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تأثیر حاصلخیزی خاک و تراکم بوته بر برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی و فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان مرزه (Satureja spicigera) در شرایط دیم | ||
| تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و معطر ایران | ||
| مقاله 8، دوره 41، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 125، مهر 1404، صفحه 476-493 اصل مقاله (1.09 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijmapr.2023.359231.3202 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| نیلوفر رضایی1؛ فاطمه سفیدکن* 2؛ حسنعلی نقدی بادی3 | ||
| 1دانش آموخته دکتری، گروه علوم باغبانی و زراعی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2نویسنده مسئول، استاد، موسسه تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران، پست الکترونیک: | ||
| 3دانشیار، مرکز تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی، پژوهشکده گیاهان دارویی جهاد دانشگاهی، کرج، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سابقه و هدف: تولید گیاهان دارویی، ازجمله مرزه، در جهان رو به افزایش است. مرزه با ترکیبات تیمول و کارواکرول در اسانس خود، اهمیت ویژه‌ای دارد. هدف این مطالعه، بررسی اثر تراکم کاشت و حاصلخیزی خاک بر صفات فیزیولوژیکی و فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی گیاه مرزه در شرایط دیم است. با توجه به اهمیت این عوامل در بهبود مقاومت گیاه در برابر تنش‌ها، این تحقیق به منظور تعیین بهترین تراکم کاشت و حاصلخیزی خاک بر افزایش فعالیت‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی و توسعه پایدار مرزه انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به صورت آزمایشی مزرعه‌ای در ایستگاه تحقیقات همند آبسرد دماوند طی سال‌های زراعی ۹۷-۱۳۹۶ و ۹۸-۱۳۹۷ انجام شد. آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده با دو فاکتور اجرا گردید. فاکتور اصلی شامل سه سطح کودی بود: ۱) شاهد (بدون کود)، ۲) کود گاوی پوسیده (۳۰ تن در هکتار) و ۳) کاه غنی‌شده با سولفات آمونیوم (۱۰ تن در هکتار). فاکتور فرعی نیز شامل سه سطح تراکم کاشت (2.67، ۴ و ۸ بوته در مترمربع) بود. عملیات کاشت با استفاده از بذرهای استاندارد مرزه انجام شد. آماده‌سازی زمین شامل شخم، دیسک و تسطیح بود. کوددهی براساس تیمارها قبل از کاشت انجام شد. آبیاری تنها به صورت دیم (متکی به بارندگی) بود. نمونه‌برداری از برگ‌ها در مرحله گلدهی کامل انجام شد. صفات فیزیولوژیکی مورد اندازه‌گیری شامل محتوای نسبی آب برگ، میزان کلروفیل، پرولین، نشت الکترولیت، نشت یونی، مالون‌دی‌آلدئید و فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی (کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و سوپراکسید دیسموتاز) بود. نمونه‌ها پس از برداشت، در آزمایشگاه مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند تا اثر عوامل بر پارامترهای موردنظر ارزیابی شود. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SAS و مقایسه میانگین‌ها با آزمون چند دامنه‌ای دانکن در سطح احتمال ۵% انجام شد. نتایج: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که تراکم کاشت و تیمارهای کودی آلی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر صفات فیزیولوژیکی و فعالیت‌های دفاعی آنتی‌اکسیدانی گیاه مرزه (Satureja spicigera) در شرایط دیم دارند. بیشترین محتوای نسبی آب برگ (87.67%) و کمترین نشت الکترولیت (47.19%) در تیمار کود گاوی با تراکم پایین (2.67 بوته در مترمربع) مشاهده شد که بیانگر بهبود وضعیت آبی گیاه و پایداری غشای سلولی است. در مقابل، با افزایش تراکم کاشت، میزان کلروفیل و محتوای نسبی آب کاهش یافت، اما میزان پرولین، نشت الکترولیت (ELI) و مالون‌دی‌آلدئید (MDA) افزایش پیدا کرد که نشانه افزایش شدت تنش در شرایط تراکم بالاست. کاربرد کود گاوی و کاه غنی‌شده با سولفات آمونیوم موجب بهبود عملکرد فیزیولوژیکی گیاه و کاهش شاخص‌های تنش اکسیداتیو شد. این تیمارها با تقویت تنظیم اسمزی و حفاظت از غشای سلولی، به افزایش تحمل گیاه در برابر خشکی کمک کردند. جالب توجه اینکه بیشترین فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و سوپراکسید دیسموتاز در تیمار شاهد بدون کود با تراکم بالا مشاهده شد که بیانگر واکنش دفاعی شدید گیاه در شرایط تنش و کمبود مواد غذایی است. در مجموع، نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ترکیب بهینه کود آلی و تراکم مناسب کاشت می‌تواند با حفظ پایداری فیزیولوژیکی و کاهش آسیب‌های اکسیداتیو، به افزایش مقاومت گیاه در شرایط کم‌آبی کمک کرده و کیفیت عملکرد گیاه دارویی مرزه را بهبود ببخشد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که گیاه مرزه از توانایی مطلوبی برای رشد و توسعه در شرایط دیم برخوردار است و ظرفیت قابل توجهی در ارتقای فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی از خود نشان می‌دهد. کاربرد ترکیبی کودهای دامی (به‌ویژه کود گاوی) همراه با تراکم مناسب کاشت، به‌عنوان یک راهکار مؤثر، سبب بهبود شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی، افزایش مقاومت به تنش‌های محیطی و تقویت سیستم دفاع آنزیمی گیاه می‌شود. پیاده‌سازی این یافته‌ها می‌تواند گامی مؤثر در جهت افزایش بهره‌وری، پایداری اکولوژیکی و امنیت غذایی در مناطق با محدودیت منابع آبی باشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| سوپرکسید دیسموتاز؛ پرولین؛ کلروفیل؛ کود گاوی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effects of different densities and soil fertility on some of the physiological traits and antioxidant enzyme activity of Savory (Satureja spicigera) under rainfed conditions | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| niloufar Rezaei1؛ Fatemeh Sefidkon2؛ hassan ali naghdibadi3 | ||
| 1PhD graduate, Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2*- Corresponding author, Professor, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran, E-mail: sefidkon@rifr-ac.ir | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Background and Objective: The cultivation of medicinal plants, including savory (Satureja), is increasing worldwide. Savory, containing thymol and carvacrol in its essential oil, holds significant importance. This study aims to investigate the effects of planting density and soil fertility on the physiological traits and antioxidant enzyme activities of savory under rainfed conditions. Considering the importance of these factors in enhancing plant resistance to stress, this research was conducted to determine the optimal planting density and soil fertility for boosting antioxidant activities and promoting the sustainable development of savory. Methodology: This study was conducted as a field experiment at the Hamand Absard Research Station in Damavand during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors. The main factor consisted of three fertilizer levels: (1) control (no fertilizer), (2) decomposed cattle manure (30 tons per hectare), and (3) straw enriched with ammonium sulfate (10 tons per hectare). The sub-factor included three planting densities: 2.67, 4, and 8 plants per square meter. Planting was performed using standard savory seeds. Land preparation involved plowing, disking, and leveling. Fertilizers were applied according to the treatments before planting. Irrigation was limited to rainfed conditions only. Leaf samples were collected at the full flowering stage. The measured physiological traits included relative leaf water content, total chlorophyll, proline content, electrolyte leakage, ion leakage, malondialdehyde content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase). Samples were analyzed in the laboratory after harvest to evaluate the effects of treatments on the studied parameters. Data was analyzed using SAS software, and mean comparisons were performed using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% significance level. Results: This study demonstrated that planting density and organic fertilizer treatments significantly influenced the physiological traits and antioxidant defense responses of Satureja spicigera under rainfed conditions. The highest relative water content (87.67%) and the lowest electrolyte leakage (47.19%) were recorded in the treatment with cow manure and a low planting density of 2.67 plants per square meter, indicating improved water status and membrane stability. In contrast, increasing planting density reduced chlorophyll content and relative water content, while levels of proline, electrolyte leakage (ELI), and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, reflecting greater stress intensity under high-density conditions. The application of cow manure and ammonium sulfate-enriched straw improved physiological performance and significantly reduced oxidative stress markers. These treatments promoted better osmotic regulation and membrane protection, contributing to greater stress tolerance. Interestingly, the highest activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were observed in the unfertilized control under high-density planting. This suggests that the plant naturally boosts its enzymatic antioxidant defenses under more stressful conditions, particularly when nutrients are limited. In conclusion, the results highlight that integrating organic fertilization with optimal planting density can enhance drought resilience by maintaining physiological stability and reducing oxidative damage. These practices not only support the sustainable cultivation of Satureja spicigera in water-limited environments but also improve the plant’s overall functional and medicinal quality. Conclusion: The results of this study show that savory (Satureja spicigera) has a good ability to grow and develop under rainfed conditions and demonstrates significant capacity to enhance its antioxidant activity. The combined use of organic fertilizers, especially cow manure, along with an appropriate planting density, is practical in improving physiological traits, increasing resistance to environmental stresses, and strengthening the plant’s enzymatic defense system. Implementing these findings can be valuable in enhancing productivity, ecological sustainability, and food security in areas with limited water resources. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| superoxide dismutase, proline, chlorophyll, cow manure | ||
| مراجع | ||
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