| تعداد نشریات | 284 |
| تعداد نشریات سازمان | 82 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 3,050 |
| تعداد مقالات | 34,082 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 46,554,384 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 77,606,434 |
بررسی خصوصیات ژئوتکنیکی بستر دریاچه ارومیه: با نگرش احیای مرحله‌ای | ||
| تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی | ||
| دوره 22، شماره 85، فروردین 1401، صفحه 27-40 اصل مقاله (832.67 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22092/idser.2022.356161.1488 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سمیه رستمی1؛ حجت احمدی* 2؛ ناصر آق3 | ||
| 1دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد سازه های آبی؛ گروه مهندسی آب پژوهشکده آرتمیا و آبزی پروری دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب پژوهشکده آرتمیا و آبزی پروری دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران | ||
| 3استاد پژوهشکده آرتمیا و آبزی پروری دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| بحران اخیر و خشک شدن بخش اعظم دریاچه ارومیه هم اکنون یکی از بزرگترین مخاطرات زیست محیطی در ایران محسوب می‌شود. با وجود تلاشهای گسترده صورت گرفته برای احیای دریاچه ارومیه، به دلیل محدودیت روانابهای ورودی به دریاچه، موفقیت قابل توجهی در این خصوص حاصل نشده است. یکی از روشهای که می‌تواند برای احیای دریاچه مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد احیای فازبندی دریاچه ارومیه است بر این اساس بر روی دو مسیر مشخص پیشنهادی بر اساس حجم آورد رودخانه ها برای شکل گیری عمق مناسبی از آب دریاچه، نمونه های دست نخورده انتخاب گردید و آزمایشهای متداول شناسایی مواد بستری، مقاومت برشی و تحکیم پذیری انجام شد. نتایج بررسی نشان داد که مواد بستری در هر دو مسیر انتخابی مشابه هم و بسیار سست با درصد بالای مواد آلی فعال می‌باشد. پارامترهای مقاومت برشی حاصل از آزمایشها نشان دهنده مقاومت برشی بسیار پایین مواد در دامنه 6 تا kg/cm2 12 می‌باشد. همچنین ضرایب فشردگی و تورمی برای نمونه های اخذ شده برای مسیر شمالی تر بیشتر از مسیر جنوب دریاچه حاصل شد. میزان ماده آلی در دامنه 54/3 تا 67/4 درصد قرار دارد و لذا نوع خاک بستر دریاچه نرم آلی ارزیابی شد. نتایج بررسی نشان می‌دهد به منظور اجرای فازبندی و جدا سازی موقت بستر دریاچه به بخشهای کوچکتر می بایستی از سازه‌های سبک با سطح پی وسیع استفاده کرد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| فازیندی؛ مقاومت برشی؛ مواد بستری؛ تحکیم پذیری | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigation on the geotechnical properties of Lake Urmia bed materials: with the Stepped Restoration perspective | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Somayeh Rostami1؛ Hojjat Ahmadi2؛ Nasser Agh3 | ||
| 1Department of Agriculture, Urmia University | ||
| 2Associated professor, Department of water engineering, Urmia University, Urmia | ||
| 3Artemia research institute, Urmia University | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction Drying almost the whole of Lake Urmia is one of the main environmental crises of Iran nowadays. Despite great efforts to restoration of the lake since 2014, owing to the limitation of inlet flow to the lake, insignificant success has been reached. Actually, in the basin of Lake Urmia, the evaporation rate is very high and based on the reported data it is over 1000 mm annually, while the precipitation is about 330 mm. Hence, the pure evaporation height from the surface of the lake is higher than the lake water level rising during recent years. Therefore, in order to overcome the shortage of inlet flow to Lake Urmia, the evaporation area as well the surface of the water body must be equivalent to the evaporation rate. Samadzadeh et al. (2018), reported that by the construction of new dikes inside the lake, consequently by dividing the lake into some smaller parts and restore each part separately one by one, the lake could be restored with the available inflow of feeder rivers of the lake. However, difficulties of construction of causeway through lake Urmia confirmed that the sedimentary bed materials of the lake are classified as problematic material from a point of geotechnical view (Eslami et al., 2020). Henceforward, dividing the lake into smaller phases is not possible by using ordinary methods like earthen dikes which have been used in the restoration of the Aral Sea. In this regard, we explored the geotechnical properties of bed materials of Lake Urmia to choose a compatible method with the environment of the lake as well as the proper hydraulic structures to divide Lake Urmia into smaller regions proportional to annual discharges of its basin rivers. Materials and Method Lake Urmia is one of the largest hypersaline lakes located northwest of Iran. The area of the lake and its basin are about 5000 and 52000 km2. During las past two decades the lake has been faced with an intense drawing of water level, and almost the lake has vanished. Based on the published investigation regarding phases restoration of Lake Urmia, two different routes have been suggested by Samadzadeh et al., (2018) based on water balances of the lake. Therefore, we also followed the proposed routes to investigate the geotechnical properties of the bed materials. The first route complies with the constructed causeway. In this route, almost the total of the distance from the west to the east shore has been blocked by road dike, except the bridge with a span of around 1200m. The second route is located in the southern region of the lake and it started from Rashakan on the west coast to the east direction which intersects Espir and kaboodan islands. The length of the current route is about 19 km. For each route, three points with a distance of 200 m from each other (from the west coast) in the form of disturbed and undisturbed specimens have been prepared. Identification tests, shear strength tests include vane shear test, uniaxial shear test, and consolidation test have been carried out. In order to study the effect of salt and fresh water on the mechanical and physical properties of the bed and sedimentary material, some tests such as Aterberg limits have been conducted by using fresh and saltwater separately. Results and Discussion Based on the achieved results of laboratory tests, the bed materials of Lake Urmia in both routes were classified as OH and OL while treated with fresh and saltwater based on the Unified soil classification system, respectively. Also, shear strength tests showed a low strength of about 12 kg/cm2 for the bed materials of route 2 while the half is for the first route in direction of the causeway at the northern part of the lake. The content of organic materials was detected 3.54 and 4.67 for the first and second studied routs respectively. Odometer tests results revealed that the bed materials of the studied routs could be classified as soft or very soft soils. Therefore, construction of any heavy structure such as a levee to divide or isolate the lake is almost impossible with the ordinary techniques, however, light and thin structures like sheet piles could be a good alternative to the aim. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Phasing, Shear strength, Bed material, compressibility | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Aghanabati, S.A., 2007. Geology of IRAN. Geological Survey & Mineral Exploration of Iran.
Aflaki, e., 2004. Geotechnical studies of orumieh lake bed sediments. Sharif Journal of Civil Engineering. 20 (27). 46-58
Amini, A., Shahoseini, M., Mohammadi, A., Shahrabi, M., 2010. Sedimentological Characteristics and Origin of Urmia lake Deposits Along the Shahid-kalantari Highway. Scientific Quarterly Journal, Geosciences. 19 (74). 57-68
Amirataee, B. and Zeinalzadeh, K., 2016. Trends analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in groundwater with considering the autocorrelation coefficients in west of Lake Urmia, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(5), p.371.
Badescu, V. and Cathcart, R.B., 2011. Aral Sea partial restoration. I. A Caspian water importation macroproject. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 7(1-2), pp.142-163.
Dadmehr, R., 2014, Urmia University: A Multidisciplinary Project for Restoration of Lake Urmia Hydraulic behavior of water resources systems within alluvial plains adjacent to Urmia Lake and water reclamation of the lake, International Conference on Lake Urmia Rescue-16-19 Februry - Urmia-Iran
Eslami, A., Akbarimehr, D., Aflaki, E. and Hajitaheriha, M.M., 2020. Geotechnical site characterization of the Lake Urmia super-soft sediments using laboratory and CPTu records. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 38(10), pp.1223-1234.
Frydman, S., and charrakh, j. goretsky , I. 2008, geotechnical properties of evaporate soils of the dead sea area. Engineering geology 101, 236-244
Hemmati, M., Ahmadi, H., Hamidi, S.A. and Naderkhanloo, V., 2021. Environmental effects of the causeway on water and salinity balance in Lake Urmia. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 44, p.101756.
Huang, P.T., Patel, M., Santagata, M.C. and Bobet, A., 2009. Classification of organic soils. Technical report No. JTRP-2008/2, Federal Highway Administration.
Kang, Y. I., 2006. Stress –Strain- Strength properties of In-Situ Deep Mixed Clays. PhD thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Mackenzie, D. P., 1972. Active tectonics of the mediterranean region, geophys. J. R. Astorn . soc., 30: 109-185.
Michlin, ph., 2016. The future aral sea: hope and despair, environmental earth sciences.9.
Samadzadeh Fahim, R., Zarghami, M. and Nourani, V., 2018. The Hydraulic Simulation of the Effects of New Dikes to Reduce the Evaporation Area; Case study: Urmia Lake, Iran. Iran-Water Resources Research, 14(2), pp.264-268.
Rahimi, H., Abbasi, N., 2014. Geotechnical Engineering, Problematic Soils, University of Tehran Press, 3608
UCR (Center for civil engineering research and codes). 1996. Building on Soft Soils, A. A Balkema Pub. Co., Rotterdam.
Shahrabi, M, 1981, Holocene Lacustrine facies and enviroment of hypersaline lake urmieh, N.W.Iran. Dip.Arb. ander ETH Zurikh, Switzerland. 75pp
Soudi, M., Ahmadi, H., Yasi, M. and Hamidi, S.A., 2017. Sustainable restoration of the Urmia Lake: History, threats, opportunities and challenges. European Water, 60(1), 341-347
Soudi, M., Ahmadi, H., Yasi, M. and Hamidi, S.A., 2019, May. Water Balance of Urmia Lake and Estimation of the Volume of the Losses and Yields in Buffer Zone. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019: Hydraulics, Waterways, and Water Distribution Systems Analysis (166-177).
Standard Test Methods for One_Dimentsional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading, 2003. Designation: D2435/D2435M-11.
Standard Test Methods for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Mercury Method, 2004. Designation: D427_04.
Standard Practice for Classification of Soil for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System), 2000. Designation: D2487.
Standrad Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengh of Cohesive Soil, 2000. Defination: D2166.
Standard Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-size Analysis and Determination of soil Constants, 2003. Defination: D421-85.
Standrad Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of soils, 2003. Defination: D422-63.
Standrad Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, 2002. Defination: D854.
Standrad Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass, 1999. Difination: D2216-87.
Standard Test Method for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic Soils, 2000. Defination: D2974.
Standard Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils, 2000. Defination: D4318.
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter, 2001. Difination: D5084.
Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes, 1991, BS 1377:1975
Yasi, M., 2017. Management of rivers and dams in supplying and delivering water to Urmia Lake. Strategic Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 2(1), pp.59-76. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 410 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 304 |
||