| In addition to their high quantities of active chemicals, medicinal plants are well-known for their pharmacological qualities, which include immunological modulation. T Consequently, this study aimed to examine the effects of Avena sativa and Glycyrrhiza glabra leaf extracts on immunological responses as measured by blood cytokine and liver enzyme levels. The phytochemical analysis of Avena sativa crude leaf extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids,flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and saponins but the absence of resins and violet oils. On the other hand, violet oils, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides were detected in significant concentration in Glycyrrhiza glabra ethanolic extract, although resins and phenolic compounds were not present. Fifty male NIH mice were randomly divided into five groups: Except for the control group, all animals were given subcutaneously and orally with extracts (50 mg/kg) for 14 days prior to LPS-induced (1 mg/kg body weight) liver injury. LPS-induced liver damage was induced on day 15, and mice were starved.Group 1 was injected subcutaneously with normal saline as a control. Group 2 received an injection of 100 l of crude oat extract subcutaneously. Group 3 was administered 100 l (50 mg/kg) of crude Oat extract orally. Group 4: administered 100 l (50 mg/kg) of crude Licorice extract subcutaneously. Group 5 ingested 100 l (50 mg/kg) of crude Licorice extract orally. IL-4 levels were significantly elevated (P 0.05) in the subcutaneously and orally treated groups compared to the control group (12.3 0.23 pg/ml). IL-6 was significantly elevated (P<0.05) in mice given subcutaneously or orally with Avena sativa or Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts compared to mice treated subcutaneously or orally with a control substance (44 0.57 pg/ml). The concentration of TNF- was significantly elevated (P<0.05) in subcutaneous and oral treated groups (283.6 1.7 and 280.6 12.2; 233.9 0.6 and 241.2 2.8) compared with the control group (130 0.42) pg/ml. When mice were exposed to LPS-containing extracts, both GOT, and GPT levels fell relative to the control group. |
- Abbas Abul K, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Basic Immunology E-Book: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System. San Francisco-CA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2019.
- Abd El-Ghani MM. Traditional medicinal plants of Nigeria: an overview. North America Agric Biol J. 2016;7(5):220-47.
- Abdin SM, Elgendy SM, Alyammahi SK, Alhamad DW, Omar HA. Tackling the cytokine storm in COVID-19, challenges and hopes. Life Sci. 2020;257:118054.
- Abian O, Ortega-Alarcon D, Jimenez-Alesanco A, Ceballos-Laita L, Vega S, Reyburn HT, et al. Structural stability of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and identification of quercetin as an inhibitor by experimental screening. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;164:1693-703.
- Aboyade OM, Styger G, Gibson D, Hughes G. Sutherlandia frutescens: The meeting of science and traditional knowledge. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(2):71-6.
- Adegboye OA, Adekunle AI, Gayawan E. Early transmission dynamics of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Nigeria. Int J Environ Health Res. 2020;17(9):3054.
- Ahmad S, Abbasi HW, Shahid S, Gul S, Abbasi SW. Molecular docking, simulation and MM-PBSA studies of nigella sativa compounds: a computational quest to identify potential natural antiviral for COVID-19 treatment. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;39(12):4225-33.
- Al-Snafi A. The nutritional and therapeutic importance of Avena sativa-An Overview. Int J Phytother res. 2015;5(1):48-56.
- Debnath T, Kim E-K, Das G, Nath NCD, Lee K-G. Protective effect of oat (Avena sativa) bran extracts on acute hepatic liver damage in mice. Food Agric Immunol. 2019;30(1):34-46.
- Husain RF, Shawket MS, Galoob A-AN. The Effect Of Glycyrrhiza Glabra And Diospyros Kaki Fruits In Inhibiting The Chromosomal Aberrations Resulted From Sodium Sulfate Treatment In Human Lymphocyte. Iraq J Sci. 2010;51(3).
- Leli C, Mencacci A, Meucci M, Bietolini C, Vitali M, Farinelli S, et al. Association of pregnancy and Candida vaginal colonization in women with or without symptoms of vulvovaginitis. Minerva Ginecol. 2013;65(3):303-9.
- Suh MP, Park HJ, Prasad TK, Lim D-W. Hydrogen storage in metal–organic frameworks. Chem Rev. 2012;112(2):782-835.
- Gil MI, Tomás-Barberán FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J Agric Food chem. 2000;48(10):4581-9.
- Vinothapooshan G, Sundar K. Immunomodulatory activity of various extracts of Adhatoda vasica Linn. in experimental rats. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(3):306-10.
- Liao J-F, Shen Y-C, Huang Y-T, Chen C-F. Pharmacology of polysaccharides from ginseng species. Int J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2012;6(1):63-9.
- Singh R, De S, Belkheir A. Avena sativa (Oat), a potential neutraceutical and therapeutic agent: an overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(2):126-44.
- Chopra P, Saraf BD, Inam F, Deo S. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of methanol extract roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra and HPLC analysis. Int J Pharm Pharmacol Sci. 2013;5(2):157-60.
- Gailliot FP. Initial extraction and product capture. Natural Products Isolation: Springer; 1998. p. 53-89.
- Hong Y-K, Wu H-T, Ma T, Liu W-J, He X-J. Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra polysaccharides on immune and antioxidant activities in high-fat mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2009;45(1):61-4.
- Baba E, Acar Ü, Öntaş C, Kesbiç OS, Yilmaz S. The use of Avena sativa extract against Aeromonas hydrophila and its effect on growth performance, hematological and immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ital J Anim Sci. 2016;15(2):325-33.
- RuiXue M, Lan W, Na Z, XinRan L, Rui L, Yong L. Naked oat (Avena nuda L.) oligopeptides: immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive immunity in mice via cytokine secretion, antibody production, and Th cells stimulation. Nutrients. 2019;11(4).
- Sahu S, Das BK, Pradhan J, Mohapatra B, Mishra B, Sarangi N. Effect of Magnifera indica kernel as a feed additive on immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2007;23(1):109-18.
- Tewary A, Patra B. Oral administration of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) acts as a growth promoter and immunomodulator in Labeo rohita (Ham.). J Aquac Res Dev. 2011;2(1):1-7.
- Banchereau J, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature. 1998;392(6673):245-52.
- Saikia S, Das D. Feeding ecology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in a rice–fish culture system of the Apatani plateau (Arunachal Pradesh, India). Aquat Ecol. 2009;43(2):559-68.
- Mahmoud ST, Luti KJK, Yonis RW. Enhancement of prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens S23 via introducing microbial elicitor cells into culture medium. Iraq J Sci. 2015;56(3A):1938-51.
- Mathlom GS, Hayder NH, Mahmood MS. Synergistic effect of biosurfactant and prodigiosin produced by Serratia marcescens as antimicrobial agent. Curr Res Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018;6:1601-15.
- Talpur AD, Ikhwanuddin M. Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish shellfish Immunol. 2013;34(1):254-64.
- Zuo A-R, Yu Y-Y, Shu Q-L, Zheng L-X, Wang X-M, Peng S-H, et al. Hepatoprotective effects and antioxidant, antityrosinase activities of phloretin and phloretin isonicotinyl hydrazone. J Chin Med Assoc. 2014;77(6):290-301.
- Science CfA. Mycotoxins: risks in plant, animal, and human systems: Council for Agricultural; 2003.
- Sowmya R, Sachindra NM. Enhancement of non‐specific immune responses in common carp, C yprinus carpio, by dietary carotenoids obtained from shrimp exoskeleton. Aquac Res. 2015;46(7):1562-72.
|
