Study of the Morphological Characteristics of Gullies in Khuzestan Province | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| Article 3, Volume 36, Issue 3 - Serial Number 140, September 2023, Pages 23-41 PDF (2.11 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research | ||
| DOI: 10.22092/wmrj.2023.360375.1497 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Freidoon Soleimani* 1; Mahin Kalehhouei2; Dadvar Lotfollazadeh3 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ilam, Iran | ||
| 2Former Ph.D. Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University | ||
| 3Scientific Member of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (Retired), Tehran, Iran | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Introduction and Objective Today, the destruction of natural resources is one of the most important and serious challenges facing development programs. Soil erosion is among the processes that directly and indirectly threaten our country's soil and water resources. Water erosion appears on the earth in different forms, one of the advanced forms of which is the gulies. Gully erosion is one of the important processes of soil destruction, which in different climates causes significant soil losses and the production of large amounts of sediment. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the morphological characteristics of the gullies of Khuzestan province and the role of its influencing factors in the expansion of the gully areas. Materials and Methods First, by collecting available data and comparing it to satellite image and other data, the province's gullies have been defined. The first field visit focused on verifying the integrity of these areas and correcting the gullies boundaries. The total area of Khuzestan province approximately is 64000 km2 in the dry desert climate, and more than 33,862 ha of it is under the influence of gully erosion. The hot semi-arid climate also covers approximately 12,1% of the province and 16,116 ha have experienced gullies erosion. After determining the area of gullies and dividing the areas above and below 500 ha, due to the difference in appearance, topography, and vegetation, 2 and 1 representative areas were selected from the hot-dry desert and hot-semi-arid climates, respectively, and 2 replicates were selected from each representative. Longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of representative and replicated gullies were drawn and after soil sampling, all morphological features of the gullies were measured. Results and Discussion According to the results, most of the gullies of the province have been created in the plains with a low slope with deep soil and loamy sand texture, silt or silt loam with pasture, and sometimes agricultural land and U-shaped cross-section. Darkhazine and Sharif gullies, with 1260 and 912 cm, and Darkhazine gullies with 420 cm value have the maximum width of top, bottom and depth in the cross-section of 75%. Also, the gullies of Choghazanbil, Darkhazine and Choghazanbil with values of 30 cm have the lowest depth, top and bottom width in the cross-section area of 75%. The overall profile is scratched, and in terms of depth class, they are in the category of medium-deep gullies with a vertical top. Conclusion and Suggestions Intrinsic characteristics of soil, formation and geological type, climate, intensity of rainfall as natural factors, and destruction of vegetation, land use change and the lack of proper management, unprincipled road and bridge construction operations, construction and installation of oil facilities and electricity bars as human factors have played a role in the process of gully expansion. However, the diversity and change of the number and degree of influence of different factors from one point to another and the difference in their participation in the formation and expansion of the gully are based on the environmental conditions of the land. These conditions require that more research be carried out to identify as many factors as possible in the phenomenon of gully erosion and their participation in the formation and expansion of this phenomenon in different places and with different environmental conditions. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| ChoghaZanbil; general profile; land use; morphoclimatic; soil erosion | ||
| References | ||
|
Ahmadpour H, Bazrafshan O, Rafiei-Sardooi E, Zamani H, Panagopoulos T. 2021. Gully Erosion Susceptibility Assessment in the Kondoran Watershed Using Machine Learning Algorithms and the Boruta Feature Selection. Sustainability, 13(18):10110. Blanco H, Lal R. 2008. Principles of Soil Conservation and Management (Vol. 167169). New York: Springer. Castillo C., Gómez J. A. 2016. A Century of Gully Erosion Research: Urgency, Complexity and Study Approaches. Earth-Science Reviews, 160:300-319. Chappell A, Webb NP, Butler HJ, Strong CL, McTainsh GH, Leys JF, Viscarra Rossel RA. 2013. Soil Organic Carbon Dust Emission: An Omitted Global Source of Atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology, 19(10):3238-3244. Damizadeh M, ShadFar S. 2021. Assessment of Long-Term Changes of Gully Eroiosn Growth in Kondouran Catchment, Hormozgan Province. E.E.R., 11(3):140-159. Entezari M, Maleki A, Moradi K, Olfati S. 2015. The Study of Gully Erosion in Dyereh Catchment Using the Method of Weightal Modulation and Stream Power Index. Geographical Researches, 30(3):297-312. (In Persian) Igwe CA. 2012. Gully Erosion in Southeastern Nigeria, Role of Soil Properties and Environmental Factors. 10, 51020. Jahantigh M, Tabe M. 2017. Comparing Soil Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Trapezoidal and V-Shaped Gully Morphology with Different Land Uses in Dry Areas, Case Study: Hossinzahi and Nalint Regions of Chabahar. Watershed Engineering Management, 9(3):308-317. Jokar Sarhangi E, Khalkhali N. 2019. Evaluation and Zonation the Gully Erosion Hazard Using Bivariate Statistical Methods (Case Study: Nemarestagh Watershed). Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 8(19):195-208. Gyssels G, Poesen J, Bochet E, Li Y. 2005. Impact of Plant Roots on the Resistance of Soils to Erosion by Water: A Review. Progress in Physical Geography, 29(2):189-217. Kalehhouie M, Kavian A, Gholami L, Jafarian Z. 2020. Influence of Start Time and Coefficient of Runoff to Application of Organic Mulch under Small Laboratory Plots. Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science and Engineering, 13(47):9-17. (In Persian) Kou M, Jiao J, Yin Q, Wang N, Wang Z, Li Y, Yu W, Wei Y, Yan F, Cao B. 2016. Successional Trajectory over 10 Years of Vegetation Restoration of Abandoned Slope Croplands in the Hill‐Gully Region of the Loess Plateau. Land Degradation & Development, 27(4):919-932. Lesschen JP, Kok K, Verburg PH, Cammeraat LH. 2007. Identification of Vulnerable Areas for Gully Erosion under Different Scenarios of Land Abandonment in Southeast Spain. Catena, 71(1):110-121. Liu G, Zheng F, Wilson GV, Xu X, Liu C. 2021. Three Decades of Ephemeral Gully Erosion Studies. Soil and Tillage Research, 212p, 105046. Modak P, Mandal M, Mandi S, Ghosh B. 2022. Gully Erosion Vulnerability Modelling, Estimation of Soil Loss and Assessment of Gully Morphology: A Study from Cratonic Part of Eastern India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-32. Mohamadebrahimi M. 2017. Identification of Causes of the Occurrence of Gully Erosion with Emphasis on Soil-Related Factors (Case Study: Agh Imam Watershed). Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation, 7(2):1-14. (In Persian) Morgan, RPC. (2005). Soil Erosion and Conservation, Third Edition. Lack well Publishing. 316 p.40- Geomorphology 93:482-492. Nazari Samani A, Ahmadi H, Jafari M, Boggs G, Ghoddousi J, Malekian A. 2009. Geomorphic Threshold Conditions for Gully Erosion in Southwestern Iran (Boushehr-Samal watershed). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 35(2):180-189. (In Persian) Poesen J, Nachtergaele J, Verstraeten G, Valentin, C. 2003. Gully Erosion and Environmental Change: Importance and Research Needs. Catena, 50(2-4):91-133. Refahi HQ. 2006. Water Erosion and its Control. Tehran University Press, 4th edition, 671 p. (In Persian) Selkimäki M, González‐Olabarria JR. 2017. Assessing Gully Erosion Occurrence in Forest Lands in Catalonia (Spain). Land Degradation and Development, 28(2):616-627. Sigunga DO, Hoshino M, Onyango JC, Asanuma S, Kimura M. 2011. Pedological Perspective of Gully Erosion Sites within Kendu Escarpment-Sondu Miriu Region, West Kenya. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(12):1050-1059. Shadfar S. 2010. An introduction to Gully erosion. Publication of Entekhab.142pp (In Persian) Shahbazi K, Khosrowshahi M, Heshmati M, Ghietury M. 2020. Effects of Geological and Topographical Factors on Determining Gully Erosion Thresholds. Journal of Watershed Management Research, 11(21):259-268. (In Persian) Shahbazi K, Parvizi Y, Kalehhouei M. 2021. Gully Erosion Classification in Kermanshah Province using Relative Similarity Analysis with Morphometric and Soil Auxiliary Variables. Journal of Watershed Management Research, 12(24):298-307. (In Persian) Shit PK, Bhunia GS, Maiti R. 2013. Assessment of Factors Affecting Ephemeral Gully Development in Badland Topography: A Case Study at Garbheta Badland (Pashchim Medinipur. International Journal of Geosciences, 4(02):461. Soleimani F, Soufi M, Arsham A. 2017. Determination of Effective Factors in Gullies Development in Modares Watershed of Shushtar. Water and Soil, 31(5):1432-1446. (In Persian) Soleimanpour SM, Soufi M, Ahmadi H. 2010. A Study on the Topographic Threshold and Effective Factors on Sediment Production and Gully Development in Neyriz, Fars Province. Journal of Range and Watershed Managment, 63(1):41-52. (In Persian) Solomon Ehiz O, Omougbo UN. 2013. Evaluating Factors Responsible for Gully Development at the University of Bennin. Journal of Emerging Trend in Engineering and Applied Science 4:707-713. Sun L, Liu YF, Wang X, Liu Y, Wu GL. 2022. Soil Nutrient Loss by Gully Erosion on Sloping Alpine Steppe in the Northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Catena, 208p, 105763. Valentin C, Poesen J, Li G. 2005. Gully Erosion: Impacts, Factors and Control. Catena, 63:132- 153. Vanwalleghem T, Van Den Eeckhaut M, Poesen J, Deckers J, Nachtergaele J, Van Oost K, Slenters C. 2003. Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Old Gullies under Forest in a Temperate Humid Climate: A Case Study From the Meerdaal Forest (Central Belgium). Geomorphology, 56(1-2):15-29. Vanmaercke M, Panagos P, Vanwalleghem T, Hayas A, Foerster S, Borrelli P, Rossi M, Torri D, Casali J, Borselli L, Vigiak O, Maerker M, Haregeweyn N, De Geeter S, Zgłobicki W, Bielders C, Cerdà A, Conoscenti C, de Figueiredo T, Evans B, Golosov V, Ionita I, Karydas C, Kertész A, Krása J, Le Bouteiller C, Radoane M, Ristić R, Rousseva S, Stankoviansky M, Stolte J, Stolz C, Bartley R, Wilkinson S, Jarihani B, Poesen J. 2021. Measuring, Modelling and Managing Gully Erosion at Large Scales: A State of the art. Earth-Science Reviews, 218, 103637. Wen Y, Kasielke T, Li H, Zepp H, Zhang B. 2021. A Case‐Study on History and Rates of Gully Erosion in Northeast China. Land Degradation & Development, 32(15):4254-4266. Xu M, Li Q, Wilson G. 2016. Degradation of Soil Physicochemical Quality by Ephemeral Gully Erosion on Sloping Cropland of the Hilly Loess Plateau, China. Soil and Tillage Research, 155:9-18. Doi:10.1016/j.still.2015.07.012. Yamani M, Akbarian M. 2013. The Effects of Sediment Characteristics on Piping Development in Makran Flysch formation, Jask Area. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 2(3):1-17. (In Persian) Yasrabi b, Noor Mohammadi F, Sadeghi SHR, Sufi M. 2012. Determining the Role of Topographical Factors in the Beginning of Water Erosion (Case Study: Shahr Ilam Valley). Iran Journal of Watershed Science and Engineering, 21:53-58. (In Persian) Zabihi M, Mirchooli F, Motevalli A, Darvishan AK, Pourghasemi HR, Zakeri MA, Sadighi F. 2018. Spatial Modelling of Gully Erosion in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Catena, 161:1-13. Zanjani JM, Soufi M, Bayat R, Rasouli M. 2013. Investigation on Morpho-Climatic Characteristics of Gullies in order to Classify Gully Affected Regions in Zanjan Province Iran. Whatershed Management Research, 26(99):2-12. (In Persian) Zarei H, Najafinejad A, Hosseinalizadeh M, Alipur K. 2017. Efficiency Assessment of the EGEM to Estimate Gully Erosion in Iky-Aghzly Watershed of Golestan Province. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 24(5):147-162. (In Persian). Doi: 10.22069/JWSC.2017.13393.2809 | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 549 PDF Download: 797 |
||
Journal management system. designed by sinaweb