| تعداد نشریات | 286 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 84 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,019 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,734 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 44,975,459 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 46,532,431 |
اثر سطوح مختلف کودهای نیتروژن و پتاسیم بر عملکرد و ویژگیهای کیفیت دانه دو رقم گندم دوروم [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn] | ||
| نهال و بذر | ||
| دوره 38، شماره 2، تیر 1401، صفحه 171-204 اصل مقاله (1.62 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/spj.2022.128660 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سارا سنجانی* 1؛ توحید نجفی میرک1؛ فریبا نقی پور1؛ سید شهریار جاسمی1؛ علی قربانی2 | ||
| 1مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| 2موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| به منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن و پتاسیم بر عملکرد و ویژگیهای کیفیت دانه ارقام گندم دوروم، این پژوهش در دو سال زراعی 99-1398 و 1400-1399 به صورت کرتهای خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر واقع در کرج اجرا شد. کرت های اصلی شامل: دو رقم گندم دوروم (هانا و ثنا) و کرت های فرعی شامل: سطوح کود نیتروژن و پتاسیم (مجموعا 10 تیمار) بودند. سطوح مختلف کود شامل کاربرد: صفر (شاهد)، 200 ، 300 و 400 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود اوره و هر کدام از سطوح کود اوره به علاوه 100 و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود سولفات پتاسیم بود. تجزیه واریانس داده ها نشان داد که اثر سال و سطوح مختلف کود بر عملکرد دانه در سطح یک درصد معنیدار بود. با افزایش میزان مصرف کود نیتروژن و پتاسیم عملکرد دانه نیز افزایش یافت. اثر کاربرد همزمان این دو کود موجب افزایش معنی دار عملکرد دانه شد. به طوری که با مصرف 300 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره به همراه 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار سولفات پتاسیم عملکرد بالاتری نسبت به مصرف 400 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود اوره حاصل شد. ویژگیهای کیفیت دانه مورد ارزیابی شامل: وزن هکتولیتر، درصد پروتئین، حجم رسوب زلنی، سختی دانه، گلوتن مرطوب، شاخص گلوتن، ارتفاع رسوب SDS، درصد استخراج سمولینا و درصد لکه آردی بودند. تجزیه واریانس مرکب داده های مربوط به ویژگیهای کیفیت دانه نشان داد که اثر سطوح مختلف کود بر کلیه ویژگیهای کیفیت دانه، اثر سال بر گلوتن مرطوب، سختی دانه، درصد استحصال سمولینا و درصد لکه آردی و اثر متقابل رقم × کود بر شاخص گلوتن و درصد لکه آردی در سطح احتمال یک درصد و پنج درصد معنیدار بود. گلوتن مرطوب، سختی دانه و درصد استحصال سمولینا در سال زراعی 99-1398 بیشتر از سال زراعی 1400-1399 و درصد لکه آردی در سال زراعی 1400-1399 بیشتر بود. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش میزان مصرف کودهای نیتروژن و پتاسیم کلیه ویژگیهای کیفیت دانه افزایش یافت، بجز درصد لکه آردی که در تیمار کودی 400 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن به اضافه 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود سولفات پتاسیم نسبت به تیمار شاهد 76 درصد کاهش یافت. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش اگرچه در هر از سطح کود نیتروژن تفاوت معنیداری بین سطوح مختلف کود پتاس مشاهده نشد، با این وجود به نظر میرسد مصرف 400 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود اوره به همراه 200 کیلوگرم کود سولفات پتاسیم به منظور بهینهسازی کمیت و کیفیت دانه گندم دوروم در شرایط آب و هوایی کرج مناسب باشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| گندم دوروم؛ تغذیه گیاه؛ درصد پروتئین دانه؛ شاخص گلوتن؛ لکه آردی دانه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers on Grain Yield and Quality Properties of Two Durum Wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] Cultivars | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| S. Sanjani1؛ T. Najafi Mirak1؛ F. Naghipour1؛ S. Sh. Jasemi1؛ A. Ghorbani2 | ||
| 1Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Karaj, Iran. | ||
| 2Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Karaj, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| To study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on grain yield and quality properties of durum wheat cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in the research filed of the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran, in 2019-20 and 2020-21 cropping seasons. Split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications was employed to assess the effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers levels on grain yield and quality properties of two durum wheat cultivars. Two durum wheat cultivars (Hana and Sana) were assigned to main plots, and different levels of urea and potassium sulfate fertilizers (control, 200, 300, 400 kg ha-1 urea (N) and each level of nitrogen fertilizer with 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 potassium sulfate (K)) were randomized in sub-plots. The results showed that the effect of year and different fertilizer levels on grain yield was significant (P ≤ 0.01). The grain yield increased by increasing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer levels. It was notable that the simultaneous application of these two fertilizers showed greater effect on grain yield. Therefore, grain yield at 300 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer plus 200 kg ha-1 of potassium sulfate fertilizer was higher than sole 400 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer. Quality properties included; hectoliter weight, grain protein content, zeleny sedimentation volume, grain hardness index, grain wet gluten content, gluten index, SDS sedimentation height, semolina extraction rate and grain yellow berry percentage. The combined analysis of variance showed that there was significant differences among different fertilizer levels for all grain quality properties, and between years for wet gluten content, grain hardness, semolina extraction rate and grain yellow berry percentage. Wet gluten content, grain hardness and semolina extraction rate in 2019-20 were higher than in 2020-21 cropping season. Whereas, grain yellow berry percentage was higher in 2020-21 cropping season. In General, increasing the rate of fertilizers application increased all quality properties except grain yellow berry percentage that decreased by 76% at 400 kg ha-1 urea plus 200 kg ha-1 potassium sulfate as compared with control. It is concluded that application of 400 kg ha-1 urea plus 200 kg ha-1 potassium sulfate could be sufficient for optimizing grain yield and quality properties of durum wheat in Karaj region. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Durum wheat, plant nutrition, grain protein content, gluten index, grain yellow berry | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
AACC. 2000. Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. 10th Edition. Volume 1 & 2. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN., USA. 1200 pp.
Abedi, T., Alemzadeh, A., and Kazemeini, S. A. 2011.Wheat yield and grain protein response to nitrogen amount and timing. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5: 330-336.
Able, J., and S. Atienza. 2014. Durum wheat for the future: Challenges, research, and prospects in the 21st century. Crop Pasture Science 65: 1-124.
Aissa, D. A., and Mhiri, A. 2002. Fertilisation phospho-potassique du blé dur en culture intensive en Tunisie. Cahiers Agricultures 11 (6): 391-397.
Ammiraju, J. S., Dholakia, B. B., Jawdekar, G., Santra, D. K., Gupta, V. S., Roder, M. S., Singh, H., Lagu, M. D., Dhaliwal, H. S., Rao V. S., and Ranjekar, P.K. 2002. Inheritance and identification of DNA markers associated with yellow berry tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Euphytica, 123 (2): 229-233.
Anonymous. 2019. Durum wheat - Specification and test methods. Iranian National Standard No. 4554. 35 pp. (in Persian).
Anonymous, 2017. Wheat cultivated areas in Iran. Wheat Production Plan Office. Ministry of Jehad-e-Agricuture. Tehran, Iran.
Anonymous. 1998. ICC Standard. Determination of protein by near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. No. 159. pp: 1-5.
Anwar, F., Siddiqui, M. H., Alghamdi, S. S., Al–Whaibi, M. H., and Chandra, A. 2011. Nitrogen use- efficiency and crop production- A mini review. Journal of Science and Technology 6: 167-174.
Axford, D. W. E., McDermott, E. E., and Redman, D. G. 1979. Note on the sodium dodecyl sulfate test of breadmaking quality: comparison with Pelshenke and Zeleny test. Cereal Chemistry 56 (6): 582-584.
Bnejdi, F., and El-Gazzah, M. 2008. Inheritance of resistance to yellow berry in durum wheat. Euphytica, 163 (2): 225-230.
Blumenthal, C. S., Barlow, E. W.R., and Wrigley, C. W. 1993. Growth environment and wheat quality: the effect of heat stress on dough properties and gluten proteins. Journal of Cereal Science 18: 3-21.
Boukef, S., Karmous, Ch., Trifa, Y., and Rezgui, S. 2013. Durum wheat grain quality traits as affected by nitrogen fertilization sources under Mediterranean rainfed conditions. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability 4 (1): 99-114.
Bucsella, B., Takács, Á. Vizer, V., Schwendener, U. and Tömösközi, S. 2016. Comparison of the effects of different heat treatment processes on rheological properties of cake and bread wheat flours. Food Chemistry 190: 990-996.
Carter, B. P., Morris, C. F., and Anderson, J. A. 1999. Optimizing the SDS sedimentation test for end-use quality selection in a soft white and club wheat breeding program. Cereal Chemistry 76 (6): 907-911.
Carvalho, M. G. J., Bonfim-Silva, E. M., and Silva, T. J. A. 2016. Nitrogen and potassium in production, nutrition and water use efficiency in wheat plants. Ciencia e Investigacion Agraria 43: 442-451.
Dalla Marta, A., Grifoni, D., and Mancini, M. 2011. The influence of climate on durum wheat quality in Tuscany, Central Italy. International Journal of Biometeorology 55: 87-96.
Daniel, C., and Triboi, E. 2000. Effects of temperature and nitrogen nutrition on the grain composition of winter wheat: effects on gliadin content and composition. Journal of Cereal Science 32: 45-56.
Dashadi, M. 2020. Influence of nitrogen and potassium application on yield and yield components of Rainfed wheat under different rotation managements. Dryland Agriculture 9 (2): 153-173. (in Persian).
Dexter, J. E., Doust, M. A., Raciti, C. N., Lombardo, G. M., Clarke, F. R., Clarke, J. M., Marchylo, B. A., Schlichting, L. M., and Hatcher, D. W. 2004. Effect of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) semolina extraction rate on semolina refinement, strength indicators and pasta properties. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84 (4): 1001-1013.
Dupont, F. M., Hurkman, W. J., Vensel, W. H., Tanaka, C., Kothari, K. M., Chung, O, K., and Altenbach, S. B. 2006. Protein accumulation and composition in wheat grains: Effects of mineral nutrients and high temperature. European Journal of Agronomy 25: 96-107.
Dolijanovic, Z., Roljevic Nikolic, S., Kovacevic, D., Djurdjic, S., Miodragovic, R., Jovanovic Todorovic, M., and Popovic Djordjevic, J. 2019. Mineral profile of the winter wheat grain: Effects of soil tillage systems and nitrogen fertilization. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17: 11757-11771.
Dou, Z., Tang, S., Li, G., Liu, Z. H., Ding, C. Q., Chen, L., Wang, S., and Ding, Y. 2017. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage improves rice quality under elevated temperature during grain-filling stage. Crop Science 57: 2183-2192.
Edwards, N. M., Gianibelli, M. C., McCaig, T. N., Clarke, J. M., Ames, N. P., Larroque, O. R., and Dexter, J. E. 2007. Relationship between dough strength, polymeric protein quantity and composition for diverse durum wheat genotypes. Journal of Cereal Science 45: 140-149.
Ejaz, A. W. M. S. Basra, N. Ahmad, Ahmed, R., and Muhammad, A. 2002. Effect of nitrogen on grain quality and vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 4 (4): 517-520.
Fageria, N. K. 2014. Nitrogen harvest index and its association with crop yields. Journal of Plant Nutrition 37: 795-810.
Dinsa, G. F., Deressa, H., Dargie, R., Bogale, M., Mehadi, S., Getachew, F. 2012. Grain hardness, hectolitre weight, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization. World Applied Sciences Journal 20: 1322-1327.
Farahani, E., and Arzani, A. 2009. Evaluation of genetic variation of durum wheat genotypes using multivariate analysis. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 1 (4): 51-64.
Fois, S., Schlichting, L., Marchylo, B., Dexter, J., Motzo, R., and Giunta, F. 2011. Environmental conditions affect semolina quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum L.) cultivars with different gluten strength and gluten protein composition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91: 2664-2673.
Gallagher, E., Gormleya, T. R., and Arendtbm, E. K. 2004. Recent advances in the formulation of gluten free cereal-based products. Food Science and Technology 15: 143-152.
Gant, C. A., Brown, K. R., Racz, G. J., and Bailey, L. D. 2001. Influence of source, timing and placement of nitrogen on grain yield and nitrogen removal of durum wheat under reduced and conventional tillage management. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81: 17-27.
Garrido-Lestache, E., Lopez-Bellido, R. J., and Lopez-Bellido, L. 2005. Durum wheat quality under Mediterranean conditions as affected by N rate, timing and splitting, N form and S fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy 23: 265-278.
Gerba, L., Getachew, B., and Walelign, W. 2013. Nitrogen fertilization effects on grain quality of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) varieties in central Ethiopia. Agricultural Sciences 4 (3): 123-130.
González-Torralba, J., Arazuri, S., Jarén, C., and Arregui, L. M. 2011. Stable quality traits of soft winter wheat under non-limiting nitrogen conditions. Crop Science 51: 2820-2828.
Girma, K., Holtz, S. L., Arnall, D. B., Fultz, L.M., Hanks, T. L., Lawles, K. D., Mack, C. J., Owen, K. W., Reed, S. D., Santillano, J., Walsh, O., White, M. J., and Raun, W. R. 2007. Weather, fertilizer, previous year grain yield and fertilizer response level affect ensuing year grain yield and fertilizer response of winter wheat. Agronomy Journal 99: 1607-1614.
Herdrich, N. 2000. Grower experiences with alternate wheat, 1997-2000. Crops in eastern Washington. Washington State University. 12 pp.
Ierna, A., Lombardo, G. M., and Mauromicale, G. 2016. Yield, nitrogen use efficiency and grain quality in durum wheat as affected by nitrogen fertilization under a Mediterranean environment. Experimental Agriculture 52 (2): 314-329.
Jasemi, Sh., Akbari, Gh. A., Moradi, F., Akbari, A., and Najafian, G. 2014. Effect of macro- and micro- nutrients on grain yield and quality related traits of two bread wheat cultivars. Seed and Plant Production Journal 2 (2): 119-133 (in Persian).
Kashyap, P. L., Gupta, V., Gupta, O. P., Sendhil, R., Gopalareddy, K., Jasrotia, P., and Singh, G. P. 2022. New horizons in wheat and barley research: global trends, breeding and quality enhancement. Springer Singapore. 842 pp.
Lerner, S. E., Cogliatti, M., Ponzio, N. R., Seghezzo, M. L., Molfese, E. R., and Rogers, W. J. 2004. Genetic variation for grain components and industrial quality of durum wheat cultivars sown in Argentina. Journal of Cereal Science 40: 161-166.
Lerner, S. E., Seghezzo, M. L., Molfese, E. R., Ponzio, N. R., Cogliotti, M. and Rogers, W. J. 2006. N and S-fertilizer effects on grain composition, industrial quality and end-use in durum wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 44:2-11.
Liu, P., Ma, X., Wan, H., Zheng, J., Luo, J., Hu, Y., and Pu, Z. 2021. Effects of differential nitrogen application on wheat grain proteome. Journal of Cereal Science 102: 103367. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103367.
Lloveras, J., Lopez, A., Ferr, J., Espachs, S., Solsona, J., 2001. Bread-making wheat and soil nitrate as affected by nitrogen fertilization in irrigated Mediterranean conditions. Agronomy Journal 93: 1190-1193.
Makowska, A., Obuchowski, W., Sulewka, H., Koziara, W., and Paschke, H. 2008. Effect of nitrogen fertilization of durum wheat varieties on some characteristics important for pasta production. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria 7: 29-39.
Malakouti, M. J., and Tehrani, M. M. 1999. Effects of micronutrients on the yield and quality of agricultural products: Micro-nutrients with macro-effects. Tarbiat Modares University Publication. Tehran, Iran. 299 pp. (in Persian).
Malakouti, M. J., and Homaee, M. 2004. Soil fertility of arid and semi-arid regions difficulties and solutions. Tarbiat Modares University Publication, Tehran, Iran. 518 pp. (in Persian).
Mariem, S. B., Onzález-Torralba, J., Collar, C., Aranjuelo., I., and Morales, F. 2020. Durum wheat grain yield and quality under low and high nitrogen conditions: insights into natural variation in low- and high-yielding genotypes. Plants 9: 1636. doi:10.3390/plants9121636.
Martínez-Moreno, F., Ammar, K., and Solís, I. 2022. Global changes in cultivated area and breeding activities of durum wheat from 1800 to date: A historical review. Agronomy 12: 1135. https:// doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051135.
May, W. E., Fernandez, M. R., Holzapfel, C. B., and Lafond, G. P. 2008. Influence of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium chloride placement and rate on durum wheat yield and quality. Agronomy Journal 100 (4): 1173-1179.
Motzo, R., Fois, S., and Giunta, F. 2007. Protein content and gluten quality of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) as affected by sowing date. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87: 1480-1488.
Mohammed, Y. A., Kelly, J., Chim, B. K., Rutto, E., Waldschmidt, K., Mullock, J., Torres, G., Desta, K. G., and Raun, W. 2013. Nitrogen fertilizer management for improved grain quality and yield in winter wheat in Oklahoma. Journal of Plant Nutrition 36: 749-761. https:// doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.754039.
Najafian, G., Jasemi, Sh., Naghipour, F., Sanjani, S., Esfandiaripour, E., Kaboli, M. M., Karimzadeh, Kh., Khorsandi, H., Pour Payghambar, H. A., Morteza-Gholi, M., Bababie Goli, B., Shafiepour, M. T., and Moslehi, E. S. 2021. Quality properties mapping and evaluation of farmer's field produced wheat of different regions of Iran at provincial and district levels. Nashr-e-Amozoesh. Karaj, Iran. 191 pp. (in Persian).
Niu, J., Weifeng, Z., Ru, S., Chen, X., Xiao, K., Zhang, X., Assaraf, M., Imas, P., Magen, H., and Zhang, F. 2013. Effects of potassium fertilization on winter wheat under different production practices in the north china plain. Field Crops Research 140: 69-76.
Orlandini, S., Grifoni, D., Natali, F., Mancini, M., and Dalla Marta, A. 2010. Impacts of climate change on Tuscany durum wheat quality. pp. 195-208. In: Mihailovic, D. T., and B. Lalic (eds.) Advances in environmental modeling and measurements. Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, USA.
Pampana, S., and Mariotti, M. 2021. Durum wheat yield and N uptake as affected by N source, timing, and rate in two Mediterranean environments. Agronomy 11: 1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071299.
Peighambardoust, S. H. 2017. Rheology test methods: wheat, flour and dough: Amidi Publications. Tabriz, Iran. 67 pp. (in Persian).
Pozo, A. D., Matus, I., Ruf, K., Castillo, D., Méndez-Espinoza, A. M., and Serret, M. D. 2019. Genetic advance of durum wheat under high yielding conditions: the case of Chile. Agronomy 9: 454. doi: 10.3390/agronomy9080454.
Protic, R., Miric, M., Protic, N., Jovanovic, Z., and Jovin, P. 2007. The test weight of several winter wheat genotypes under various sowing dates and nitrogen fertilizer rates. Romanian Agricultural Research 24: 43-36.
Ram, S., Narwal, S., Gupta, O. P., Pandey, V., Gupta, R. K., and Singh, G. P. 2018. Laboratory manual on methodologies for evaluation of wheat quality. ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research. 40 pp.
Raun, W. R., Dhillon, J., Aula, L., Eickhoff, E., Weymeyer, G., Figueirdeo, B., Lynch, T., Omara, P., Nambi, E., Oyebiyi, F., and Fornah, A. 2019. Unpredictable nature of environment on nitrogen supply and demand. Agronomy Journal 111: 2786–2791. https://doi. org/10.2134/agronj2019.04.0291.
Rodriguez-Felix, F., Ramirez-Wong, B., Torres- Chávez, P. I., Alvarez-Avilés, A., Moreno-Salazar, S., Renteria-Martinez, M. E., and Bello-Perez, L. A. 2014. Yellow berry, protein and agronomic characteristics in bread wheat under different conditions of nitrogen and irrigation in northwest Mexico. Pakistan Journal of Botany 46b (1): 221-226.
Salardini, A. A., 2011. Soil fertility. University of Tehran Publications. Tehran, Iran. 434 pp. (in Persian). Shahidi, F., Nasehi, B., and Rastgoo, A. 2007. Pasta technology. Ferdowsi Unversity of Mashhad Publication. Mashhad, Iran. 274 pp. (in Persian).
Sedri, M. H., Roohi, E., Niazian, M., and Niedbala, G. 2021. Interactive effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on quantitative-qualitative traits and drought tolerance indices of rainfed wheat cultivar. Agronomy 12: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/
Surma, M., Adamski, T., Banaszak, Z., Kaczmarek, Z., Kuczyn´ska, A., Majcher, M., Lugowska, B., Obuchowski, W., Salmanowicz, B., and Krystkowiak, K. 2012. Effect of genotype, environment and their interaction on quality parameters of wheat breeding lines of diverse grain hardness. Plant Production Science 15 (3): 192-203.
Vida, G., Csépl˝, M., Rakszegi, M., and Banyai, J. 2021. Effect of multi-year environmental and meteorological factors on the quality traits of winter durum wheat. Plants 11: 113. doi.org/10.3390/plants11010113.
Walsh, O. S., Marshall, J., Nambi, E., Shafian, S., Jayawardena, D., Jackson, C., Lamichhane, R., Owusu Ansah, E., and McClintick-Chess, J. 2022. Spring wheat yield and grain quality response to nitrogen rate. Agronomy Journal 114: 2562-2572.
Walsh, O., Shafian, S., and Christiaens, R. 2018. Nitrogen fertilizer management in dryland wheat cropping systems. Plants: 7-9. https://doi. org/10.3390/plants7010009. Xu, G., Fan, X., and Miller, A. J. 2012. Plant nitrogen assimilation and use efficiency. Annual Review of Plant Biology 63: 153-182.
Zavalin, A. A., Kurishbayev, A. K.; Ramazanova, R. K.; Tursinbaeva, A. E., and Kassipkhan, A. 2018. Fertilizer nitrogen use by spring triticale and spring wheat on dark-chestnut soil of the dry steppe zone of Kazakhstan. Russian Agricultural Sciences 44: 153-156.
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 251 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 376 |
||