| تعداد نشریات | 286 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 84 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 2,997 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,572 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 44,201,437 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 20,558,441 |
اثر تیمار آتش بر پایداری خاکدانه و مولفه‌های پاشمان در شرایط آزمایشگاهی | ||
| مهندسی و مدیریت آبخیز | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 15، شماره 2، تیر 1402، صفحه 185-200 اصل مقاله (900.74 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/ijwmse.2022.352719.1860 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| پدیده السادات صادقی1؛ عبدالواحد خالدی درویشان* 2 | ||
| 1دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد آبخیزداری، گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار، گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مقدمه آتش، به‌عنوان یکی از رخدادهای مهم و رایج در کلیه بومسازگانهای جنگلی و مرتعی، علاوه‌بر تاثیر بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک، عموما باعث ایجاد حالت آب‌گریزی در خاک و در نتیجه کاهش نفوذپذیری آب می‌شود. مجموعه این تغییرات، می‌تواند بر پایداری خاکدانه و فرسایش پاشمانی به‌عنوان اولین مرحله از فرسایش خاک اثرگذار باشد. لذا، بررسی اثر آتش بر فرسایش پاشمانی می‌تواند منجر به شناخت بیشتر فرایندهای بعد از آتش‌سوزی در بوم‌سازگان‌ها شود. بر همین اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر آتش بر پایداری خاکدانه و مولفه‌های فرسایش پاشمانی در شرایط آزمایشگاهی بر روی خاک مراتع حوزه آبخیز کجور واقع در شمال کشور انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها آزمایش‌ها در سه کرت شاهد و 12 کرت پوشیده شده با بقایای خشک گونه‌های مرتعی، با چهار تراکم مختلف (250، 500، 750 و 1000 گرم در متر مربع) بر اساس جرم باقی‌مانده گیاهی بر واحد سطح و طبعا با چهار شدت آتش‌سوزی متفاوت، در سه تکرار انجام شد. سپس، فنجان‌های پاشمان روی سطح خاک قرار داده شده و بارندگی با شدت 60 میلی‌متر بر ساعت و مدت 30 دقیقه، شبیه‌سازی و مولفه‌های فرسایش پاشمانی شامل پاشمان بالادست، پایین‌دست، کل و خالص اندازه‌گیری شد. پایداری خاکدانه نیز از طریق مقایسه میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه قبل و بعد از شبیه‌سازی باران در همه کرت‌ها بررسی شد. نتایج و بحث نتایج نشان داد که اثر تیمار آتش بر کاهش متغیرهای پاشمان کل و خالص و افزایش پایداری خاکدانه به‌ترتیب در سطوح اعتماد 95 و 99 درصد معنی‌دار بود. با افزایش شدت تیمار آتش به‌طور کلی روند تغییرات پایداری خاکدانه و مولفه‌های پاشمان به‌ترتیب افزایشی و کاهشی بود. تیمار آتش‌سوزی بقایای خشک گونه‌های مرتعی با شدت 250 گرم در متر مربع، متغیرهای پاشمان کل و خالص را به‌ترتیب 35 و 44 درصد کاهش داد، در حالی‌که تیمار آتش‌سوزی با شدت‌های 500، 750 و 1000 گرم در متر مربع متغیرهای پاشمان کل و خالص را به میزان بیش از 95 درصد کاهش داد. اگرچه پایداری خاکدانه با افزایش شدت تیمار آتش به‌طور معنی‌دار افزایش یافت، اما کاهش پاشمان کل و خالص در تیمارهای آتش با مقدار بیشتر از 500 گرم بقایای خشک گیاهان مرتعی در متر مربع معنی‌دار نبود. شدت اثر تیمار آتش تحت تاثیر مشارکت قابل توجه ذرات ریز و بدون خاکدانه سطح خاک تغییر کرد. درصد کاهش متغیرهای پاشمان کل و خالص در اثر تیمار آتش‌سوزی با شدت‌های مختلف یکسان نبود که نشان می‌دهد پاشمان در جهت‌های بالادست و پایین‌دست به یک نسبت کاهش نیافته است. روند کلی تغییرات قطر خاکدانه از تیمار شاهد تا تیمارهای مختلف آتش‌سوزی از شدت کم تا زیاد، کاهشی بود. نتیجه‌گیری بر اساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر و اهمیت و شناخت تاثیر آتش‌سوزی بر پایداری خاکدانه، پیشنهاد می‌شود که شدت اثر تیمار آتش در پایداری خاکدانه در خاک‌های با بافت‌های مختلف و محتوای ماده آلی متفاوت و همچنین، با در نظر گرفتن شدت‌ها و مدت‌های کمتر و بیشتر تیمار آتش روی سطح خاک، مد نظر قرار داده شود. همچنین، پیشنهاد می‌شود که استفاده از ابزارهای مناسب برای سنجش دما در سطح خاک در حین تیمارهای آتش در پژوهش‌های آتی انجام شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آب‌گریزی؛ حفاظت خاک؛ فرسایش بارانی؛ قطر خاکدانه؛ مدیریت آتش | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Effect of fire treatment on aggregate stability and splash components in laboratory condition | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Padidehossadat Sadeghi1؛ Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan2 | ||
| 1Msc, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Extended abstract Introduction Fire, as one of the important and common occurrences in all forest and rangeland ecosystems, in addition to affecting the physical characteristics of the soil, generally causes the soil to become hydrophobic and thus reduce water permeability. The set of these changes can affect the stability of soil aggregates and splash erosion as the first stage of soil erosion. Therefore, investigating the effect of fire on soil erosion can lead to a better understanding of post-fire processes in ecosystems. Accordingly, the present study was planned with the aim of investigating the effect of fire on soil aggregates stability and splash erosion components in laboratory conditions on the rangeland soil in Kajur watershed located in the north of Iran. Materials and methods The corresponding experiments were done in three control plots and 12 plots covered with dry residues of rangeland species with four densities (250, 500, 750 and 1000 g m-2) based on the mass of plant residue per unit area and cpnsequently with four different fire intensities in three replications. Then, splash cups were placed on the soil surface and rainfall with an intensity of 60 mm h-1 and a duration of 30 minutes was simulated, and the splash erosion components including upward, downward, total and net splash were measured. The soil aggregate stability was also investigated by comparing the mean weighted diameter of the soil aggregates before and after the rainfall simulation in all plots. Results and discussion The results showed that the effect of fire treatment on reducing total and net splash variables and increasing soil aggregate stability was significant at 95% and 99% confidence levels, respectively. With the increase in the intensity of the fire treatment, in general, the trend of changes in soil aggregate stability and splash components was increasing and decreasing, respectively. The fire treatment with an intensity of 250 g m-2 of the dry residues of the rangeland species reduced total and net splash by 35 and 44%, respectively, while the treatment of fire with the intensities of 500, 750 and 1000 g m-2 of the dry residues of the rangeland species reduced total and net splash more than 95%. Although the soil aggregate stability increased significantly with increasing the intensity of the fire treatment, the reduction of the total and net splash in the fire treatments with an amount of >500 g m-2 of the dry residues of the rangeland species was no longer significant. The significant participation of small particles of the soil surface without aggregation in the splash changed the intensity of the effect of fire treatment. The percentage of reduction of total and net splash due to the fire treatment with different intensities was not the same, which shows that the splash in the upstream and downstream directions did not decrease in the same proportion. The soil aggregate diameter from the control treatment to fire treatments with low to high intensities had a decreasing trend, generally. Conclusions According to the results of the present research and the importance and recognition of the effect of fire on soil stability, the effect of fire treatment on soil stability should be done in soils with different textures and organic matter contents, especially considering the fire treatment with lower and higher intensities and shorter and longer dutations. It is suggested that the use of suitable tools to measure soil surface temperature during fire treatments should also be considered in future studies. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Aggregate Diameter, Fire Management, Hydrophobicity, Rain Erosion, Soil Conservation | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Agassi, M. and J.M. Bradford. 1999. Methologies for interrill soil erosion studies. Soil and Tillage Research, 49: 277-287. Akbari, S. and A. Vaezi. 2015. Investigating aggregates stability against raindrops impact in some soils of a semi-arid region, North West of Zanjan. Water and Soil Science, 25: 65-77 (in Persian). Akbarzadeh, A., Sh. Ghorbani-Dashtaki, M. Naderi-Khorasgani, J. Mohammadi and R. Taghizadeh Mehrjardi. 2017. Effect of fire on water repellency, amount and factors of soil erosion in forests of southwest coast of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Forest, 9: 145-157 (in Persian). Almajmaie, A., M. Hardie, T.L. Botwright Acuña and C. Birch. 2017. Evaluation of methods for determining soil aggregate stability. Soil and Tillage Research, 167: 39-45. Armin, M., H. Rouhipour, H. Ahmadi, A. Salajegheh, M.H. Mahdian and K.V. Ghorbannia. 2016. Relationship between aggregate stability and selected soil properties in Taleghan Watershed. Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 69: 275-295 (in Persian). Certini, G. 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143: 1-10. Chaplot, V. 2015. Soil carbon losses by sheet erosion: a potentially critical contribution to the global carbon cycle: soil carbon erosion by sheet erosion. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 40: 1803-1813. Chenari, H.M. and F. Mottaghian. 2020. Electrospun CuO/PVA fibers: effects of heat treatment on the structural, surface morphology, optical and magnetic properties. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 115: 105121. Defersha, M.B., S. Quraishi and A.M. Mellese. 2011. Ethiopia. Hydrlogy and Earth System Sciences, 15: 2367-2375. Ebrahimi Mohammadi, Sh., M. Azari and E. Manoochehri. 2016. Effects of fire on soil properties, erosion and hydrologic regime of Zrebar Lake Watershed. Journal of Water and Soil, 30: 618-631 (in Persian). Etminan, S., F. Kiani, F. Khormali and H. Habashi. 2012. Effect of soil properties with different parent materials on aggregate stability: in Shastkola Watershed, Golestan Province. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 1: 39-60 (in Persian). Fageria, N.K., O.P. Morais and A.B. Santos. 2010. Nitrogen use efficiency in upland rice genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33: 1696-1711. Fox, D.M. and R.B. Bryan. 2007. The relationship of soil loss by interrill erosion to slope gradient. Catena, 38: 211-222. Jeevanandam, J., A. Barhoum, Y. Chan, A. Dufrense and M. Danquah. 2018. Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations. Journal of Nanotechnology, 9: 1050-1074. Jordán, A. L.M. Zavala, J. Mataix-Solera, A.L. Nava and N. Alanís. 2011. Effect of fire severity on water repellency and aggregate stability on Mexican volcanic soils. Catena, 84: 136-147. Karimi, H., M. Soufi, G.H. Haghnia and R. Khorasani. 2008. Investigation of aggregate stability and soil erosion potential in some loamy and sandy clay loam soils: case study in Lamerd Watershed (south of Fars Province). Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 14: 1-9 (in Persian). Kelishadi, H., M.R. Mosaddeghi, Sh. Ayoubi and H. Asadi. 2018. Evaluation of different methods of soil structural stability determination for predicting splash erosion. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 41: 1-15 (in Persian). Kermanpour, M., M.R. Mosaddeghi, M. Afyuni and M.A. Hajabassi. 2015. Effect of petroleum pollution on soil water repellency and structural stability in Bakhtiardasht Plain, Isfahan. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 19: 139-149 (in Persian). Khaledi Darvishan, A., S.H.R. Sadeghi, M. Homaee and M. Arabkhedri. 2014. Measuring sheet erosion using synthetic color-contrast aggregates. Hydrological Processes, 28: 4463-4471. Khalilpour, M. and H. Jalilvand. 2018. The fire impact on vegetation and physicochemical properties of soil in Ghalat Ganaveh area of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province. Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology, 6: 17-29 (in Persian). Kukal, S.S. and M. Sarkar. 2011. Laboratory simulation studies on splash erosion and crusting in relation to surface roughness. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 59: 87-93. Liu, J. and H. Liu. 2020. Soil erosion changes during the last 30 years and contributions of gully erosion to sediment yield in a small catchment, Southern China. Geomorphology, 368: 1-19. Luk, S.H. 1985. Effect of antecedent soil moisture and soil strength on rainwash erosion. Catena, 12: 129-139. Mahmoodabadi, M. and B. Ahmadbeygi. 2011. Effect of soil physical and chemical properties on aggregate stability in some cultivation systems. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 1: 61-79 (in Persian). Mahmoodabadi, M., M. Mirzaee and H. Naghavi. 2016. Aggregate size distribution indices influenced by different types/managements of plant residues under field conditions. Environmental Erosion Research Journal, 6: 52-70 (in Persian). Mahmoodzadeh, H., M. Sheklabadi and A.A. Mahboubi. 2012. Aggregate distribution and stability in different land uses of Zrebar Lake Margin. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 19: 219-226 (in Persian). Mataix-Solera, J., A. Cerdà, V. Arcenegui, A. Jordán and L.M. Zavala. 2011. Fire effects on soil aggregation: a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 109: 44-60. Mohammadpour, K., S. Sadeghi and G. Dianati Tilaki. 2011. Comparing infiltration and runoff values and microrelief in small plots. Journal of Water and Soil, 24: 1109-1118 (in Persian). Mokhtari, P., S. Ayoubi and M. Mosaddeghi. 2013. Aggregate structure and soil organic carbon pools in aggregate size fractions as affected by slope gradient and land use change in hilly regions, Western Iran. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 44: 193-202 (in Persian). Morgan, R.P.C. 1978. Field studies of rainsplash erosion. Earth Surface Processes, 3: 295-299. Morgan, R.P.C. 1981. Field measurement of splash erosion. Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement. Proceedings of the Florence Symposium, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 133: 373-382. Noor Shah, A., M. Tanveer and B. Shahzad. 2017. Soil compaction effects on soil health and crop productivity: an overview. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24: 1-13. Pajand, M.J., H. Emami and A. Astaraee. 2016. Relationship between Topography and some soil properties. Journal of Water and Soil. 29: 1699-1710 (in Persian). Peyvasteh, F., H. Asadi and M. Akef. 2010. Relationship between aggregate stability and surface sealing formation and its effect on soil erosion in the laboratory condition. Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science and Engineering, 4: 1-8 (in Persian). Ramos, M.C., S. Nacci and I. Pla. 2003. Effect of raindrop impact and its relationship with aggregate stability to different disaggregation forces. Catena, 53: 365-376. Reichert, J.M., L. Suzuki, D. Reinert, R. Horn and I. Hakansson. 2009. Reference bulk density and critical degree-of-compactness for no-till crop production in subtropical highly weathered soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 102: 242-254. Rhoades, C.C., D. Entwistle and D. Butler. 2011. The influence of wildfire extent and severity on streamwater chemistry, sediment and temperature following the Hayman Fire, Colorado. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 20: 430-442. Rouhipour, H., H. Farzaneh and H.Asadi. 2019. The effect of aggregate stability indices on soil erodibility factors using rainfall simulator. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 11: 235-254 (in Persian). Rousta, M.J., K. Enayati and A. Vakili. 2011. MWD of the aggregates in a saline-sodic soil as affected by mineral compounds and organic matter application in laboratory conditions. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 24: 229-235 (in Persian). Sadeghi, S.H.R. and P. Saeidi. 2010. Reliability of sediment rating curves for a deciduous forest watershed in Iran. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 55: 821-831. Sadeghifar, M., A.A.A. Beheshti and M. Pourreza. 2017. The recovery of soil physical and chemical properties in years after fire in Zagros oak woodlands in Kermanshah Province. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 24: 289-302 (in Persian). Scott, S.D., L.E. Hirschinger and K.R. Cox. 2009. The natural history of recovery for the healthcare provider ‘Second Victim’ after adverse patient events. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 18: 325-330. Sheidai Karkaj, E., A. Sepehry, H. Barani and J. Motamedi. 2017. Soil organic carbon reserve relationship with some soil properties in East Azerbaijan rangelands. Journal of Rangeland, 11: 125-138 (in Persian) Stanchi, S., G. Falsone and E. Bonifacio. 2015. Soil aggregation, erodibility, and erosion rates in mountain soils (NW Alps, Italy). Solid Earth, 6: 403-414. Vazirian, R. and H. Asgari. 2017. Evaluation of effects of density of atriplex cultivation on soil organic matter and particles, case study: Incheborun, Golestan Province. Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 70: 1079-1087 (in Persian). Walkley, A. and I.A. Black. 1934. Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-38. Zarrin Kafsh, M. 2003. Applied pedology, evaluation and morphology and qualitative analyses of soil-water and plant. Tehran University Publication, 270 pages (in Persian). | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 382 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 315 |
||