| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,037 |
| تعداد مقالات | 33,984 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 45,775,779 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 77,191,772 |
عامل وزنی مناسب برای محاسبه‌ی شاخص پیوستگی رسوب در شرایط خاک شخم خورده | ||
| پژوهش های آبخیزداری | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 35، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 136، مهر 1401، صفحه 114-130 اصل مقاله (1.92 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/wmrj.2022.357484.1454 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| زهرا گرامی1؛ محمود عرب خدری* 2؛ احمد کریمی3؛ حسین اسدی4 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکترای مدیریت منابع خاک، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده ی کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران | ||
| 2استاد پژوهشکده ی حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی. تهران، ایران | ||
| 3استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده ی کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران | ||
| 4دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| عامل وزنی شاخص پیوستگی رسوب جزء چالش‌برانگیز آن است و باید برای شرایط گوناگون به‌درستی تبیین شود. این پژوهش با هدف توسعه ی عامل وزنی مناسب برای محاسبه ی شاخص پیوستگی در خاک شخم خورده‌ی آیش با شبیه سازی و کاربرد نهر پایه‌دار آزمایشگاهی 5/8 مترمربع با شیب 12% روی سه نمونه‌ی خاک دیمزار منطقه‌های کوهین، سرارود و گچساران انجام شد. دو بارش (R1 و R2) با فاصله‌ی چهار ساعت با شدت 111 میلی‌متر بر ساعت در هر خاک شبیه سازی، و هدررفت خاک آن‌ها تعیین شد. پس از هر بارش مدل رقومی ارتفاع با اندازه ی نقطه‌ی (پیکسل) دو میلی‌متر با عکسبرداری تهیه، و از آن شاخص پیوستگی با عامل وزنی ضریب زبری (RI) محاسبه شد. هدررفتِ خاکِ دو بارش به ترتیب در خاک گچساران 4796 و 3909 گرم، در کوهین، 3465 و 2464 گرم، و در سرارود 2679 و 2105 گرم به‌دست آمد. نتیجه نشان داد که با افزایش هدررفت خاک، میانگین IC برپایه‌ی RI کاهش می یابد، که نشان دهنده ی نامناسب بودن RI به تنهایی در جایگاه عامل وزنی است. برای توسعه‌دادن عامل وزنی جدید، ویژگی های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک ها در ترکیب با RI به‌کار برده‌شد. بهترین رابطه با هدررفت خاک با ضریب همبستگی 0/92 (P<0.01) در شاخص پیوستگی برپایه‌ی ترکیب سه ویژگی میانگین وزنی قطر خاک‌دانه، مقاومت فروروی، و RI دیده شد. نقشه های شاخص پیوستگی برپایه‌ی عامل وزنی جدید نشان داد که این شاخص در R2 نسبت به R1 افزایش یافت. بررسی کارآیی عامل وزنی توسعه یافته در پژوهش پیوستگی رسوب دامنه های شخم خورده در شناخت محل‌های بحرانی در دامنه توصیه می شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آیش؛ هدررفت خاک؛ ضریب زبری؛ نهر پایه دار آزمایشگاهی؛ مقاومت فروروی؛ میانگین وزنی قطر خاک‌دانه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| An Appropriate Weighting Factor for Calculating Sediment Connectivity Index in Bare Tilled Soils | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Zahra Gerami1؛ Mahmood Arabkhedri2؛ Ahmad Karimi3؛ Hossein Asadi4 | ||
| 1Ph.D.Candidate in Soil Resource Management, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran | ||
| 2Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran | ||
| 4Associate Professor, Department of soil Engineering and Science, Terhran University, Karaj, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The weighting factor of the sediment connectivity index (IC) is a challenging component of this index and must be properly explicated for different situations. The aim of this study is to develop a proper weighting factor for calculating IC based on experiments on three tilled soils from dry-farming fields in Kouheen, Sararud, and Gachsaran regions under a 111 mm/h rainfall simulation using a 5.8 m2 laboratory flume with a slope of 12%. For each soil sample, two rain events (R1 and R2) were simulated with an interval of 4 hours, and the soil losses were measured. In addition, a digital elevation model with a pixel size of 2 mm was prepared by accurate photography after each rain followed by calculating the IC based on roughness coefficient (RI) as the weighting factor. Measured soil losses of two rainfalls were 4796 and 3909 g for Gachsaran soil, 3465 and 2464 g for Kouheen soil, and 2679 and 2105 g for Sararud soil, respectively. The result shows that with increasing IC based-RI, soil loss was decreased which indicates the inadequacy of RI alone as a weighting factor. To develop a new weighting factor, several physical and chemical characteristics of soils were used in combination with RI. A comparison of the results showed that the IC based on a weighting factor obtained from the combination of mean weighted aggregate diameter, penetration resistance, and RI, has the highest coefficient of correlation with soil losses (0.92, P <0.01). Examination of the new IC maps showed that the IC in R2 increased compared to R1. It is recommended to study the possibility of using the developed weighting factor in calculating the IC of hillslopes after tillage in determining critical points in the hillslope. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| laboratory flume, mean weight diameter, penetration resistance, roughness coefficient, soil loss | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Arabkhedri M, Gerami Z, Shadfar S, Bayat R, Parvizi Y, Nabipay Lashkarian S. 2020. Comparing the performance of several erodibility indices' equations of USLE model at laboratory condition. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 51(7): 1725–1736. (In Persian). Arabkhedri M, Heidary K, Parsamehr MR. 2021. Relationship of sediment yield to connectivity index in small watersheds with similar erosion potentials. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 21(7): 2699–2708. Arabkhedri M, Mahmoodabadi M, Taghizadeh Sh, Zoratipour A. 2018. Causes of severe erosion in a clayey soil under rainfall and inflow simulation. Ecopersia, 6(4): 225–233. Arabkhedri M. 2015. The possibility of estimation of long-term average annual erosion based on measurements of erosion from a few rainfall events. Extension and Development of Watershed Management, 3(11): 7–15. (In Persian). Baartman JEM, Masselink R, Keesstra SD, Temme AJAM. 2013. Linking landscape morphological complexity and sediment connectivity. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 38(12): 1457–1471. Bagherian Kalat A, Lashkaripour G, Ghafoori M, Abbasi A. 2019. Investigation on effects of lithology on soil erosion and sediment yield in Sangerd Drainage Basin. Watershed Engineering and Management, 10(4): 671–686. (In Persian). Balaguer-Puig M, Marqués-Mateu A, LuisLerma J, Ibáñez-Asensio S. 2017. Estimation of small-scale soil erosion in laboratory experiments with structure from motion photogrammetry. Geomorphology, 295: 285–296. Berger C, Schulze M, Rieke-Zapp D, Schlunegger F. 2010. Rill development and soil erosion: A laboratory study of slope and rainfall intensity. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 35(12): 1456–1467. Blake GR, Hartge KH. 1986. Bulk density. In Klute A, (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods, 2nd ed. Agronomy Monograph no. 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. pp. 363–382. Boardman J, Vandaele K, Evans R, Foster IDL. 2019. Off-site impacts of soil erosion and runoff: why connectivity is more important than erosion rates. Soil Use and Management, 35(2): 245–256. Borselli L, Cassi P, Torri D. 2008. Prolegomena to sediment and flow connectivity in the landscape: A GIS and field numerical assessment. Catena, 75(3): 268–277. Cantreul V, Bielders C, Calsamiglia A Degré A. 2018. How pixel size affects a sediment connectivity index in central Belgium. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(4): 884–893. Cavalli M, Trevisani S, Comiti F, Marchi L. 2013. Geomorphometric assessment of spatial sediment connectivity in small Alpine catchments. Geomorphology, 188: 31–41. Cislaghi A, Bischetti GB. 2019. Source areas, connectivity, and delivery rate of sediments in mountainous-forested hillslopes: A probabilistic approach. Science of The Total Environment, 652: 1168–1186. De Walque B, Degré A, Maugnard A, and Bielders CL. 2017. Artificial surfaces characteristics and sediment connectivity explain muddy flood hazard in Wallonia. Catena, 158: 89–101. Di Stefano C, Ferro V, Palmeri V, Pampalone V. 2017. Measuring rill erosion using structure from motion: A plot experiment. Catena, 156: 383–392. Eslami SF, Vaezi AR. 2016. Runoff and sediment production under the similar rainfall events in different aggregate sizes of an agricultural soil. Journal of Water and Soil, 29(6): 1590–1600. (In Persian). FAO and ITPS. 2015. Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils. Gay A, Cerdan O, Mardhel V, Desmet M. 2016. Application of an index of sediment connectivity in a lowland area. Journal of Soils Sediments, 16(1): 280–293. Gee GW, Bauder JW. 1986. Particle size analysis hydrometer methods. In: Sparks DL. et al. (Eds). Method of Soil Analysis. part 1. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. Madison. WI. USA. pp: 383–411. Hamed Y, Albergel J, Pepin Y, Asseline J, Nasri S, Zante P, Berndtsson R, Niazy M, Balah M. 2002. Comparision betwean rainfall simulator erosion and observed reservoir sedimentation in an erosion_sensitive semiarid catchment. Catena, 50(1): 1–160. Heckmann T, Cavalli M, Cerdan O, Foerster S, Javaux M, Lode E, Smetanová A, Vericat D, Brardinoni F. 2018. Indices of sediment connectivity: opportunities, challenges and limitations. Earth-Science Reviews, 187: 77–108. Hohle J. 2009. DEM generation using a digital large format frame camera. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 75(1): 87–93. Houben P. 2008. Scale linkage and contingency effects of field-scale and hillslope-scale controls of long-term soil erosion: Anthropogeomorphic sediment flux in agricultural loess watersheds of Southern Germany. Geomorphology, 101(1-2): 172–191. Khaledi Darvishan A, Sadeghi SHR, Homaee M, Arabkhedri M. 2013. Measuring sheet erosion using synthetic colorcontrast aggregates. Hydrological Processes, 27(16): 2225–2382. Khaledi Darvishan AV, Sadeghi SHR, Homaee M, Arabkhedri M. 2014. Affectability of runoff threshold and coefficient from rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture content in laboratorial erosion plots. Iranian Water Research Journal, 8(2): 41–49. (In Persian). L´opez-Vicente M, Kramer H, Keesstra S. 2021. Effectiveness of soil erosion barriers to reduce sediment connectivity at small basin scale in a fire-affected forest. Journal of Environmental Management, 278(1): 1–14. Leoppert RH, Suarez DL. 1996. Methods of Soil Analysis, Chemical Methods. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Madison WI. Liu W, Shi C, Ma Y, Wang Y. 2022. Evaluating sediment connectivity and its effects on sediment reduction in a catchment on the Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma, 408: 1–11. Lizaga I, Quijano L, Palazón L, Gaspar L, Navas A. 2017. Enhancing Connectivity Index to Assess the Effects of Land Use Changes in a Mediterranean Catchment. Land Degradation & Development, 29(3): 663–675. López-Vicente M, Ben-Salem N. 2019. Computing structural and functional flow and sediment connectivity with a new aggregated index: A case study in a large Mediterranean catchment. Science of the Total Environment, 651(1): 179–191. Lu X, Li Y, Washington-Allen RA, Li Y. 2019. Structural and sedimentological connectivity on a rilled hillslope. Science of the Total Environment, 655: 1479–1494. Masselink RJH, Heckmann T, Temme AJAM, Anders NS, Gooren HPA, Keesstra SD. 2017. A network theory approach for a better understanding of overland flow connectivity. Hydrological Processes, 31(1): 207–220. Morgan RPC. 2005. Soil Erosion and Conservation. Blackwell Publishing. Munsell A. 1975. Munsell Soil Color Charts. Munsell Color Company. Baltimore. Najafi S, Sadeghi SHR, Heckmann T. 2018. Analyzing structural sediment connectivity pattern in Taham Watershed, Iran. Journal of Watershed Engineering and Management, 10(2): 192–203. (In Persian). Navas EL, Alberto E, Maehin J, Galhn ZA. 1990. Design and operation of a rainfall simulator for field studies of runoff and soil erosion. Soil Technology, 3(4):385–397. Nelson DW, Sommers LE. 1996. Total organic carbon and organic matter. p 961-1010. In: Sparks DL. et al. (ed.), Method of Soil Analysis: Part 3, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Madison WI. Nelson RE. 1982. Carbonate and gypsum.. In: Miller RH, Keeney DR. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Pproperties. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Madison. WI. pp. 181–197 Pandey S, Kumar P, Zlatic M, Nautiyal R, Panwar VP. 2021. Recent advances in assessment of soil erosion vulnerability in a watershed. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 9(3): 305–318. Paye AL, Kenne HR. 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part2. Chemical and Mineralogical Properties, American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America Madison. WI. Peyvasteh F, Asadi H, Akef M. 2010. Relationship between Aggregate Stability and Surface Sealing Formation and its Effect on Soil Erosion in the Laboratory Condition. Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science, 4(10): 1–8. (In Persian). Poesen J. 2018. Soil erosion in the anthropocene: research needs. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(1): 64–84. Refahi HGH. 2016. Water erosion and its control. University of Tehran Press. (In Persian). Reynolds WD, Drury CF, Tan CS, Fox CA, Yang XM. 2009. Use of indicators and pore volume–function characteristics to quantify soil physical quality. Geoderma, 152(3-4): 252–263. Rieke-Zapp DH, Nearing MA. 2005. Digital close range photogrammetry for measurement of soil erosion. The Photogrammetric Record, 20(109): 69–87. Romkens MJM, Young RA, Poesen JWA, McCool DK, El-Swaify SA, Bradford JM. 1997. Soil erodibility factor. In: Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, and Yoder DC. (ed.), Predicting soil erosion by water: a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Equation (RUSLE), Agriculture Handbook No. 703, United States Department of Agriculture. Sharifi Moghadam E, Sadeghi SHR, Khaledi Darvishan A. 2015. Small plot soil hydrolic components as affected by application of vinasse organic residue. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 45(4):499-508. (In Persian) Shirazi MA, Boersma L. 1984. A unifying quantitative analysis of soil texture. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 48(1): 142–147. Solomon K. 1979. Variability of sprinkler coefficient of uniformity test results. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 22(5):1078–1086. Trevisani S, Cavalli M. 2016. Topography-based flow-directional roughness: potential and challenges. Earth Surface Dynamics, 4(2): 343–358. Van Bavel CHM. 1949. Mean weight diameter of soil aggregates as a statistical index of aggregation. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings, 14(C): 23–20. Waal BW, Rowntree KM. 2015. Assessing sediment connectivity at the hillslope, channel and cachment scale. Department of Geography. Rhodes University, 141 p. Wang YC, Lia CC. 2018. Evaluating the erosion process from a single-stripe laser-scanned topography: a laboratory case study. Water, 10(7): 956. Williams CJ, Pierson FB, Robichaud PR, Al-Hamdan OZ, Boll J, Strand EK. 2016. Structural and functional connectivity as a driver of hillslope erosion following disturbance. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25(3): 306–321. Wu X, Meng Z, Dang X, Wang J. 2021. Effects of rock fragments on the water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity in the soils of the desert steppes of Inner Mongolia, China. Soil & Water Research, 16(3): 151−163. Zanandrea F, Michel GP, Kobiyama M, Cardozo GL. 2019. Evaluation of different DTMs in sediment connectivity determination in the Mascarada River Watershed, southern Brazil. Geomorphology, 332(1): 80–87. Zanandrea F, Michel GP, Kobiyama M, Censi G. 2021. Spatial-temporal assessment of water and sediment connectivity through a modified connectivity index in a subtropical mountainous catchment. Catena, 204: 1–12. Zheng ZC, He, SQ and Wu FQ. 2012. Relationship between soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient on sloping farmland. Water Science and Engineering, 5(2): 191–201. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 531 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 341 |
||