thereby reduces the economic value of the walnut. Knowledge of life-history is crucial for the design of management strategies. The management possibilities of this pest are limited as the feeding destructive larvae are present within the shell or nut. Understanding the life cycle is important to spray timing and effective control. The emergence of the pest and egg laying are important attributes in controlling this pest. Besides natural enemies as eco-friendly approaches acting as bio control agents are encouraged as the most viable alternative for management of this insect pest in this particular area. It is also important to promote the development of new walnut cultivars in newly planted walnut orchards with high potential output and higher shelling percentages. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Keywords: walnut؛ Asian walnut moth؛ life cycle؛ rearing؛ damage | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| زیست شناسی و خسارت شب پره آسیایی گردو، Garella musculana (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) ، آفت مهم گردو در کشمیر هیمالیا | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| سجاد احمد خان1؛ عنایت الله لونه1؛ صدام حسین ملیک1؛ سانجای بهاتیا2؛ دین مود بهات3 | ||
| 1آزمایشگاه تنوع زیستی و اکولوژی حشرات ، دانشکده علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشگاه باباغلام شاه بدشاه،راجوری، جامو و کشمیر،هند | ||
| 2گروه جانورشناسی، دانشکده علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشگاه باباغلام شاه بدشاه، راجوری، جامو و کشمیر، هند | ||
| 3گروه جانورشناسی، دانشکده دولتی بانوان ، جامو و کشمیر ، هند | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| در طول دو دهه گذشته، خسارت شب پره آسیایی گردو، Garella musculana (Erschoff, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) در اوراسیا افزایش یافته و آسیب‌های فراوانی روی گردو Juglans regia ایجاد کرده است. لارو آفت، آسیب زیادی به میوه جوان و شاخه درختان کشت شده و طبیعی گردو (J. regia ) وارد می‌کند. لاروها از نیمه اردیبهشت تا نیمه مرداد ماه در حال فعالیت و تغذیه از میوه دیده می‌شوند. در اواخر مرداد ماه، لاروها با خروج از میوه وارد مرحله شفیرگی شده تا چرخه زندگی را در سال آینده ادامه دهند. محل تشکیل شفیره، زیر پوستک‌ها و در داخل شکاف درختان گردو، درون پیله‌های سفید می‌باشد. در این مطالعه، چرخه زندگی و میزان خسارت آفت، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. لارو آفت، پنج سن لاروی داشت و حدود 26/2 ± 1/67 روز طول کشید. مرحله شفیرگی در پیله‌ای سفید و متراکم تشکیل شده که زمستان گذرانی می‌کند و پس از مساعد شدن هوا در بهار، حشرات بالغ ظاهر می‌شوند. میانگین مدت زندگی حشره، 45/4 ± 5/297 روز بود. حشره، تک نسلی است و لارو آن از پریکارپ گردوی جوان تغذیه می‌کند که در نتیجه، ظاهر میوه، تغییر شکل یافته و بدین ترتیب، فعالیت آفت باعث کاهش عملکرد قابل توجهی در اوایل پاییز می‌شود. برجای ماندن فضولات لارو روی پوسته، منجر به افت کیفیت گردو و در نتیجه کاهش ارزش اقتصادی آن می‌شود. شناخت چرخه زندگی حشرات آفت، در طراحی استراتژی مدیریت، بسیار مهم است. در این خصوص، گزینه های مدیریت این آفت، محدود است زیرا لاروهای خسارت‌زای آفت، زندگی مخفی در پوسته میوه دارند. از نکات مهم در مدیریت این آفت، زمان ظهور حشرات بالغ و تخم گذاری آنهاست. کاربرد دشمنان طبیعی به عنوان رویکردی سازگار با محیط زیست تحت عنوان کنترل زیستی، به عنوان روشی مناسب جهت استفاده در مدیریت این آفت در این منطقه خاص را تسهیل می‌کند. همچنین ترویج توسعه ارقام جدید گردو با بازده بالقوه بالا و پوشش مقاوم تر میوه در باغات گردو تازه کاشته شده نیز حائز اهمیت است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| شب پره آسیایی گردو, مدیریت آفت, چرخه زندگی, پرورش, گردو | ||
| مراجع | ||
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